Social comparison among competing firms

Strategic Management Journal

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 115-136

  Kim, Kwang Ho ^a   Tsai, Wenpin ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

basking in reflected glory; competitive action; competitor analysis; cutting off reflected failure; social comparison

Indexed keywords

BASKING IN REFLECTED GLORY; COMPETING FIRMS; COMPETITIVE ACTION; COMPETITOR ANALYSIS; SOCIAL COMPARISON; SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY;

AUTOMOBILES; COMPETITION; FOCUSING;

INDUSTRY;

EID: 83555174341     PISSN: 01432095     EISSN: 10970266     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/smj.945     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Aaker D,. 1996. Building Strong Brands. Free Press: New York.
2. Aiken LS, West SG,. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
3. Aldrich H, McKelvey B, Ulrich D,. 1984. Design strategy from the populations perspective. Journal of Management 10 (1): 67-86.
4. Bain JS,. 1956. Barriers to New Competition, Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing Industries. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
5. Barnett WP, McKendrick D,. 2004. Why are some organizations more competitive than others? Evidence from a changing global market. Administrative Science Quarterly 49 (4): 535-571. (Pubitemid 40687952)
6. Baron RM, Kenny DA,. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1173-1182.
7. Baum JAC, Li SX, Usher JM,. 2000. Making the next move: how experiential and vicarious learning shape the locations of chains' acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly 45 (4): 766-801. (Pubitemid 33231595)
8. Baum JAC, Rowley TJ, Shipilov AV, Chuang YT,. 2005. Dancing with strangers: aspiration performance and the search for underwriting syndicate partners. Administrative Science Quarterly 50 (4): 536-575. (Pubitemid 43448573)
9. Baum JR, Wally S,. 2003. Strategic decision speed and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal 24 (11): 1107-1129.
10. Beckman CM,. 2006. The influence of founding team company affiliations on firm behavior. Academy of Management Journal 49 (4): 741-758. (Pubitemid 44453117)
11. Belsley DA,. 1991. Conditioning Diagnostics: Collinearity and Weak Data in Regression. Wiley: New York.
12. Belsley DA, Kuh E, Welsch R,. 1980. Regression Diagnostics. Wiley: New York.
13. Beltramini RF, Chapman PS,. 2003. Do customers believe in automobile industry rebate incentives? Journal of Advertising Research 43 (1): 16-24.
14. Bemmaor AC,. 1984. Testing alternative econometric models on the existence of advertising threshold effect. Journal of Marketing Research 21: 298-308.
15. Benjamin BA, Podolny JM,. 1999. Status, quality, and social order in the California wine industry. Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (3): 563-589.
16. Blanton H, Buunk BP, Gibbons FX, Kuyper H,. 1999. When better-than-others compares upward: the independent effects of comparison choice and comparative evaluation on academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (3): 420-430.
17. Boen F, Vanbeselaere N, Pandelaere M, Dewitte S, Duriez B, Snauwaert B, Feys J, Diercky V, Van Avermaet E,. 2002. Politics and basking-in-reflected- glory: a field study in Flanders. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 24 (3): 205-214. (Pubitemid 36593929)
18. Brush TH, Bromiley P, Hendrickx M,. 2000. The free cash flow hypothesis for sales growth and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal 21 (4): 455-472.
19. Buunk AP, Gibbons FX,. 2007. Social comparison: the end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102 (1): 3-21. (Pubitemid 44943004)
20. Chen M-J,. 1996. Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review 21 (1): 100-134.
21. Chen M-J, Fahr FL, MacMillan IC,. 1993. An exploration of the expertness of outside informants. Academy of Management Journal 36 (6): 1614-1632.
22. Chen M-J, MacMillan IC,. 1992. Nonresponse and delayed response to competitive moves: the roles of competitor dependence and action irreversibility. Academy of Management Journal 35 (3): 539-570.
23. Chen M-J, Smith KG, Grimm CM,. 1992. Action characteristics as predictors of competitive responses. Management Science 38 (3): 439-455.
24. Chen M-J, Su K-H, Tsai W,. 2007. Competitive tension: the awareness-motivation-capability perspective. Academy of Management Journal 50 (1): 101-118.
25. Christensen CM,. 1997. The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
26. Cialdini RB, Borden RJ, Thorne A, Walker MR, Freeman S, Sloan LR,. 1976. Basking in reflected glory: three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (3): 366-375.
27. Clark B, Montgomery D,. 1999. Managerial identification of competitors. Journal of Marketing 63: 67-83.
28. Collins RL,. 1996. For better or worse: the impact of upward social comparisons on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin 119 (1): 51-69. (Pubitemid 126021386)
29. Cool KO, Schendel D,. 1987. Strategic group formation and performance: the case of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, 1963-1982. Management Science 33 (9): 1102-1124.
30. Cooper LG, Inoue A,. 1996. Building market structures from consumer preferences. Journal of Marketing Research 33: 293-306.
31. Cronbach JL,. 1987. Statistical tests for moderator variables: flaws in analyses recently proposed. Psychological Bulletin 102 (3): 414-417.
32. Cyert RM, March JG,. 1992. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Blackwell: Malden, MA.
33. Day GS,. 1990. Market Driven Strategy. Free Press: New York.
34. Day GS, Shocker AD, Srivastava RK,. 1979. Customer-oriented approaches to identifying product-markets. Journal of Marketing 43 (4): 8-19.
35. Dean JW, Bowen DE,. 1994. Management theory and total quality: improving research and practice through theory development. Academy of Management Review 19 (3): 392-418.
36. Dekimpe MG, Hanssens DM,. 1995. The persistence of marketing effects on sales. Marketing Science 14 (1): 1-21.
37. Dekker D, Krackhardt D, Snijders TAB,. 2007. Sensitivity of MRQAP tests to collinearity and autocorrelation conditions. Psychometrika 72 (4): 563-581.
38. Derfus PJ, Maggitti PG, Grimm CM, Smith KG,. 2008. The red queen effect: competitive actions and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal 51 (1): 61-80.
39. DeSarbo WS, Grewal R, Wind J,. 2006. Who competes with whom? A demand-based perspective for identifying and representing asymmetric competition. Strategic Management Journal 27 (2): 101-129. (Pubitemid 43184377)
40. DeSarbo WS, Manrai AK,. 1992. A new multidimensional scaling methodology for the analysis of asymmetric proximity data in marketing research. Marketing Science 11 (1): 1-20.
41. Devaraj S, Matta KF, Conlon E,. 2001. Product and service quality: the antecedents of customer loyalty in the automotive industry. Production and Operations Management 10 (4): 424-439. (Pubitemid 33598051)
42. Edwards JR, Lambert LS,. 2007. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: a general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods 12 (1): 1-22.
43. Eisenhardt KM, Schoonhoven CB,. 1990. Organizational growth: linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (3): 504-529.
44. Elsbach KD, Bhattacharya CB,. 2001. Defining who you are by what you're not: organizational disidentification and the National Rifle Association. Organization Science 12 (4): 393-413.
45. Elsbach KD, Kramer RM,. 1996. Members' responses to organizational identify threats: encountering and countering the Business Week rankings. Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (3): 442-476.
46. Ferrier WJ,. 2001. Navigating the competitive landscape: the drivers and consequences of competitive aggressiveness. Academy of Management Journal 44 (4): 858-877.
47. Ferrier WJ, Lyon DW,. 2004. Competitive repertoire simplicity and firm performance: the moderating role of top management team heterogeneity. Managerial and Decision Economics 25 (6-7): 317-327. (Pubitemid 40190213)
48. Ferrier WJ, Smith KG, Grimm CM,. 1999. The role of competitive action in market share erosion and industry dethronement: a study of industry leaders and challengers. Academy of Management Journal 42 (4): 372-388.
49. Festinger L,. 1954. A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations 7 (2): 117-140.
50. Fiegenbaum A, Hart S, Schendel D,. 1996. Strategic reference point theory. Strategic Management Journal 17 (3): 219-235. (Pubitemid 126482611)
51. Gibbons D, Olk PM,. 2003. Individual and structural origins of friendship and social position among professionals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2): 340-351. (Pubitemid 38397284)
52. Gioia DA, Thomas JB,. 1996. Identity, image, and issue interpretation: sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (3): 370-403.
53. Goodman PS, Fichman M, Lerch FJ, Snyder PR,. 1995. Customer-firm relationships, involvement, and customer satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal 38 (5): 1310-1324.
54. Gorn GJ, Weinberg CB,. 1984. The impact of comparative advertising on perception and attitude: some positive findings. Journal of Consumer Research 11: 719-727.
55. Greve HR,. 1998. Performance, aspiration and risky organizational change. Administrative Science Quarterly 43 (1): 58-86.
56. Greve HR,. 2008. A behavioral theory of firm growth: sequential attention to size and performance goals. Academy of Management Journal 51 (3): 476-494.
57. Grimm CM, Smith KG,. 1997. Strategy as Action: Industry Rivalry and Coordination. SouthWestern College: Cincinnati, OH.
58. Gripsrud G, Gronhaug K,. 1985. Strategy and structure in grocery retailing: a sociometric approach. Journal of Industrial Economics 33 (3): 339-347.
59. Gronhaug K,. 1973. Some factors in influencing the size of the buyer's evoked set. European Journal of Marketing 7 (3): 232-241.
60. Hatten KJ, Hatten ML,. 1987. Strategic groups, asymmetrical mobility barriers and contestability. Strategic Management Journal 8 (4): 329-342.
61. Hatten JH, Schendel DE, Cooper AC,. 1978. A strategic model of the U.S. brewing industry: 1952-1971. Academy of Management Journal 21 (4): 592-610.
62. Haunschild P, Miner A,. 1997. Modes of interorganizational imitation: the effects of outcome salience and uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (3): 472-500.
63. Hauser JR, Urban GL, Roberts JH,. 1983. Forecasting sales of a new consumer durable. In Advances and Practices of marketing Science, Zufryden FS, (ed). The Institute of Management Science. Providence: RI; 115-128.
64. Hausman JA, Taylor WE,. 1981. Panel data and unobservable individual effects. Econometrica 49 (6): 1377-1398.
65. Hitt MA, Beamish PW, Jackson SE, Mathieu JE,. 2007. Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: multilevel research in management. Academy of Management Journal 50 (6): 1385-1399.
66. Hogg MA, Terry DJ,. 2000. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review 25 (1): 121-140.
67. Horsky D, Simon LS,. 1983. Advertising and the diffusion of new products. Marketing Science 2 (1): 1-17.
68. Jauch LR, Osborn RN, Martin TN,. 1980. Structured content analysis of cases: a complementary method for organization. Academy of Management Review 5 (4): 517-525.
69. Keller KL,. 1998. Strategic Brand Management. McGraw-Hill: New York.
70. Kilduff GJ, Elfenbein HA, Staw BM,. 2010. The psychology of rivalry: a relationally dependent analysis of competition. Academy of Management Journal 53 (5): 943-969.
71. Kiley D,. 2007. Would you buy a $ 30,000 Hyundai? Business Week, 17 April. (8 July 2007).
72. Kohil A, Jaworski B,. 1990. Market orientation: the construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing 54: 1-18.
73. Kozlowski SWJ, Klein KJ,. 2000. A multi-level approach to theory and research in organizations: contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, Klein KJ, Kozlowski SWJ, (eds). Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA; 3-90.
74. Krackhardt D,. 1988. Predicting with networks: nonparametric multiple regression analysis of dyadic data. Social Networks 10 (4): 359-381.
75. Kraemer HC, Blasey CM,. 2004. Centring in regression analyses: a strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13 (3): 141-151. (Pubitemid 39264454)
76. Krishnan RA, Joshi S, Krishnan H,. 2004. The influence of merges on firms' product-mix strategies. Strategic Management Journal 25 (6): 587-611.
77. Labianca G, Fairbank JF, Thomas JB, Gioia DA, Umphress EE,. 2001. Emulation in academia: balancing structure and identify. Organization Science 12 (3): 312-330.
78. Lant TK,. 1992. Aspiration level adaptation: an empirical exploration. Management Science 38 (5): 623-644.
79. Lengnick-Hall CA,. 1996. Customer contributions to quality: a different view of the customer-oriented firm. Academy of Management Review 21 (3): 791-824.
80. Leone RP,. 1995. Generalizing what is known about temporal aggregation and advertising carryover. Marketing Science 14 (3): G141-G150.
81. Levinthal DV, March JG,. 1993. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 14: 95-112.
82. Levitt T,. 1960. Marketing myopia. Harvard Business Review 38: 45-56.
83. Li T, Calantone RJ,. 1998. The impact of market knowledge competence on new product advantage: conceptualization and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing 62: 13-29.
84. Lincoln JR,. 1984. Analyzing relations in dyads. Sociological Methods and Research 13 (1): 45-76.
85. Livengood RS, Reger RK,. 2010. That's our turf! Identity domains and competitive dynamics. Academy of Management Review 35 (1): 48-66.
86. Muller D, Judd CM, Yzerbyt VY,. 2005. When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (6): 852-863. (Pubitemid 43083772)
87. Narver J, Slater S,. 1990. The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing 54: 20-35.
88. Nelson P,. 1974. Advertising as information. Journal of Political Economy 82: 729-754.
89. Nelson R, Winter S,. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
90. Podolny JM,. 1993. A status-based model of market competition. American Journal of Sociology 98 (4): 829-872.
91. Podolny JM, Hsu G,. 2003. Quality, exchange, and Knightian uncertainty. In Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Volume 20), Raub W, Buskens V, Snijders C, (eds). JAI Press: Greenwich, CT; 377-103.
92. Porac JF, Thomas H,. 1990. Taxonomic mental models in competitor definition. Academy of Management Review 15 (2): 224-240.
93. Porac JF, Thomas H, Wilson F, Paton D, Kanfer A,. 1995. Rivalry and the industry model of Scottish knitwear producers. Administrative Science Quarterly 40 (2): 203-227.
94. Porac JF, Wade JB, Pollock TG,. 1999. Industry categories and the politics of the comparable firm in CEO compensation. Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (1): 112-144.
95. Porter ME,. 1980. Competitive Strategy. Free Press: New York.
96. Reger RK, Huff AS,. 1993. Strategic groups: a cognitive perspective. Strategic Management Journal 14 (2): 103-124.
97. Reichheld FF,. 1996. The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
98. Rhee M, Haunschild PR,. 2006. The liability of good reputation: a study of product recalls in the U.S. automobile industry. Organization Science 17 (1): 101-117. (Pubitemid 43312428)
99. Rindova V, Williamson IO, Petkova AP, Sever M,. 2005. Being good or being known: an empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational reputation. Academy of Management Journal 48 (6): 1033-1050.
100. Sharma A, Kesner IF,. 1996. Diversifying entry: some ex ante explanations for post entry survival and growth. Academy of Management Journal 39 (3): 635-677.
101. Snyder CR, Higgins RL, Stucky RJ,. 1983. Excuses: Masquerades in Search of Grace. Wiley: New York.
102. Snyder CR, Lassegard MA, Ford CE,. 1986. Distancing after group success and failure: basking in reflected glory and cutting off reflected failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (2): 382-388.
103. Snyder R,. 1992. Comparative advertising and brand evaluation: toward developing a categorization approach. Journal of Consumer Psychology 1 (1): 15-30.
104. Sujan M, Dekleva C,. 1987. Product categorization and inference making: some implications for comparative advertising. Journal of Consumer Research 14: 372-378.
105. Sullivan MW,. 1998. How brand names affect the demand for twin automobiles. Journal of Marketing Research 35: 154-165.
106. Tsai W,. 2000. Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of intraorganizational linkages. Strategic Management Journal 21 (9): 925-939.
107. Tsai W,. 2002. Social structure of 'Coopetition' within a multiunit organization: coordination, competition, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization Science 13 (2): 179-190.
108. Tsai W, Su K-H, Chen M-J,. 2011. Seeing through the eyes of a rival: competitor acumen based on rival-centric perceptions. Academy of Management Journal 54 (4):in press.
109. Vakratsas D, Ambler T,. 1999. How advertising works: what do we really know? Journal of Marketing 63: 26-43.
110. Van Riper T,. 2007. Dunkin' Donuts edges Starbucks. Forbes, 26 February. (18 October 2008).
111. Verma VK,. 1980. A price theoretic approach to the specification and estimation of the sales-advertising function. Journal of Business 53 (3): S115-S137.
112. Waldman DE, Jensen EJ,. 2001. Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley Longman: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
113. Washington M, Zajac EJ,. 2005. Status evolution and competition: theory and evidence. Academy of Management Journal 48 (2): 282-296. (Pubitemid 40747070)
114. Wood JV,. 1989. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin 106 (2): 231-248.
115. Yin X, Zajac EJ,. 2004. The strategy/governance structure fit relationship: theory and evidence in franchising arrangements. Strategic Management Journal 25 (4): 365-383.
116. Young G, Smith KG, Grimm CM,. 1996. 'Austrian' and industrial organization perspectives on firm-level competitive activity and performance. Organization Science 7 (3): 243-254.
117. Yu T, Cannella AA,. 2007. Rivalry between multinational enterprises: an event history approach. Academy of Management Journal 50 (3): 663-684.