Nucleic acid-based technologies in therapy of malignant gliomas

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1805-1822

  Piwecka, Monika ^a   Rolle, Katarzyna ^a   Wyszko, Eliza ^a   Zukiel, Ryszard ^b   Nowak, Stanisław ^b   Barciszewska, Mirosława Z ^a   Barciszewski, Jan ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY   (Poland)

^b POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Atn rna; Brain tumor therapy; Brain tumors; Gbm; Glioblastoma multiforme; Malignant gliomas; Rna interference; Tenascin c

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; APTAMER; AUTOTAXIN; BIGLYCAN; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN 20; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 4; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 6; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 2A; DNA; DOUBLE STRANDED RNA; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FASCIN; JAGGED1; MESSENGER RNA; METHYLATED DNA PROTEIN CYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; MICRORNA 21; MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE PROTEIN 4; MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE PROTEIN 6; NUCLEIC ACID; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN MDM2; RIBOZYME; RNA; SCLEROPROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 2; SURVIVIN; TENASCIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX5;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; ASTROCYTOMA; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER TISSUE; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MICROARRAY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; METASTASIS; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; RNA INTERFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR GROWTH;

EID: 83455221282     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920111798377067     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Louis, D.N.; Ohgaki, H.; Wiestler, O.D.; Cavenee, W.K.; Burger, P.C.; Jouvet, A.; Scheithauer, B.W.; Kleihues, P. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol., 2007, 114, 97-109.
2. Louis, D.N. Molecular pathology of malignant glioma. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis., 2005, 1, 97-117.
3. Furnari, F.B.; Fenton, T.; Bachoo, R.M.; Mukasa, A.; Stommel, J.M.; Stegh, A.; Hahn, W.C.; Ligon, K.L.; Louis, D.N.; Brennan, C.; Chin, L.; DePinho, R.A.; Cavenee, W.K. Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology, and paths to treatment. Genes Dev., 2007, 21, 2683-2710.
4. Halatsch, M.E.; Schmidt, U.; Behnke-Mursch, J.; Unterberg, A.; Wirtz, C.R. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and other malignant brain tumours. Cancer Treat Rev., 2006, 32, 74-89.
5. Reardon, D.A.; Wen, P.Y. Therapeutic advances in the treatment of glioblastoma: rationale and potential role of targeted agents. Oncologist, 2006, 11, 152-164.
6. Koschny, R.; Koschny, T.; Froste, U.G.; Krupp, W.; Zuber, M.A. Comparative genomic hybridization in glioma: a meta-analysis of 509 cases. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 2002, 135, 147-159.
7. Roerig, P.; Nessling, M.; Radlwimmer, B.; Joos, S.; Wrobel, G.; Schwaenen, C.; Reifenberger, G.; Lichter, P. Molecular classification of human gliomas using matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization. Int. J. Cancer, 2005, 117, 95-103.
8. Esteller, M.; Herman, J.G. Generating mutations but providing chemosensitivity: the role of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in human cancer. Oncogene, 2004, 23, 1-8.
9. Esteller, M.; Garcia-Foncillas, J.; Andion, E.; Goodman, S.N.; Hidalgo, O.F.; Vanaclocha, V.; Baylin, S.B.; Herman, J.G. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 343, 1350-1354.
10. Barker, F.G. 2nd; Chang, S.M.; Gutin, P.H.; Malec, M.K., McDermott, M.W.; Prados, M.D.; Wilson, C.B. Survival and functional status after resection of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery, 1998, 42, 709-720.
11. Chan, T.A.; Weingart, J.D.; Parisi, M.; Hughes, M.A.; Olivi, A.; Borzillary, S.; Alahakone, D.; Detorie, N.A.; Wharam, M.D.; Kleinberg, L. Treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme with GliaSite brachytherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2005, 62, 1133-1139.
12. Brandes, A.A.; Tosoni, A.; Franceschi, E.; Reni, M.; Gatta, G.; Vecht, C. Glioblastoma in adults. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2008, 67, 139-152.
13. Barker, F.G. II; Chang, S.M.; Larson, D.A.; Sneed, P.K.; Wara, W.M.; Wilson, C.B.; Prados, M.D. Age and radiation response in glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurgery, 2001, 49, 1288-1298.
14. Stieber, V.W., Mehta, M.P. Advances in radiation therapy for brain tumors. Neurol. Clin., 2007, 25, 1005-1033.
15. Stupp, R.; Mason, W.P.; van den Bent, M.J.; Weller, M.; Fisher, B.; Taphoorn, M.J.; Belanger, K.; Brandes, A.A.; Marosi, C.; Bogdahn, U.; Curschmann, J.; Janzer, R.C.; Ludwin, S.K.; Gorlia, T.; Allgeier, A.; Lacombe, D.; Cairncross, J.G.; Eisenhauer, E.; Mirimanoff, R.O. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352, 987-996.
16. Beier, D.; Röhrl, S.; Pillai, D.R.; Schwarz, S.; Kunz-Schughart, L.A.; Leukel, P.; Proescholdt, M.; Brawanski, A.; Bogdahn, U.; Trampe-Kieslich, A.; Giebel, B.; Wischhusen, J.; Reifenberger, G.; Hau, P.; Beier, C.P. Temozolomide preferentially depletes cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Cancer Res., 2008, 68, 5706-5715.
17. Hiratsuka, M.; Inoue, T.; Toda, T.; Kimura, N.; Shirayoshi, Y.; Kamitani, H.; Watanabe, T.; Ohama, E.; Tahimic, C.G.; Kurimasa, A.; Oshimura, M. Proteomics-based identification of differentially expressed genes in human gliomas: down-regulation of SIRT2 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, 309, 558-566.
18. Odreman, F.; Vindigni, M.; Gonzales, M.L.; Niccolini, B.; Candiano, G.; Zanotti, B.; Skrap, M.; Pizzolitto, S.; Stanta, G.; Vindigni, A. Proteomic studies on low- and high-grade human brain astrocytomas. J. Proteome. Res., 2005, 4, 698-708.
19. Khalil, A.A.; James, P. Biomarker discovery: a proteomic approach for brain cancer profiling. Cancer Sci., 2007, 98, 201-213.
20. Reddy, S.P.; Britto, R.; Vinnakota, K.; Aparna, H.; Sreepathi, H.K.; Thota, B.; Kumari, A.; Shilpa, B.M.; Vrinda, M.; Umesh, S.; Samuel, C.; Shetty, M.; Tandon, A.; Pandey, P.; Hegde, S.; Hegde, A.S.; Balasubramaniam, A.; Chandramouli, B.A.; Santosh, V.; Kondaiah, P.; Somasundaram, K.; Rao, M.R. Novel glioblastoma markers with diagnostic and prognostic value identified through transcriptome analysis. Clin. Cancer Res., 2008, 14, 2978-2987.
21. Carrier, F.; Smith, M.L.; Bae, I.; Kilpatrick, K.E.; Lansing, T.J.; Chen, C.Y.; Engelstein, M.; Friend, S.H.; Henner, W.D.; Gilmer, T.M.; Characterization of human Gadd45, a p53-regulated protein. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 32672-32677.
22. Trojan, L.; Schaaf, A.; Steidler, A.; Haak, M.; Thalmann, G.; Knoll, T.; Gretz, N.; Alken, P.; Michel, M.S. Identification of metastasis-associated genes in prostate cancer by genetic profiling of human prostate cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res., 2005, 25, 183-191.
23. Nigro, J.M.; Misra, A.; Zhang, L.; Smirnov, I.; Colman, H.; Griffin, C.; Ozburn, N.; Chen, M.; Pan, E.; Koul, D.; Yung, W.K.; Feuerstein, B.G.; Aldape, K.D. Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression array profiles identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of glioblastoma. Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 1678-1686.
24. Ross, D.T.; Scherf, U.; Eisen, M.B.; Perou, C.M.; Rees, C.; Spellman, P.; Iyer, V.; Jeffrey, S.S.; Van de Rijn, M.; Waltham, M.; Pergamenschikov, A.; Lee, J.C.; Lashkari, D.; Shalon, D.; Myers, T.G.; Weinstein, J.N.; Botstein, D.; Brown, P.O. Systematic variation in gene expression patterns in human cancer cell lines. Nat. Genet., 2000, 24, 227-235.
25. van den Boom, J.; Wolter, M.; Kuick, R.; Misek, D.E.; Youkilis, A.S.; Wechsler, D.S.; Sommer, C.; Reifenberger, G.; Hanash, S.M. Characterization of gene expression profiles associated with glioma progression using oligonucleotide-based microarray analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 163, 1033-1043.
26. Ruano, Y.; Mollejo, M.; Ribalta, T.; Fiaño, C.; Camacho, F.I.; Gómez, E.; de Lope, A.R.; Hernández-Moneo, J.L.; Martínez, P.; Meléndez, B. Identification of novel candidate target genes in amplicons of Glioblastoma multiforme tumors detected by expression and CGH microarray profiling. Mol. Cancer, 2006, 5: 39.
27. Carro, M.S.; Lim, W.K.; Alvarez, M.J.; Bollo, R.J.; Zhao, X.; Snyder, E.Y.; Sulman, E.P.; Anne, S.L.; Doetsch, F.; Colman, H.; Lasorella, A.; Aldape, K.; Califano, A.; Iavarone, A. The transcriptional network for mesenchymal transformation of brain tumours. Nature, 2009, 463, 318-325.
28. Novakova J.; Slaby, O.; Vyzula, R.; Michalek, J. MicroRNA involvement in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 386, 1-5.
29. Ciafrè, S.A.; Galardi, S.; Mangiola, A.; Ferracin, M.; Liu, C.G.; Sabatino, G.; Negrini, M.; Maira, G.; Croce, C.M.; Farace, M.G. Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005, 334, 1351-1358.
30. Chen, Y.; Liu, W.; Chao, T.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, X.; Gong, Y.; Qiang, B.; Yuan, J.; Sun, M.; Peng X. MicroRNA-21 down-regulates the expression of tumor suppressor PDCD4 in human glioblastoma cell T98G. Cancer Lett., 2008, 272, 197-205.
31. Meng, F.; Henson, R.; Wehbe-Janek, H.; Ghoshal, K.; Jacob, S.T.; Patel T. MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology, 2007, 1332, 647-658.
32. Turner, J.D.; Williamson, R.; Almefty, K.K.; Nakaji, P.; Porter, R.; Tse, V.; Kalani, M.Y. The many roles of microRNAs in brain tumor biology. Neurosurg. Focus, 2010, 28, E3.
33. Xia, H.; Qi, Y.; Ng, S.S.; Chen, X.; Chen, S.; Fang, M.; Li, D.; Zhao, Y.; Ge, R.; Li, G.; Chen, Y.; He, M.L.; Kung, H.F.; Lai, L.; Lin, M.C. MicroRNA-15b regulates cell cycle progression by targeting cyclins in glioma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 380, 205-210.
34. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature, 2008, 455, 1061-1068.
35. Parsons, D.W.; Jones, S.; Zhang, X.; Lin, J.C.; Leary, R.J.; Angenendt, P.; Mankoo, P.; Carter, H.; Siu, I.M.; Gallia, G.L.; Olivi, A.; McLendon, R.; Rasheed, B.A.; Keir, S.; Nikolskaya, T.; Nikolsky, Y.; Busam, D.A.; Tekleab, H.; Diaz, L.A. Jr.; Hartigan, J.; Smith, D.R.; Strausberg, R.L.; Marie, S.K.; Shinjo, S.M.; Yan, H.; Riggins, G.J.; Bigner, D.D.; Karchin, R.; Papadopoulos, N.; Parmigiani, G.; Vogelstein, B.; Velculescu, V.E.; Kinzler, K.W. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science, 2008, 321, 1807-1812.
36. Thaker, N.G.; Zhang, F.; McDonald, P.R.; Shun, T.Y.; Lewen, M.D.; Pollack, I.F.; Lazo, J.S. Identification of survival genes in human glioblastoma cells by small interfering RNA screening. Mol. Pharmacol., 2009, 76 1246-1255.
37. Omuro, A.M.; Faivre, S.; Raymond, E. Lessons learned in the development of targeted therapy for malignant gliomas. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2007, 6, 1909-1919.
38. Kinzler, K.W.; Bigner, S.H.; Bigner D.D.; Trent, J.M.; Law, M.L.; O'Brien, S.J.; Wong, A.J.; Vogelstein, B. Identification of an amplified, highly expressed gene in a human glioma. Science, 1987, 236, 70-73.
39. Stecca, B.; Ruiz, I, Altaba, A. Brain as a paradigm of organ growth: Hedgehog-Gli signaling in neural stem cells and brain tumors. J. Neurobiol., 2005, 64, 476-490.
40. Yoon, J.W.; Kita, Y.; Frank, D.J.; Majewski, R.R.; Konicek, B.A.; Nobrega, M.A.; Jacob, H.; Walterhouse, D.; Iannaccone, P. Gene expression profiling leads to identification of GLI1-binding elements in target genes and a role for multiple downstream pathways in GLI1-induced cell transformation. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 5548-5555.
41. Greene, L.A.; Lee, H.Y.; Angelastro, J.M. The transcription factor ATF5: role in neurodevelopment and neural tumors. J. Neurochem., 2009, 108, 11-22.
42. Angelastro, J.M.; Ignatova, T.N.; Kukekov, V.G.; Steindler, D.A.; Stengren, G.B.; Mendelsohn, C.; Greene, L.A. Regulated expression of ATF5 is required for the progression of neural progenitor cells to neurons. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23, 4590-4600.
43. Mason, J.L.; Angelastro, J.M.; Ignatova, T.N.; Kukekov, V.G.; Lin, G.; Greene, L.A.; Goldman, J.E. ATF5 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 2005, 29, 372-380.
44. Angelastro, J.M.; Canoll, P.D.; Kuo, J.; Weicker, M.; Costa, A.; Bruce, J.N.; Greene, L.A. Selective destruction of glioblastoma cells by interference with the activity or expression of ATF5. Oncogene, 2006, 25, 907-916.
45. Dong, S.; Nutt, C.L.; Betensky, R.A.; Stemmer-Rachamimov, A.O.; Denko, N.C.; Ligon, K.L.; Rowitch, D.H.; Louis, D.N. Histology-based expression profiling yields novel prognostic markers in human glioblastoma. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2005, 64, 948-955.
46. Korver, W.; Roose, J.; Clevers, H. The winged-helix transcription factor Trident is expressed in cycling cells. Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, 25, 1715-1719.
47. Liu, M.; Dai, B.; Kang, S.H.; Ban, K.; Huang, F.J.; Lang, F.F.; Aldape, K.D.; Xie, T.X.; Pelloski, C.E.; Xie, K.; Sawaya, R.; Huang, S. FoxM1B is overexpressed in human glioblastomas and critically regulates the tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Cancer Res., 2006, 66, 3593-3602.
48. Petrovic, V.; Costa, R.H.; Lau, L.F.; Raychaudhuri, P.; Tyner, A.L. FoxM1 regulates growth factor-induced expression of kinaseinteracting stathmin (KIS) to promote cell cycle progression. J. Biol. Chem., 2008, 283, 453-460.
49. Chandran, U.R.; Ma, C.; Dhir, R.; Bisceglia, M.; Lyons-Weiler, M.; Liang, W.; Michalopoulos, G.; Becich, M.; Monzon, F.A. Gene expression profiles of prostate cancer reveal involvement of multiple molecular pathways in the metastatic process. BMC Cancer, 2007, 7, 64.
50. Gusarova, G.A.; Wang, I.C.; Major, M.L.; Kalinichenko, V.V.; Ackerson, T.; Petrovic, V.; Costa, R.H. A cell-penetrating ARF peptide inhibitor of FoxM1 in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117, 99-111.
51. Wang, Z.; Banerjee, S.; Kong, D.; Li, Y.; Sarkar, F.H. Downregulation of Forkhead Box M1 transcription factor leads to the inhibition of invasion and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 8293-8300.
52. Hulleman, E.; Quarto, M.; Vernell, R.; Masserdotti, G.; Colli, E.; Kros, J.M.; Levi, D.; Gaetani, P.; Tunici, P.; Finocchiaro, G.; Baena, R.R.; Capra, M.; Helin, K. A role for the transcription factor HEY1 in glioblastoma. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2008, 13, 136-146.
53. Kanamori, M.; Kawaguchi, T.; Nigro, J.M.; Feuerstein, B.G.; Berger, M.S.; Miele, L.; Pieper, R.O. Contribution of Notch signaling activation to human glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurosurg., 2007, 106, 417-427.
54. Dai, B.; Kang, S.H.; Gong, W.; Liu, M.; Aldape, K.D.; Sawaya. R.; Huang, S. Aberrant FoxM1B expression increases matrix metalloproteinase- 2 transcription and enhances the invasion of glioma cells. Oncogene, 2007, 26, 6212-6219.
55. Hwang, J.H.; Smith, C.A.; Salhia, B.; Rutka, J.T. The role of fascin in the migration and invasiveness of malignant glioma cells. Neoplasia, 2008, 10, 149-159.
56. Gunal, A.; Onguru, O.; Safali, M.; Beyzadeoglu, M. Fascin expression in glial tumors and its prognostic significance in glioblastomas. Neuropathology, 2008, 28, 382-386.
57. Li, F. Role of survivin and its splice variants in tumorigenesis. Br. J. Cancer, 2005, 92, 212-216.
58. Caldas, H.; Honsey, L.E.; Altura, R.A. Survivin 2alpha: a novel survivin splice variant expressed in human malignancies. Mol. Cancer, 2005,4, 11-19.
59. Zaffaroni, N.; Pennati, M.; Daidone, M.G. Survivin as a target for new anticancer interventions. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2005, 9, 360-372.
60. Hermisson, M.; Strik, H.; Rieger, J.; Dichgans, J.; Meyermann, R.; Weller, M. Expression and functional activity of heat shock proteins in human glioblastoma multiforme. Neurology, 2000, 54, 1357-1365.
61. Arrigo, A.P.; Simon, S.; Gibert, B.; Kretz-Remy, C.; Nivon, M.; Czekalla, A.; Guillet, D.; Moulin, M.; Diaz-Latoud, C.; Vicart, P. Hsp27 (HspB1) and alphaB-crystallin (HspB5) as therapeutic targets. FEBS Lett., 2007, 581, 3665-3674.
62. Launay, N.; Goudeaua, B.; Katob, K.; Vicarta, P.; Lilienbauma, A. Cell signaling pathways to αB-crystallin following stresses of the cytoskeleton. Exp. Cell. Res., 2006, 312, 3570-3584.
63. Thériault, J.R.; Lambert, H.; Chávez-Zobel, A.T.; Charest, G.; Lavigne, P.; Landry, J. Essential role of the NH2-terminal WD/EPF motif in the phosphorylation-activated protective function of mammalian Hsp27. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 23463-23471.
64. Aoyama, A.; Steiger, R.H.; Fröhli, E.; Schäfer, R.; von Deimling, A.; Wiestler, O.D.; Klemenz R. Expression of alpha B-crystallin in human brain tumors. Int. J. Cancer, 1993, 55, 760-764.
65. Mineva, I.; Gartner, W.; Hauser, P.; Kainz, A.; Löffler, M.; Wolf, G.; Oberbauer, R.; Weissel, M.; Wagner, L. Differential expression of alphaB-crystallin and Hsp27-1 in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas because of tumor-specific alphaB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) silencing. Cell Stress Chaperones, 2005, 10, 171-184.
66. Hitotsumatsu, T.; Iwaki, T.; Fukui, M.; Tateishi, J. Distinctive immunohistochemical profiles of small heat shock proteins (heat shock protein 27 and alpha B-crystallin) in human brain tumors. Cancer, 1996, 77, 352-361.
67. Kamradt, M.C.; Chen, F.; Sam, S.; Cryns, V.L. The small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin negatively regulates apoptosis during myogenic differentiation by inhibiting caspase-3 activation. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 38731-38736.
68. Kamradt, M.C.; Lu, M.; Werner, M.E.; Kwan, T.; Chen, F.; Strohecker, A.; Oshita, S.; Wilkinson, J.C.; Yu, C.; Oliver, P.G.; Duckett, C.S.; Buchsbaum, D.J.; LoBuglio, A.F.; Jordan, V.C.; Cryns, V.L. The small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is a novel inhibitor of TRAIL-induced apoptosis that suppresses the activation of caspase-3. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280, 11059-11066.
69. Mao, Y.; Liu, J.; Xiang, H.; Li, D.W. Human alphaA- and alphaBcrystallins bind to Bax and Bcl-X(S) to sequester their translocation during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ., 2004, 11, 512-526.
70. Moyano, J.V.; Evans, J.R.; Chen, F.; Lu, M.; Werner, M.E.; Yehiely, F.; Diaz, L.K.; Turbin, D.; Karaca, G.; Wiley, E.; Nielsen, T.O.; Perou, C.M.; Crynsl, V.L. AlphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116, 261-270.
71. Stegh, A.H.; Chin, L.; Louis, D.N.; DePinho, R.A. What drives intense apoptosis resistance and propensity for necrosis in glioblastoma? A role for Bcl2L12 as a multifunctional cell death regulator. Cell Cycle, 2008, 7, 2833-2839.
72. Stegh, A.H.; Kesari, S.; Mahoney, J.E.; Jenq, H.T.; Forloney, K.L.; Protopopov, A.; Louis, D.N.; Chin, L.; DePinho, R.A. Bcl2L12-mediated inhibition of effector caspase-3, caspase-7 via distinct mechanisms in glioblastoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105, 10703-10708.
73. Tamm, I.; Wang, Y.; Sausville, E.; Scudiero, D.A.; Vigna, N.; Oltersdorf, T.; Reed, J.C. IAP-family protein survivin inhibits caspase activity and apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95), Bax, caspases, and anticancer drugs. Cancer Res., 1998, 58, 5315-5320.
74. Clark, J.I.; Muchowski, P.J. Small heat-shock proteins and their potential role in human disease. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2000, 10, 52-59.
75. Dimberg, A.; Rylova, S.; Dieterich, L.C.; Olsson, A.K.; Schiller, P.; Wikner, C.; Bohman, S.; Botling, J.; Lukinius, A.; Wawrousek, E.F.; Claesson-Welsh, L. alphaB-crystallin promotes tumor angiogenesis by increasing vascular survival during tube morphogenesis. Blood, 2008, 111, 2015-2023.
76. Orend, G.; Chiquet-Ehrismann, R. Tenascin-C induced signaling in cancer. Cancer Lett., 2006, 244, 143-163.
77. Hynes, R.O. The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils. Science, 2009, 326, 1216-1219.
78. Iyer, A.K.; Tran, K.T.; Griffith, L.; Wells, A. Cell surface restriction of EGFR by a tenascin cytotactin-encoded EGF-like repeat is preferential for motility-related signaling. J. Cell. Physiol., 2008, 214, 504-512.
79. Pas, J.; Wyszko, E.; Rolle, K.; Rychlewski, L.; Nowak, S.; Zukiel, R., Barciszewski, J. Analysis of structure and function of tenascin- C. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 2006, 38, 1594-1602.
80. Chiquet-Ehrismann, R.; Chiquet, M. Tenascins: regulation and putative functions during pathological stress. J. Pathol., 2003, 200, 488-499.
81. Huang, W.; Chiquet-Ehrismann, R.; Moyano, J.V.; Garcia-Pardo, A.; Orend, G. Interference of tenascin-C with syndecan-4 binding to fibronectin blocks cell adhesion and stimulates tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 8586-8594.
82. Kii, I.; Nishiyama, T.; Li, M.; Matsumoto, K.; Saito, M.; Amizuka, N.; Kudo, A. Incorporation of tenascin-C into the extracellular matrix by periostin underlies an extracellular meshwork architecture. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285, 2028-2039.
83. Castaños-Velez, E.; Biberfeld, P.; Patarroyo, M. Extracellular matrix proteins and integrin receptors in reactive and non-reactive lymph nodes. Immunology, 1995, 86, 270-278.
84. Chilosi, M.; Lestani, M.; Benedetti, A.; Montagna, L.; Pedron, S.; Scarpa, A.; Menestrina, F.; Hirohashi, S.; Pizzolo, G.; Semenzato, G. Constitutive expression of tenascin in T-dependent zones of human lymphoid tissues. Am. J. Pathol., 1993, 143, 1348-1355.
85. Ohta, M.; Sakai, T.; Saga, Y.; Aizawa, S.; Saito, M. Suppression of hematopoietic activity in tenascin-C-deficient mice. Blood, 1998, 91, 4074-4083.
86. Wyszko, E.; Rolle, K.; Nowak, S.; Zukiel, R.; Nowak, M.; Piestrzeniewicz, R.; Gawrońska, I.; Barciszewska, M.Z.; Barciszewski, J. A multivariate analysis of patients with brain tumors treated with ATN-RNA. Acta Polon. Pharmacol., 2008, 65, 677-684.
87. Nakada, M.; Nakada, S.; Demuth, T.; Tran, N.L.; Hoelzinger, D.B.; Berens, M.E. Molecular targets of glioma invasion. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2007, 64, 458-478.
88. Hanamura, N.; Yoshida, T.; Matsumoto, E.; Kawarada, Y.; Sakakura, T. Expression of fibronectin and tenascin-C mRNA by myofibroblasts, vascular cells and epithelial cells in human colon adenomas and carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer, 1997, 73, 10-15.
89. Tanaka, K.; Hiraiwa, N.; Hashimoto, H.; Yamazaki, Y.; Kusakabe, M. Tenascin-C regulates angiogenesis in tumor through the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Int. J. Cancer, 2004, 108, 31-40.
90. Zagzag, D.; Shiff, B.; Jallo, G.I.; Greco, M.A.; Blanco, C.; Cohen, H.; Hukin, J.; Allen, J.C.; Friedlander, D.R. Tenascin-C promotes microvascular cell migration and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 2660-2668.
91. Sarkar, S.; Nuttall, R.K.; Liu, S.; Edwards, D.R.; Yong, V.W. Tenascin-C stimulates glioma cell invasion through matrix metalloproteinase-12. Cancer Res., 2006, 66, 11771-11780.
92. Yoder, B.J.; Tso, E.; Skacel, M.; Pettay, J.; Tarr, S.; Budd, T.; Tubbs, R.R.; Adams, J.C.; Hicks, D.G. The expression of fascin, an actin-bundling motility protein, correlates with hormone receptornegative breast cancer and a more aggressive clinical course. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11, 186-192.
93. Hashimoto, Y.; Skacel, M.; Adams, J.C. Roles of fascin in human carcinoma motility and signaling: prospects for a novel biomarker? Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 2005, 37, 1787-1804.
94. Jaalouk, D.E.; Lammerding, J. Mechanotransduction gone awry. Nature Rev., 2009, 10, 63-73.
95. Tan, J.C.; Kalapesi, F.B.; Coroneo, M.T. Mechanosensitivity and the eye: cells coping with the pressure. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2006, 90, 383-388.
96. Beiter, K.; Hiendlmeyer, E.; Brabletz, T.; Hlubek, F.; Haynl, A.; Knoll, C.; Kirchner, T.; Jung, A. beta-Catenin regulates the expression of tenascin-C in human colorectal tumors. Oncogene, 2005, 24, 8200-8204.
97. Dandachi, N.; Hauser-Kronberger, C.; Moré, E.; Wiesener, B.; Hacker, G.W.; Dietze, O.; Wirl, G. Co-expression of tenascin-C and vimentin in human breast cancer cells indicates phenotypic transdifferentiation during tumour progression: correlation with histopathological parameters, hormone receptors, and oncoproteins. J. Pathol., 2001, 193, 181-189.
98. Cokgor, I.; Akabani, G.; Kuan, C.T.; Friedman, H.S.; Friedman, A.H.; Coleman, R.E.; McLendon, R.E.; Bigner, S.H.; Zhao, X.G.; Garcia-Turner, A.M.; Pegram, C.N.; Wikstrand, C.J.; Shafman, T.D.; Herndon, J.E. II; Provenzale, J.M.; Zalutsky, M.R.; Bigner, D.D. Phase I trial results of iodine-131-labeled antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 treatment of patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol., 2000, 18, 3862-3872.
99. Reardon, D.A.; Akabani, G.; Coleman, R.E.; Friedman, A.H.; Friedman, H.S.; Herndon, J.E 2nd.; Cokgor, I.; McLendon, R.E.; Pegram, C.N.; Provenzale, J.M.; Quinn, J.A.; Rich, J.N.; Regalado, L.V.; Sampson, J.H.; Shafman, T.D.; Wikstrand, C.J.; Wong, T.Z.; Zhao, X.G.; Zalutsky, M.R.; Bigner, D.D. Phase II trial of murine (131)I-labeled antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 administered into surgically created resection cavities of patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol., 2002, 20, 1389-1397.
100. Hoelzinger, D.B.; Nakada, M.; Demuth, T.; Rosensteel, T.; Reavie, L.B.; Berens, M.E. Autotaxin: a secreted autocrine/paracrine factor that promotes glioma invasion. J. Neurooncol., 2008, 86, 297-309.
101. Kishi, Y.; Okudaira, S.; Tanaka, M.; Hama, K.; Shida, D.; Kitayama, J.; Yamori, T.; Aoki, J.; Fujimaki, T.; Arai, H. Autotaxin is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme and contributes to cell motility of glioblastoma by converting lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281 17492-17500.
102. Stracke, M.L.; Krutzsch, H.C.; Unsworth, E.J.; Arestad, A.; Cioce, V.; Schiffmann, E.; Liotta, L.A. Identification, purification, and partial sequence analysis of autotaxin, a novel motility-stimulating protein. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 2524-2529.
103. Ventura, A.; Jacks, T. MicroRNAs and cancer: short RNAs go a long way. Cell, 2009, 136, 586-591.
104. Zhang, B.; Pan, X.; Cobb, G.P.; Anderson, T.A. MicroRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Dev. Biol., 2007, 302, 1-12.
105. Zhang, W.; Dahlberg, J.E.; Tam, W. MicroRNAs in tumorigenesis. Am. J. Pathol., 2007, 171, 728-738.
106. Chan, J.A.; Krichevsky, A.M.; Kosik, K.S. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 6029-6033.
107. Si, M.L.; Zhu, S.; Wu, H.; Lu, Z.; Wu, F.; Mo, Y.Y. miR-21- mediated tumor growth. Oncogene, 2007, 26, 2799-2803.
108. Conti, A.; Aguennouz, M.; La Torre, D.; Tomasello, C.; Cardali, S.; Angileri, F.F.; Maio, F.; Cama, A.; Germanò, A.; Vita, G.; Tomasello, F. miR-21 and 221 upregulation and miR-181b downregulation in human grade II-IV astrocytic tumors. J. Neurooncol., 2009, 93, 325-332.
109. Papagiannakopoulos, T.; Shapiro, A.; Kosik, K.S. MicroRNA-21 targets a network of key tumor-suppressive pathways in glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res., 2008, 68, 8164-8172.
110. Nawrot, E.; Sipa, K. Chemical and structural diversity of siRNA molecules. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2006, 6, 913-925.
111. Gleave, M.E.; Monia, B.P. Antisense therapy for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2005, 5, 468-479.
112. S.T. Vitravene-another piece in the mosaic. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 1998, 8, vii-viii.
113. Wu, Z.M.; Yuan, X.H.; Jiang, P.C.; Li, Z.Q.; Wu, T. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the focal adhesion kinase inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cooperate with cytotoxic drugs in human glioma cells. J. Neurooncol., 2006, 77, 117-123.
114. Guensberg, P.; Wacheck, V.; Lucas, T.; Monia, B.; Pehamberger, H.; Eichler, H.G.; Jansen, B. Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides chemosensitize human glioblastoma cells. Chemotherapy, 2002, 48, 189-195.
115. Prasad, G.; Wang, H.; Agrawal, S.; Zhang, R. Antisense anti-MDM2 oligonucleotides as a novel approach to the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Anticancer Res., 2002, 22, 107-116.
116. Khazenzon, N.M.; Ljubimov, A.V.; Lakhter, A.J.; Fujita, M.; Fujiwara, H.; Sekiguchi, K.; Sorokin, L.M.; Petäjäniemi, N.; Virtanen, I.; Black, K.L.; Ljubimova, J.Y. Antisense inhibition of laminin-8 expression reduces invasion of human gliomas in vitro. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2003, 2, 985-994.
117. Matsumoto, Y.; Miyake, K.; Kunishio, K.; Tamiya, T.; Seigo, N. Reduction of expression of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP)1 in glioma cells by antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. J. Med. Invest., 2004, 51, 194-201.
118. Dean, N.M.; McKay, R. Inhibition of protein kinase C-alpha expression in mice after systemic administration of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91, 11762-11766.
119. Zellner, A.; Fetell, M.R.; Bruce, J.N.; De Vivo, D.C.; O'Driscoll, K.R. Disparity in expression of protein kinase C alpha in human glioma versus glioma-derived primary cell lines: therapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res., 1998, 4, 1797-1802.
120. Andrews, D.W.; Resnicoff, M.; Flanders, A.E.; Kenyon, L.; Curtis, M.; Merli, G.; Baserga, R.; Iliakis, G.; Aiken, R.D. Results of a pilot study involving the use of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor in malignant astrocytomas. J. Clin. Oncol., 2001, 19, 2189-2200.
121. Schlenska-Lange, A.; Knüpfer, H.; Lange, T.J.; Kiess, W.; Knüpfer, M. Cell proliferation and migration in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines are influenced by insulin-like growth factor I in vitro. Anticancer Res., 2008, 28, 1055-60.
122. Schlingensiepen, K.H.; Schlingensiepen, R.; Steinbrecher, A.; Hau, P.; Bogdahn, U.; Fischer-Blass, B.; Jachimczak, P. Targeted tumor therapy with the TGF-beta 2 antisense compound AP 12009. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2006, 17, 129-139.
123. www.anticancer.de
124. www.antisense-pharma.de
125. Krieg, A.M.; Yi, A.K.; Hartmann, G. Mechanisms and therapeutic applications of immune stimulatory cpG DNA. Pharmacol Ther., 1999, 84, 113-120.
126. Carpentier, A.; Laigle-Donadey, F.; Zohar, S.; Capelle, L.; Behin, A.; Tibi, A.; Martin-Duverneuil, N.; Sanson, M.; Lacomblez, L.; Taillibert, S.; Puybasset, L.; Van Effenterre, R.; Delattre, J.Y.; Carpentier, A.F. Phase 1 trial of a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro. Oncol., 2006, 8, 60-66.
127. Ursu, R.; Carpentier, A.; Metellus, P.; Barrie, M.; Meng, Y.; Laigle-Donadey, F.; Tibi, A.; Chinot O.; Carpentie, A. F. Phase II trial of intracerebral administration of CpG oligonucleotide for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clinic. Oncol., 2009, 27, 2043.
128. Fire, A.; Xu, S.; Montgomery, M.K.; Kostas, S.A.; Driver, S.E.; Mello, C.C. Potent and specific genetic interference by doublestranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 1998, 391, 806-811.
129. Kim, D.H.; Rossi, J.J. Strategies for silencing human disease using RNA interference. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2007, 8, 173-184.
130. Siomi, H.; Siomi, M.C. On the Road to Reading the RNAinterference code. Nature, 2009, 457, 396-404.
131. Gregory, R.I.; Yan, K.P.; Amuthan, G.; Chendrimada, T.; Doratotaj, B.; Cooch, N.; Shiekhattar, R. The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature, 2004, 432, 235-240.
132. Yi, R.; Qin, Y.; Macara, I.G.; Cullen, B.R. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev., 2003, 17, 3011-3016.
133. Castanotto, D.; Rossi J.J. The promises and pitfalls of RNAinterference-based therapeutics. Nature, 2009, 457, 426-433.
134. Jackson, A.L.; Burchard, J.; Schelter, J.; Chau, B.N.; Cleary, M.; Lim, L.; Linsley, P.S. Widespread siRNA "off-target" transcript silencing mediated by seed region sequence complementarity. RNA, 2006, 12, 1179-1187.
135. Grimm, D. Small silencing RNAs: state-of-the-art. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2009, 61, 672-703.
136. Pei, Y.; Tuschl, T. On the art of identifying effective and specific siRNAs. Nat. Methods, 2006, 3, 670-676.
137. Birmingham, A.; Anderson, E.; Sullivan, K.; Reynolds, A.; Boese, Q.; Leake D.; Karpilow, J.; Khvorova A. A protocol for designing siRNAs with high functionality and specificity. Nat. Protocol., 2007, 2, 2068-2078.
138. Minks, M.A.; West, D.K.; Benvin, S.; Baglioni, C. Structural requirements of double-stranded RNA for the activation of 2',5'- oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1979, 254, 10180-10183.
139. Samuel, C.E. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin. Microbial Rev., 2001, 14, 778-809.
140. Marques, J.T.; Williams, B.R. Activation of the mammalian immune system by siRNAs. Nat. Biotechnol., 2005, 23, 1399-1405.
141. Aagaard, L.; Rossi, J.J. RNAi therapeutics: principles, prospects and challenges. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2007, 59, 75-86.
142. Elbashir, S.M.; Martinez, J.; Patkaniowska, A.; Lendeckel, W.; Tuschl, T. Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J., 2001, 20, 6877-6888.
143. Caplen, N.J.; Parrish, S.; Imani, F.; Fire, A.; Morgan, R.A. Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2001, 98, 9742-9747.
144. Holen, T.; Amarzguioui, M.; Wiiger, M.T.; Babaie, E.; Prydz, H. Positional effects of short interfering RNAs targeting the human coagulation trigger Tissue Factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 1757-1766.
145. Robbins, M.; Judge, A.; Ambegia, E.; Choi, C.; Yaworski, E.; Palmer, L.; McClintock, K.; MacLachlan, I. Misinterpreting the therapeutic effects of small interfering RNA caused by immune stimulation. Hum. Gene Ther., 2008, 19, 991-999.
146. Kleinman, M.E.; Yamada, K.; Takeda, A.; Chandrasekaran, V.; Nozaki, M.; Baffi, J.Z.; Albuquerque, R.J.; Yamasaki, S.; Itaya, M.; Pan, Y.; Appukuttan, B.; Gibbs, D.; Yang, Z.; Karikó, K.; Ambati, B.K.; Wilgus, T.A.; DiPietro, L.A.; Sakurai, E.; Zhang, K.; Smith, J.R.; Taylor, E.W.; Ambati, J. Sequence- and targetindependent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3. Nature, 2008, 452, 591-597.
147. Gantier, M.P.; Williams, B.R. The response of mammalian cells to double-stranded RNA. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2007, 18, 363-371.
148. Tsutsumi, K.; Yamaura, T.; Nakajima, M.; Honda, T.; Kasaoka, T. Silencing of focal adhesion kinase by tumor direct injection of small interfering RNA decreases in vivo tumor growth. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2009, 8, 1292-1299.
149. Zhou, Z.; Yuan, X.; Li, Z.; Tu, H.; Li, D.; Qing, J.; Wang, H.; Zhang, L. RNA interference targeting EphA2 inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and cooperates with cytotoxic drugs in human glioma cells. Surg. Neurol., 2008, 70, 562-568.
150. Pallini, R.; Sorrentino, A.; Pierconti, F.; Maggiano, N.; Faggi, R.; Montano, N.; Maira, G.; Larocca, L.M.; Levi, A.; Falchetti, M.L. Telomerase inhibition by stable RNA interference impairs tumor growth and angiogenesis in glioblastoma xenografts. Int. J. Cancer, 2006, 118, 2158-2167.
151. Liang, Q.C.; Xiong, H.; Zhao, Z.W.; Jia, D.; Li, W.X.; Qin, H.Z.; Deng,
152. Uchida, H.; Tanaka, T.; Sasaki, K.; Kato, K.; Dehari, H.; Ito, Y.; Kobune, M.; Miyagishi, M.; Taira, K.; Tahara, H.; Hamada, H. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against survivin induced apoptosis and attenuated tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Ther., 2004, 10, 162-171.
153. Zhen, H.N.; Li L.W.; Zhang, W.; Fei, Z.; Shi, C.H.; Yang, T.T.; Bai, W.T.; Zhang, X. Short hairpin RNA targeting survivin inhibits growth and angiogenesis of glioma U251 cells. Int. J. Oncol., 2007, 31, 1111-1117.
154. Saito, T.; Hama, S.; Izumi, H.; Yamasaki, F.; Kajiwara, Y.; Matsuura, S.; Morishima, K.; Hidaka, T.; Shrestha, P.; Sugiyama, K.; Kurisu, K. Centrosome amplification induced by survivin suppression enhances both chromosome instability and radiosensitivity in glioma cells. Br. J. Cancer., 2008, 98, 345-355.
155. Kugler, W.; Buchholz, F.; Köhler, F.; Eibl, H.; Lakomek, M.; Erdlenbruch, B. Downregulation of Apaf-1 and caspase-3 by RNA interference in human glioma cells: consequences for erucylphosphocholine-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis, 2005, 10, 1163-1174.
156. Pardridge, W.M.; Kang, Y.S.; Yang, J.; Buciak, J.L. Enhanced cellular uptake and in vivo biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody following cationization. J. Pharm. Sci., 1995, 84, 943-948.
157. Kenney, J.; Schmiedl, U.; Maravilla, K.; Starr, F.; Graham, M.; Spence, A.; Nelson, J. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability in a tumor model using magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium-DTPA. Magn. Reson. Med., 1992, 27, 68-75.
158. Huynh, G.H.; Deen, D.F.; Szoka, F.C. Jr. Barriers to carrier mediated drug and gene delivery to brain tumors. J. Control Release, 2006, 110, 236-259.
159. http://nyp.org/news/hospital/intra-arterial-avastin.html
160. Judge, A.; MacLachlan I. Overcoming the innate immune response to small interfering RNA. Hum. Gene. Ther., 2008, 19, 111-124.
161. Wyszko, E.; Fuerste, J.P.; Barciszewska, M.Z.; Szymanski, M.; Adamiak, R.; Erdmann, V.A.; Barciszewski, J. Preparation of HIV TAR RNA with RNA scissors. Biochem. J., 1999, 126, 326-332.
162. Zukiel, R.; Nowak, S.; Wyszko, E.; Rolle, K.; Gawronska, I.; Barciszewska, M.Z.; Barciszewski, J. Suppression of human brain tumor with interference RNA specific for tenascin-C. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2006, 5, 1002-1007.
163. Rolle, K.; Nowak, S.; Wyszko, E.; Nowak, M.; Zukiel, R.; Piestrzeniewicz, R.; Gawronska, I.; Barciszewska, M.Z.; Barciszewski, J. Promising human brain tumors therapy with interference RNA intervention (iRNAi). Cancer Biol. Ther., 2010, 9, 396-406.
164. Shi, F.; Gounko, N.V.; Wang, X.; Ronken, E.; Hoekstra, D. In situ entry of oligonucleotides into brain cells can occur through a nucleic acid channel. Oligonucleotides, 2007, 17, 122-133.
165. Midwood, K.; Sacre, S.; Piccinini, A.M.; Inglis, J.; Trebaul, A.; Chan, E.; Drexler, S.; Sofat, N.; Kashiwagi, M.; Orend, G.; Brennan, F.; Foxwell, B. Tenascin-C is an endogenous activator of Tolllike receptor 4 that is essential for maintaining inflammation in arthritic joint disease. Nat. Med., 2009, 15, 774-780.
166. Jackson, A.L.; Linsley, P.S. Recognizing and avoiding siRNA offtarget effects for target identification and therapeutic application. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2010, 9, 57-67.
167. Stein, P.; Zeng, F.; Pan, H.; Schultz, R.M. Absence of non-specific effects of RNA interference triggered by long double-stranded RNA in mouse oocytes. Dev. Biol., 2005, 286, 464-471.
168. Lacroix, M.; Abi-Said, D.; Fourney, D.R.; Gokaslan, Z.L.; Shi, W.; DeMonte, F.; Lang, F.F.; McCutcheon, I.E.; Hassenbusch, S.J.; Holland, E.; Hess, K.; Michael, C.; Miller, D.; Sawaya, R. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. Neurosurgery, 2001, 95, 190-198.
169. Laws, E.R.; Parney, I.F.; Huang, W.; Anderson, F.; Morris, A.M.; Asher, A.; Lillehei, K.O.; Bernstein, M.; Brem, H.; Sloan, A.; Berger, M.S.; Chang, S. Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project. J. Neurosurg., 2003, 99, 467-473.
170. Zhu, S.; Wu, H.; Wu, F.; Nie, D.; Sheng, S.; Mo, Y.Y. MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes in invasion and metastasis. Cell Res., 2008, 18, 350-359.
171. De Wever, O.; Nguyen, Q.D.; Van Hoorde, L.; Bracke, M.; Bruyneel, E.; Gespach, C.; Mareel, M. Tenascin-C and SF/HGF produced by myofibroblasts in vitro provide convergent proinvasive signals to human colon cancer cells through RhoA and Rac. FASEB J., 2004, 18, 1016-1018.
172. Jones, P.L.; Jones, F.S. Tenascin-C in development and disease: gene regulation and cell function. Matrix Biol., 2000, 19, 581-596.
173. Ruiz, C.; Huang, W.; Hegi, M.E.; Lange, K.; Hamou, M.F.; Fluri, E.; Oakeley, E.J.; Chiquet-Ehrismann, R.; Orend, G. Differential Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Activation of Growth Promoting Signaling Pathways by tenascin-C. Cancer Res., 2004, 64, 7377-7385.
174. Kakinuma, Y.; Saito, F.; Osawa, S.; Miura, M. A mechanism of impaired mobility of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by tenascin C through modification of wnt signaling. FEBS Lett., 2004, 568, 60-64.
175. Liotta, L.A.; Kohn, E.C. The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature, 2001, 411, 375-379.
176. Bissell, M.J.; Labarge, M.A. Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment? Cancer Cell, 2005, 7, 17-23.
177. Herold-Mende, C.; Mueller, M.M.; Bonsanto, M.M.; Schmitt, H.P.; Kunze, S.; Steiner, H.H. Clinical impact and functional aspects of tenascin-C expression during glioma progression. Int. J. Cancer, 2002, 98, 362-369.
178. Tremble, P.; Chiquet-Ehrismann, R.; Werb, Z. The extracellular matrix ligands fibronectin and tenascin collaborate in regulating collagenase gene expression in fibroblasts. Mol. Biol. Cell, 1994, 5, 439-453.
179. Schenk, S.; Chiquet-Ehrismann, R.; Battegay, E.J. The fibrinogen globe of tenascin-C promotes basic fibroblast growth factorinduced endothelial cell elongation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 1999, 10, 2933-2943.
180. Jones, P.L.; Crack, J.; Rabinovitch, M. Regulation of tenascin-C, a vascular smooth muscle cell survival factor that interacts with the alpha v beta 3 integrin to promote epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and growth. J. Cell. Biol., 1997, 139, 279-293.
181. Patent PCT/PL2007/000054
182. Nupponen, N.N.; Joensuu, H. Molecular pathology of gliomas. Curr. Diag. Pathol., 2006, 12, 394-402.