Expatriates' developmental networks: network diversity, base, and support functions

Career Development International

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 528-552

  Shen, Yan ^a   Kram, Kathy E ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Career development; Developmental networks; Expatriates; Mentoring

Indexed keywords

EID: 80055033743     PISSN: 13620436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13620431111178317     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Allen, D. and Alvarez, S. (1998), “Empowering expatriates and organizations to improve repatriation effectiveness”, Human Resource Planning, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 29-41.
2. Allen, T.D., Eby, L.T., O'Brien, K.E. and Lentz, E. (2008), “The state of mentoring research: a qualitative review of current research methods and future research implications”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 73 No. 3, pp. 343-57.
3. Allen, T.D., Eby, L.T., Poteet, M.L., Lentz, E. and Lima, L. (2004), “Career benefits associated with mentoring for proteges: a meta-analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89 No. 1, pp. 127-36.
4. Au, K.Y. and Fukuda, J. (2002), “Boundary spanning behaviors of expatriates”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 285-96.
5. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A. and Luk, D.M. (2005), “Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 257-81.
6. Boyatzis, R.E. (1998), Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
7. Burt, R.S. (1997), “The contingent value of social capital”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 339-65.
8. Chao, G.T., Walz, P.M. and Gardner, P.D. (1992), “Formal and informal mentorship: a comparison on mentoring functions and contrast with nonmentored counterparts”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 619-36.
9. Chiu, Y.P., Wu, M., Zhuang, W.L. and Hsu, Y.Y. (2009), “Influences on expatriate social networks in China”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 790-809.
10. Clark, V.P. and Creswell, J.W. (2008), The Mixed Methods Reader, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
11. Copeland, A.P. and Norell, S.K. (2002), “Spousal adjustment on international assignments: the role of social support”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 255-72.
12. Cotton, R., Shen, Y. and Livne-Tarandach, R. (2011), “On becoming extraordinary: the content and structure of the developmental networks of major league baseball hall of famers”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 15-46.
13. Crocitto, M.M., Sullivan, S.E. and Carraher, S.M. (2005), “Global mentoring as a means of career development and knowledge creation: a learning-based framework and agenda for future research”, Career Development International, Vol. 10 Nos 6/7, pp. 522-35.
14. Cross, R. and Cummings, J.N. (2004), “Tie and network correlates of individual performance in knowledge-intensive work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 6, pp. 928-37.
15. Cummings, J.N. and Higgins, M.C. (2006), “Relational instability at the network core: support dynamics in developmental networks”, Social Networks, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 38-55.
16. Cunningham, G.B., Fink, J.S. and Sagas, M. (2005), “Extensions and further examination of the job embeddedness construct”, Journal of Sport Management, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 319-35.
17. Dickmann, M. and Harris, H. (2005), “Developing career capital for global careers: the role of international assignments”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 399-408.
18. Dougherty, T.W. and Dreher, G.F. (2007), “Mentoring and career outcomes: conceptual and methodological issues in an emerging literature”, in Ragins, B.R. and Kram, K.E. (Eds), The Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory, Research, and Practice, Sage, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 51-94.
19. Downes, M., Thomas, A.S. and Singley, R.B. (2002), “Predicting expatriate job satisfaction: the role of firm internationalization”, Career Development International, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 24-36.
20. Eby, L.T. (1997), “Alternative forms of mentoring in changing organizational environments: a conceptual extension of the mentoring literature”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 125-44.
21. Eby, L.T., Butts, M. and Lockwood, A. (2003), “Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No. 6, pp. 689-708.
22. Farh, C.I.C., Bartol, K.M., Shapiro, D.L. and Shin, J. (2010), “Networking abroad: a process model of how expatriates form support ties to facilitate adjustment”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 434-54.
23. Feldman, D.C. and Tompson, H.B. (1993), “Expatriation, repatriation, and domestic geographical relocation: an empirical investigation of adjustment to new job assignments”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 507-29.
24. Gibson, D.E. (2003), “Developing the professional self-concept: role model construals in early, middle, and late career stages”, Organization Science, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 591-610.
25. Gibson, D.E. (2004), “Role models in career development: new directions for theory and research”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 65 No. 1, pp. 134-56.
26. Glynn, M.A. and Wrobel, K. (2007), “My family, my firm: how familial relationships function as endogenous organizational resources”, in Dutton, J.E. and Ragins, B.R. (Eds), Exploring Positive Relationships at Work, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 307-24.
27. Gunz, H.P. and Peiperl, M. (2007), “Introduction”, in Gunz, H.P. and Peiperl, M. (Eds), Handbook of Career Studies, Sage, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 1-10.
28. Harvey, M., McIntyre, N., Heames, T.J. and Moeller, M. (2009), “Mentoring global female managers in the global marketplace: traditional, reverse, and reciprocal mentoring”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20 No. 6, pp. 1344-61.
29. Higgins, M.C. (2000), “The more, the merrier? Multiple developmental relationships and work satisfaction”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 277-96.
30. Higgins, M.C. (2007), “A contingency perspective on developmental networks”, in Dutton, J.E. and Ragins, B.R. (Eds), Exploring positive relationships at work: Building a theoretical and research foundation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 207-24.
31. Higgins, M.C. and Kram, K.E. (2001), “Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: a developmental network perspective”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 264-88.
32. Higgins, M.C. and Thomas, D.A. (2001), “Constellations and careers: toward understanding the effects of multiple developmental relationships”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 223-47.
33. Holtom, B.C. and O'Neill, B.S. (2004), “Job embeddedness – a theoretical foundation for developing a comprehensive nurse retention plan”, Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 216-27.
34. Huber, G.P. and Power, D.J. (1985), “Retrospective reports of strategic-level managers: guidelines for increasing their accuracy”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 171-80.
35. Inkson, K., Arthur, M.B., Pringle, J. and Barry, S. (1997), “Expatriate assignment versus overseas experience: contrasting models of international human resource development”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 351-68.
36. Jassawalla, A.R. and Sashittal, H.C. (2009), “Thinking strategically about integrating repatriated managers in MNCs”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 769-92.
37. Jassawalla, A.R., Asgary, N. and Sashittal, H.C. (2006), “Managing expatriates: the role of mentors”, International Journal of Commerce & Management, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 130-9.
38. Johnson, E.C., Kristof-Brown, A.L., van Vianen, A.E.M., De Pater, I.E. and Klein, M.R. (2003), “Expatriate social ties: personality antecedents and consequences for adjustment”, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 277-88.
39. Kahn, W.A. (2007), “Meaningful connections: positive relationships and attachments at work”, in Dutton, J.E. and Ragins, B.R. (Eds), Exploring Positive Relationships at Work: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 189-206.
40. Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. and Judge, T.A. (2008), “A quantitative review of mentoring research: test of a model”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 72 No. 3, pp. 269-83.
41. Kram, K.E. (1983), “Phases of the mentor relationship”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 608-25.
42. Kram, K.E. (1985), Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
43. Kram, K.E. and Higgins, M.C. (2009), “A new mindset on mentoring: creating developmental networks at work”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 15 April, pp. 1-7.
44. Lazarova, M., Westman, M. and Shaffer, M.A. (2010), “Elucidating the positive side of the work-family interface on international assignments: a model of expatriate work and family performance”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 93-117.
45. Lee, L-Y. and Van Vorst, D. (2010), “The influences of social capital and social support on expatriates' cultural adjustment: an empirical validation in Taiwan”, International Journal of Management, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 628-50.
46. Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2008), “The development of female global managers: the role of mentoring and networking”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 29-40.
47. Liu, X. and Shaffer, M.A. (2005), “An investigation of expatriate adjustment and performance: a social capital perspective”, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 235-54.
48. Mäkelä, K. and Suutari, V. (2009), “Global careers: a social capital paradox”, The International Journal of Human Resources Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 992-1008.
49. Marsden, P.V. (1990), “Network data and measurement”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 435-63.
50. Mehra, A., Kilduff, M. and Brass, D.J. (2001), “The social networks of high and low self-monitors: implications for workplace performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 46, pp. 121-46.
51. Mezias, J.M. and Scandura, T.A. (2005), “A needs-driven approach to expatriate adjustment and career development: a multiple mentoring perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 519-38.
52. Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C. and Lee, T.W. (2001a), “How to keep your best employees: developing an effective retention policy”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 96-109.
53. Mitchell, T.R., Holtom, B.C., Lee, T.W., Sablynski, C.J. and Erez, M. (2001b), “Why people stay: using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 1102-21.
54. Morgan, D.L., Neal, M.B. and Carder, P. (1997), “The stability of core and peripheral networks over time”, Social Networks, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 9-25.
55. Noe, R.A. (1988), “An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 457-79.
56. Osland, J.S. (1995), The Adventure of Working Abroad: Hero Tales from the Global Frontier, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
57. Rafter, M.V. (2009a), “Return trip for expats”, Workforce Management, Vol. 88 No. 3, pp. 1-3.
58. Rafter, M.V. (2009b), “Barely moving”, Workforce Management, Vol. 88 No. 8, pp. 23-7.
59. Ragins, B.R. and Cotton, J.L. (1999), “Mentor functions and outcomes: a comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 4, pp. 529-50.
60. Reiche, B.S., Kraimer, M.L. and Harzing, A-W. (2011), “Why do international assignees stay? an organizational embeddedness perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 521-44.
61. Richardson, J. (2006), “Self-initiated expatriation: family matters”, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 469-86.
62. Shen, Y. and Hall, D.T. (2009), “When expatriates explore other options: retaining talent through greater job embeddedness and repatriation adjustment”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 793-816.
63. Strauss, A.L. (1987), Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
64. Suutari, V. and Brewster, C. (2000), “Making their own way: international experience through self-initiated foreign assignments”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 417-36.
65. Takeuchi, R., Yun, S. and Tesluk, P.E. (2002), “An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87 No. 4, pp. 655-66.
66. Thomas, D.A. and Kram, K.E. (1988), “Promoting career enhancing relationships: the role of the human resource professional”, in London, M. and More, E. (Eds), Employee Career Development and the Human Resource Professional, Greenwood, Westport, CT, pp. 49-66.
67. Wanberg, C.R., Welsh, E.T. and Hezlett, S.A. (2003), “Mentoring research: a review and dynamic process model”, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Vol. 22, pp. 39-124.
68. Wang, X. and Kanungo, R.N. (2004), “Nationality, social network and psychological well-being: expatriates in China”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 775-93.
69. Whitely, W., Dougherty, T.W. and Dreher, G.F. (1991), “Relationship of career mentoring and socioeconomic origin to managers' and professionals' early career progress”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 331-50.
70. DeFillippi, R.J. and Arthur, M.B. (1994), “The boundaryless career: a competency-based perspective”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 307-24.
71. DeFillippi, R.J. and Arthur, M.B. (1996), “Boundaryless contexts and careers: a competency-based perspective”, in Arthur, M.B. and Rousseau, D.M. (Eds), The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 116-31.
72. Fletcher, J.K. and Ragins, B.R. (2007), “Stone Center relational cultural theory: a window on relational mentoring”, in Ragins, B.R. and Kram, K.E. (Eds), The Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory, Research, and Practice, Sage, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 373-400.
73. Sanchez, J.I., Spector, P.E. and Cooper, C.L. (2000), “Adapting to a boundaryless world: a developmental expatriate model”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 96-106.
74. Wang, X. (2002), “Expatriate adjustment from a social network perspective: theoretical examination and a conceptual model”, Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 321-37.