Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions

Academy of Management Journal

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 257-281

  Bhaskar Shrinivas, Purnima ^a   Harrison, David A ^a   Shaffer, Margaret A ^b   Luk, Dora M ^c  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^c CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 19744380155     PISSN: 00014273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2005.16928400     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Aryee, S., & Stone, R. J. 1996. Work experiences, work adjustment and psychological well-being of expatriate employees in Hong Kong. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7: 150-163.
2. Au, K. Y., & Fukuda, J. 2002. Boundary spanning behaviors of expatriates. Journal of World Business, 37: 285-297.
3. Bandura, A. 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84: 191-215.
4. Bell, M. P., & Harrison, D. A. 1996. Using intra-national diversity for inter-national assignments: A model of bicultural life experiences and expatriate adjustment. Human Resources Management Review, 6: 47-74.
5. Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. E. 1978. Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model, and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31: 665-699.
6. Black, J. S. 1988. Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2): 277-294.
7. Black, J. S. 1990a. Locus of control, social support, stress, and adjustment in international transfers. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 7: 1-29.
8. Black, J. S. 1990b. The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. Management International Review, 30: 119-134.
9. Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. 1991. Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations, 44: 497-515.
10. Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. 1991. The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22: 225-247.
11. Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. 1991. Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16: 291-317.
12. Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. 1989. The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15: 529-544.
13. Bobko, P., & Stone-Romero, E. F. 1998. Meta-analysis may be another useful research tool but it is not a panacea. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 16: 359-397. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
14. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1993. Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection: 71-98. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15. Bowler, R. M. 1980. Expatriates in Saudi Arabia: Stress, social support, modernity and coping. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, the Wright Institute, Berkeley, CA.
16. Caligiuri, P. M. 1996. Individual characteristics related to effective performance in cross-cultural work settings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
17. Caligiuri, P. M. 1997. Assessing expatriate success: Beyond just "being there." In Z. Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management, vol. 4 - Expatriate management: Theory and research: 117-140. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
18. Caligiuri, P. M. 2000. Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment. Management International Review, 40: 61-80.
19. Caligiuri, P. M., Hyland, M. M., Joshi, A., & Bross, A. S. 1998. Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates' work adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 598-614.
20. Caligiuri, P., Joshi, A., & Lazarova, M. 1999. Factors influencing the adjustment of women on global assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10: 163-179.
21. Caligiuri, P. M., & Lazarova, M. 2001. Strategic repatriation policies to enhance global leadership development. In M. Mendenhall, T. Kuehlmann, & G. Stahl (Eds.), Developing global business leaders: Policies, processes, and innovations: 243-244. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
22. Caligiuri, P., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M., Tarique, I., & Buergi, P. 2001. The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: The role of cross-cultural training. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12: 357-372.
23. Caligiuri, P. M., & Tung, R. L. 1999. Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a US-based multinational company. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10: 763-782.
24. Carson, K. D., & Bedeian, A. G. 1994. Career commitment: Construction of a measure and examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44: 237-262.
25. Cathcart, S. J. 1996. Adjustment variables, factors and outcomes in the lives of US managers of maquiladoras: An exploratory study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A & M University, College Station.
26. Cohen, S. 1980. After effects of stress on human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 82-108.
27. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98: 310-357.
28. Dalton, D. R., Certo, S. T., & Roengpitya, R. 2003. Metaanalyses of financial performance and equity: Fusion or confusion? Academy of Management Journal, 46: 13-26.
29. Deshpande, S. P., & Viswesvaran, C. 1992. Is cross-cultural training of expatriate managers effective? A meta-analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16: 295-310.
30. Downes, M. 1997. An organizational learning approach to expatriate cross-cultural adjustment, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida International University, Miami.
31. Dunbar, E. 1994. The German executive in the U.S. work and social environment: Exploring role demands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18: 277-291.
32. Earley, P. C. 2002. Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. In B. M. Staw & R. I. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 24: 271-299. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
33. Eden, D. 2002. Replication, meta-analysis, scientific progress, and AMJ's publication policy. Academy of Management Journal, 45: 841-847.
34. Feldman, D. C., & Thomas, D. C. 1992. Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies, 23: 271-293.
35. Florkowski, G. W., & Fogel, D. S. 1999. Expatriate adjustment and commitment: The role of host-unit treatment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10: 783-807.
36. Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. 1992. Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13: 723-729.
37. Gao, G., & Gudykunst W. B. 1990. Uncertainty, anxiety, and adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14: 301-317.
38. Garonzik, R. 1993. A multivariate study of expatriate managerial performance: The effects of organizational, environmental, and personal factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, Boston.
39. Gelles, R. S. 1996. Expatriate adjustment and performance, and spouse adjustment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, United States International University, San Diego.
40. Glass, G. V., McGraw, B., & Smith, W. 1981. Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
41. Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. 1990. A multifaceted approach to expatriate retention in international assignments. Group and Organization Studies, 15: 461-485.
42. Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. 1992. Antecedents to commitment to a parent company and a foreign operation. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 65-90.
43. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. 2000. A metaanalysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium, Journal of Management, 26: 463-488.
44. GRTS (Global Relocation Trends Survey). 2001. http://www.windhamint.com/ Surveys.asp.12/28/2002.
45. Guzzo, R. A., Noonan, K. A. & Elron, E. 1994. Expatriate managers and psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 617-626.
46. Han, B. 2001. A study of the relationships between job-related characteristics, work adjustment, and job satisfaction of United States diplomatic expatriates assigned to NAFTA countries and Chile. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay, CA.
47. Harada, K. 1999. The effectiveness of expatriate performance in an international assignment: A multi-dimensional approach with selected job-related independent variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus.
48. Harrison, D. A., & Shaffer, M. A. 2001. Mapping criterion space for expatriate success: Task and relationship based performance, effort and adaptation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
49. Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Bhaskar, P. 2002. Moving outward from organizations: Person-culture fit in the experiences of expatriates. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Denver.
50. Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P. 2004. Going places: Roads more and less traveled in research on expatriate experiences. In J. J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 22: 203-252. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
51. Harrison, J. K., Chadwick, M., & Scales, M. 1996. The relationship between cross-cultural adjustment and the personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20: 167-188.
52. Hechanova, R., Beehr, T. A., & Christiansen, N. D. 2003. Antecedents and consequences of employees' adjustment to overseas assignment: A meta analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52: 213-236.
53. Hu, L. T., & Bentler. P. M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6: 1-55.
54. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. 1990. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
55. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. 1982. Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
56. Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. 1991. Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, 9: 311-365. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
57. Johnson, E. C., Kristof-Brown, A., Van Vianen, A. E., De Pater, I. E., & Klein, M. R. 2003. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11: 277-288.
58. Jordan, J., & Cartwright, S. 1998. Selecting expatriate managers: Key traits and competencies. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 19(2), 89-96.
59. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. 2001. The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127: 376-407.
60. Kahn, R. L., & Byosiere, P. 1992. Stress in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed.), vol. 3: 571-650. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
61. Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. 1964. Organizational stress. New York: Wiley.
62. Kealey, D. J. 1989. A study of cross-cultural effectiveness: Theoretical issues and practical applications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13: 387-428.
63. Kraimer, M. L. 1999. Expatriate management: Integrating the stress management and sensemaking perspectives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Chicago.
64. Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. 2001. Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54: 71-99.
65. Lance, C. E., & Richardson, D. 1988. Correlates of work and non-work stress and satisfaction among American insulated sojourners. Human Relations, 41: 725.
66. Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. 1994. An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Review, 19: 51-89.
67. Lee, T., & Mowday, R. 1987. Voluntarily leaving an organization: An empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 721-743.
68. Li, L. 1995. Predictors of expatriate manager satisfaction in Asian Pacific counries. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 15: 363-372.
69. Locke, E. A. 1976. The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: 1297-1349. Chicago: Rand McNally.
70. Lovingood, D. F. 1995. A study of the reported relationship between adjustment problems and job relocation to America for foreign expatriates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
71. Mendenhall, M., Kuhlmann, T., Stahl, G., & Osland, J. 2002. Employee development and expatriate assignments: A review of the expatriate adjustment theory literature. In M. Gannon & K. Newman (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural management: 155-183. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. 1985. The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10: 39-47.
73. Morley, M. J., & Flynn, M. 2003. The relationship between work-role characteristics and intercultural transitional adjustment domain patterns among a sample of US and Canadian expatriates on assignment in Ireland. Cross Cultural Management, 10: 42-57.
74. Morris, M. A., & Robie, C. 2001. A meta-analysis of the effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(2): 112-125.
75. Nicholson, N., & Imaizumi, A. 1993. The adjustment of Japanese expatriates to living and working in Britain. British Journal of Management, 4: 119-134.
76. Nieves, L. S. 1998. Correlates of cross-cultural adjustment: A study of American diplomatic expatriates assigned to NAFTA countries. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Alameda.
77. Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. 1999. Relative importance of personality dimensions for expatriate selection: A policy capturing study. Human Performance, 12(3-4): 275-294.
78. Ostroff, C., & Harrison, D. A. 1999. Meta-analysis, level of analysis, and best estimates of population correlations: Cautions for interpreting meta-analytic results in organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 260-270.
79. Palthe, J. 2004. The relative importance of antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a global workforce. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28: 37-59.
80. Parker, B., & McEvoy, G. 1993. Initial examination of a model of intercultural adjustment, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17: 355-379.
81. Rehany, G. S. 1994. Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment. Unpublished thesis, Concordia University, CA.
82. Rosenthal, R. 1979. The "file drawer" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 92: 500-504.
83. Sargent, T. 2001. Boundaryless careers in the age of globalization: Cross-cultural adjustment of westerners in Japan in terms of motivation to initiate sojourn. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Sarasota, FL.
84. Selmer, J. 1999. Effects of coping strategies on sociocultural and psychological adjustment of Western expatriate managers in the PRC. Journal of World Business, 34: 41-51.
85. Selmer, J. 2001a. Coping and adjustment of western expatriate managers in Hong Kong. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 17: 167-185.
86. Selmer, J. 2001b. Antecedents of expatriate/local relationiships: Pre-knowledge vs socialization tactics. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12: 916-925.
87. Selmer, J. 2002a. The Chinese connection? Adjustment of Western vs. overseas Chinese expatriate managers in China. Journal of Business Research, 55: 41-50.
88. Selmer, J. 2002b. Practice makes perfect? International experience and expatriate adjustment. Management International Review, 42: 71-87.
89. Shaffer, M. 1994. Expatriate turnover: An investigation of the decision process and an anlysis of the impact and nature of spouse adjustment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington.
90. Shaffer, M. A., Ferzandi, L., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. 2003. You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle.
91. Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. 1998. Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignments: Work, non work, and family influences. Personnel Psychology, 51: 87-118.
92. Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. 2001. Forgotten partners: Developing and testing a model of spouse adjustment to international assignments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 238-254.
93. Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. 1999. Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30: 557-581.
94. Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gilley, K. M., & Luk, D. M. 2001. Struggling for balance amid turbulence on international assignments: Work-family conflict, support and commitment. Journal of Management, 27(1): 99-121.
95. Shaffer, M., & Joplin, J. 2001. Work-family conflict on international assignments: Time and strain based determinants and performance effort consequences. Academy of Management best paper proceedings.
96. Shay, J. P., & Baack, S. 2003. Expatriate adjustment: An empirical investigation of the relationships between modes and facets of adjustment and multiple measures of effectiveness. Paper presented at the meetings of the Western Academy of Management, Palm Springs, CA.
97. Shim, I. S. 2001. Factors that facilitate or limit the expatriates' adapting and adjusting to another country. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station.
98. Sinangil, H. K., & Ones, D. S. 1997. Empirical investigations of the host country perspective in expatriate management. In Z. Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management, vol. 4 - Expatriate management: Theory and research: 173-205. Stamford, Ct: JAI Press.
99. Spector, P. E., Chen, P. Y., & O'Connell, B. J. 2000. A longitudinal study of relations between job stressors and job strains while controlling for prior negative affectivity and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 211-218.
100. Staines, G. L. 1980. Spillover versus compensation: A review of the literature on the relationship between work and nonwork. Human Relations, 33: 111-129.
101. Stephens, G. K., & Black, J. S. 1991. The impact of spouse's career-orientation on managers during international transfers. Journal of Management Studies, 28: 417-428.
102. Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. 1992. Reflections on the intensive measurement of stress, coping and mood with an emphasis on daily measures, Psychology & Health, 7: 115-129.
103. Stroh, L. K., Dennis, L. E., & Cramer, T. C. 1994. Predictors of expatriate adjustment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 2: 176-192.
104. Sullivan, S. E., & Bhagat, R. S. 1992. Organizational stress, job satisfaction and job performance: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 18: 353-374.
105. Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Russell, J. E. 2002. Antecedents and consequences of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13: 1224-1244.
106. Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. 2002. An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 655-666.
107. Taylor, S., & Napier, N. 1996. Working in Japan: Lessons from women expatriates. Sloan Management Review, 37(3): 76-84.
108. Tesluk, P. E., & Jacobs, R. R. 1998. Toward an integrated model of work experience. Personnel Psychology, 51: 321-355.
109. Torbiorn, I. 1982. Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting. New York: Wiley.
110. Tung, R. 1988. Career issues in international assignments. Academy of Management Executive, 2(3): 241-244.
111. Turcotte, C. 1996. Determinants of success in international assignments for Quebec expatriates and spouses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Concordia University, Montreal.
112. Vanderwielen, J. J. 2001. Cognitive appraisal, coping, and the psychological and sociocultural adjustment of expatriates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego.
113. Von Kirchenheim, C. 1997. Predictors and outcomes of adjustment in individuals moving internationally for vocational purposes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of the Union Institute, Cincinnati.
114. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. 1995. Theory testing: combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. Personnel Psychology, 48: 865-886.
115. Waxin, M. F. 2004. Expatriates' interaction adjustment: The direct and moderator effects of culture or origin. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28: 61-79.