On becoming extraordinary: The content and structure of the developmental networks of major league baseball hall of famers

Academy of Management Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 15-46

  Cotton, Richard D ^a   Shen, Yan ^b   Livne Tarandach, Reut ^c  

^a APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952583646     PISSN: 00014273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/amj.2011.59215081     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Allen, M. P., Panian, S. K., & Lotz, R. E. 1979. Managerial succession and organizational performance: A recalcitrant problem revisited. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24:167-179.
2. Allen, T. D., & Finkelstein, L. M. 2003. Beyond mentoring: Alternative sources and functions of developmental support. Career Development Quarterly, 51:346-355.
3. Anand, N., & Watson, M. R. 2004. Tournament rituals in the evolution of fields: The case of the Grammy awards. Academy of Management Journal, 47:59-80. (Pubitemid 38422394)
4. Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. 1996. The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Azar, B. 2000. Blinded by hindsight. Monitor on Psychology, 31(5):28-29.
6. Bamberger, P., & Barhom-Kidron, A. 1998. Spirits at work in the promised land: Ethnic identity, work-related risk factors, and drinking behavior among Israeli Jews. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34:445-467. (Pubitemid 128167733)
7. Bandura, A. 2006. Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine.
8. Barley, S. R., & Kunda, G. 1992. Design and devotion: Surges of rational and normative ideologies of control in managerial discourse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37:363-399.
9. Belliveau, M. A., O'Reilly, C. A., & Wade, J. B. 1996. Social capital at the top: Effects of social similarity and status on CEO compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 39:1568-1593.
10. Bendapudi, N., & Leone, R. 2001. How to lose your star performers without losing your customers too. Harvard Business Review, 79(10):104-112.
11. Bernard, R. H., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, D., & Sailer, L. 1984. The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. In E. R. Leach (Ed.), Annual review of anthropology, vol. 13:495-517. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
12. Bertaux, D. 1981. The life-history approach to the study of internal migration. In D. Bertaux (Ed.), Biography and society: The life history approach in the social sciences: 249-265. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
13. Bloom, M. 1999. The performance effects of pay dispersion on individuals and organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 42:25-40.
14. Bluck, S., & Habermas, T. 2000. The life story schema. Motivation and Emotion, 24(2):121-147. (Pubitemid 33217877)
15. Bluck, S., & Habermas, T. 2001. Extending the study of autobiographical memory: Thinking back about life across the lifespan. Review of General Psychology, 5(2):135-147. (Pubitemid 33680796)
16. Boissevain, J. 1974. Friends of friends: Networks, manipulators, and coalitions. Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell.
17. Borgatti, S. P., & Foster, P. C. 2003. The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology. Journal of Management, 29:991-1013. (Pubitemid 37453275)
18. Bozionelos, N. 2003. Intra-organizational network resources: Relation to career success and personality. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11:41-66. (Pubitemid 36940537)
19. Bozionelos, N. 2006. Mentoring and expressive network resources: Their relationship with career success and emotional exhaustion among Hellenes employees involved in emotion work. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17:362-378. (Pubitemid 43102006)
20. Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. 2004. Upper echelons revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30:749-778. (Pubitemid 40030670)
21. Carroll, G. R., & Teo, A. C. 1996. On the social networks of managers. Academy of Management Journal, 39:421-440.
22. Chandler, D. E., & Kram, K. E. 2007. Mentoring and developmental networks in the new career context. In H. Gunz & M. Peiperl (Eds.), Handbook of career studies: 241-267. Los Angeles: Sage.
23. Chao, G. T., Walz, P. M., & Gardner, P. D. 1992. Formal and informal mentorship: A comparison on mentoring functions and contrast with non-mentored counterparts. Personnel Psychology, 45:619-636.
24. Collins, C. J., & Clark, K. D. 2003. Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Journal, 46:740-751. (Pubitemid 38161384)
25. Coleman, J. S. 1990 Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Corder, G. W., & Foreman, D. I. 2009. Nonparametric statistics for non-statisticians: A step-by-step approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
27. Cotton, A. 2006. Cotton to the core: Tony Gwynn. Denver Post, December 3: B-04.
28. Cox, J. W., & Hassard, J. 2007. Ties to the past in organizational research: A comparative analysis of retrospective methods. Organization, 14:475-497.
29. Cummings, J. N., & Higgins, M. C. 2006. Relational instability at the network core: Support dynamics in developmental networks. Social Networks, 28:38-55. (Pubitemid 41782333)
30. de Janasz, S. C., Sullivan, S. E., & Whiting, V. 2003. Mentor networks and career success: Lessons for turbulent times. Academy of Management Executive, 17(4):78-91. (Pubitemid 39063453)
31. Denzin, N. K. 1989. Interpretive biography: Qualitative methods, vol. 17. Newbury, CA: Sage.
32. Dunn, M. 2006. Socialization for innovation: The role of developmental networks. Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA.
33. Eby, L. T., Butts, M., Lockwood, A., & Simon, S. A. 2004. Protégés negative mentoring experiences: Construct development and nomological validation. Personnel Psychology, 57:411-447. (Pubitemid 38882235)
34. Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14:532-550.
35. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. 2007. Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50:25-32.
36. Fischhoff, B. 1975. Hindsight not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1:288-299.
37. Fiske, A. P. 1991. Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of social relationship. New York: Free Press.
38. Fiske, A. P. 1992. The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99:689-723.
39. Fligstein, N. 1985. The spread of the multidivisional form among large firms, 1919-1979. American Sociological Review, 50:377-391.
40. Fligstein, N. 1987. The interorganizational power struggle: The rise of finance personnel to top leadership in large corporations, 1919-1979. American Sociological Review, 52:44-58.
41. Freeman, L. C., Romney, A., & Freeman, S. C. 1987. Cognitive structure and informant accuracy. American Anthropologist, 89:310-325.
42. Froiland, P. 1993. Reproducing star performers. Training, 30(9):33-37.
43. Gibson, D. E. 2003. Developing the professional selfconcept: Role model construals in early, middle, and late career stages. Organization Science, 14:591-610. (Pubitemid 37311553)
44. Gibson, D. E. 2004. Role models in career development: New directions for theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65:134-156. (Pubitemid 38939413)
45. Gibson, D. E., & Barron, L. M. 2003. Exploring the impact of role models in older employees. Career Development International, 8(4):198-209. (Pubitemid 37141769)
46. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
47. Golden, B. R. 1992. The past is the past-Or is it? The use of retrospective accounts as indicators of past strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 35:848-860.
48. Greenwood, R., & Suddaby, R. 2006. Institutional entrepreneurship in mature fields: The Big 5 accounting firms. Academy of Management Journal, 49:27-49.
49. Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. 2000. Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126:748-769.
50. Hall, D. T. 1976. Careers in organizations. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
51. Hall, D. T. 2002. Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Hall, D. T. 2004. The protean career: A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1):1-13. (Pubitemid 38939406)
53. Harder, J. W. 1992. Play for pay: Effects of inequity in a pay-for-performance context. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37:321-335.
54. Harding R. E. M. 1967. The anatomy of inspiration. New York: Routledge.
55. Heslin, P. A. 2005. Conceptualizing and evaluating career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26:113-136.
56. Higgins, M. C. 2000. The more, the merrier? Multiple developmental relationships and work satisfaction. Journal of Management Development, 19:277-296.
57. Higgins, M. C., Chandler, D. E., & Kram, K. E. 2007. Developmental initiation and developmental networks. In B. R. Ragins & K. E. Kram (Eds.), The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research and practice: 349-372. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Higgins, M. C., Dobrow, S. R., & Chandler, D. 2008. Never quite good enough: The paradox of sticky developmental relationships for elite university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72:207-224.
59. Higgins, M. C., & Kram, K. E. 2001. Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26:264-288.
60. Higgins, M. C., & Thomas, D. A. 2001. Constellations and careers: Toward understanding the effects of multiple developmental relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22:223-247. (Pubitemid 33590826)
61. Hollander, M., & Wolfe, D. A. 1999. Nonparametric statistical methods (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
62. Howard, L. W., & Miller, J. L. 1993. Fair pay for fair play: Estimating pay equity in professional baseball with data envelopment analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36:882-894.
63. Hummel, R. 2002. In a league of his own: Election to Hall overwhelms wizard with the glove, workman with the bat. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 9: A1.
64. Ibarra, H. 1999. Provisional selves: Experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44:764-791.
65. James, B. 1994. The politics of glory. New York: Macmillan.
66. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
67. Keidel, R. W. 1987. Team sports models as a generic organizational framework. Human Relations, 40:591-612.
68. Kelley, R., & Caplan, J. 1993. How Bell Labs creates star performers. Harvard Business Review, 71(4):128-139.
69. Kram, K. E. 1983. Phases of the mentor relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 26:608-625.
70. Kram, K. E. 1985. Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
71. Kram, K. E. 1996. A relational approach to career development. In D. T. Hall & associates (Eds.), The career is dead-Long live the career: 132-157. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
72. Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. 1985. Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28:110-132.
73. Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. N., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., & McKee, B. 1978. The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knopf.
74. Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. 1998. Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23:438-458.
75. Livingston, B. 2009. Alomar won't get my vote this time. Cleveland Plain Dealer, December 2: D1.
76. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. 2002. Motivation by positive or negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83:854-864.
77. Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. 1997. Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73:91-103.
78. March, J. G., and Sutton, R. I. 1999. Organizational performance as a dependent variable. In J. G. March (Ed.), The pursuit of organizational intelligence: 338-354. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
79. Mariotti, J. 2003. 2nd ballot befits fine 2nd baseman; Sandberg deserves to make the Hall of Fame, just not on his first try. Chicago Sun-Times, January 7:98.
80. Marsden, P. V. 1990. Network data and measurement. In J. Hagan & K. S. Cook (Eds.), Annual review of sociology, vol. 16:435-463. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
81. McDonald, M. L., Khanna, P., & Westphal, J. D. 2008. Getting them to think outside the circle: Corporate governance, CEOs' external advice networks and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 51:453-475.
82. Merton. R. K. 1957. Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
83. Michel, J. G., & Hambrick, D. C. 1992. Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 35:9-37.
84. Mische, A., & White, H. 1998. Between conversation and situation: Public switching dynamics across network domains. Social Research, 65:695-724.
85. Molloy, J. C. 2005. Development networks: Literature review and future research. Career Development International, 10:536-547. (Pubitemid 41503964)
86. Moretti, D. M., Morken, C. L., & Borkowski, J. M. 1991. Profile of the American CEO: Comparing Inc. and Fortune executives. Journal of Business and Psychology, 6(2):193-205.
87. Moss, S. E., & Lawrence, K. G. 1997. The effects of priming on the self-reporting of perceived stressors and strains. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18:393-403. (Pubitemid 127341672)
88. Murphy, W. M. 2007. Individual and relational dynamics of ambition in careers. Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA.
89. Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., & Sorensen, K. L. 2005. Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58:367-408. (Pubitemid 40855789)
90. Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. 2004. The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111:486-511. (Pubitemid 38516427)
91. Nicholson, N., & de Waal-Andrews, W. 2005. Playing to win: Biological imperatives, self-regulation, and trade-offs in the game of career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26:137-154. (Pubitemid 40855233)
92. Noe, R. A., Greenberger, D. B., & Wang, S. 2002. Mentoring: What we know and where we might go. In J. Martocchio, H. Liao, & A. Joshi (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 21:129-173. Bingley, U. K.: Emerald Group.
93. Parker, H. L. P. 2000. Career communities. Doctoral thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
94. Parker, P., & Arthur, M. B. 2000. Careers, organizing, and community. In M. Peiperl, M. B. Arthur, R. Goffee, & T. Morris (Eds.), Career frontiers: New conceptions of working lives: 99-121. London: Oxford University Press.
95. Parker, P., Arthur, M. B., & Inkson, K. 2004. Career communities: A preliminary exploration of member-defined career support structures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25:489-514. (Pubitemid 40019718)
96. Plummer, K. 1983. Documents of life. London: Allen and Unwin.
97. Ragin, C. 1994. Constructing social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
98. Ragins, B. R. 1999. Gender and mentoring relationships: A review and research agenda for the next decade. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work: 347-370. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
99. Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. 1999. Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84:529-550.
100. Ragins, B. R., Townsend, B., & Mattis, M. 1998. Gender gap in the executive suite: CEOs and female executives report on breaking the glass ceiling. Academy of Management Executive, 12(1):28-42. (Pubitemid 128669081)
101. Research Ware, Inc. 1999. HyperRESEARCH 2.0: User's manual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
102. Rh Value Publishing. 2001. Baseball's Hall of Fame: Cooperstown-Where the legends live forever. New York: Grammercy.
103. Scandura, T. A. 1992. Mentorship and career mobility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13:169-174.
104. Scandura, T. A., & Ragins, B. R. 1993. The effects of sex and gender role orientation on mentorship in maledominated occupations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 43:251-265.
105. Seibert, S., Kraimer, M., & Liden, R. 2001. A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management Journal, 44:219-237.
106. Shamir, B., Dayan-Horesh, H., & Adler, D. 2005. Leading by biography: Towards a life-story approach to the study of leadership. Leadership, 1(1):13-29.
107. Shamir, B., & Eilam, G. 2005. What's your life story? A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. Leadership Quarterly, 16:395-417. (Pubitemid 40801119)
108. Sonnenfeld, J. A., & Peiperl, M. A. 1988. Staffing policy as a strategic response: A typology of career systems. Academy of Management Review, 13:588-600.
109. Stern, R. N., & Barley, S. R. 1996. Organizations and social systems: Organization theory's neglected mandate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41:146-162.
110. Sullivan, S. E., & Arthur, M. B. 2006. The evolution of the boundaryless career concept: Examining physical and psychological mobility. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69:19-29. (Pubitemid 44070516)
111. Sundstrom, E., de Meuse, K. P., & Futrell, D. 1990. Work teams: Applications and effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45:120-133.
112. Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., & Conroy, D. 1994. How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. Academy of Management Journal, 37:899-931.
113. Thomas, D. A., & Higgins, M. C. 1996. Mentoring as an extra-organizational activity: Lessons from minority experience. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Boundaryless careers: Work, mobility and learning in the new organizational era: 268-281. New York: Cambridge University Press.
114. Thomas, D. A., & Kram, K. E. 1988. Promoting career enhancing relationships: The role of the human resource professional. In M. London & E. More (Eds.), Employee career development and the human resource professional: 49-66. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
115. Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. 1999. Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958-1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105:801-843.
116. Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. 2003. Inspiration as a psychological construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84:871-889. (Pubitemid 38397262)
117. Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. 2004. Inspiration: Core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87:957-973. (Pubitemid 39621141)
118. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of interfirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41:464-478.
119. van Emmerik, I. J. H. 2004. The more you can get the better: Mentoring constellations and intrinsic career success. Career Development International, 9:578-594.
120. Wanberg, C. R., Welsh, E. T., & Hezlett, S. A. 2003. Mentoring research: A review and dynamic process model. In J. Martocchio, H. Liao, & A. Joshi (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 22:39-124. Bingley, U. K.: Emerald Group. (Pubitemid 137640023)
121. Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
122. Wasserman, S., & Galaskiewicz, J. 1994. Advances in social network analysis: Research in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
123. Westphal, J. D. 1999. Collaboration in the boardroom: Behavioral and performance consequences of CEO-board social ties. Academy of Management Journal, 42:7-24.
124. Whitely, W., Dougherty, T. W., & Dreher, G. F. 1992. Correlates of career-oriented mentoring for early career managers and professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13:141-154.
125. Wolfe, R. A., Weick, K. E., Usher, J. M., Terborg, J. R., Poppo, L., Murrell, A. J., Dukerich, J. M., Core, D. C., Dickson, K. E., & Jourdan, J. S. 2005. Sport and organization studies: Exploring synergy. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(2):182-210. (Pubitemid 40831120)
126. Yin, R. K. 1994. Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.