Current prospects in optic nerve protection and regeneration: Sixth ARVO/Pfizer ophthalmics research institute conference

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 52, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 5941-5954

  Astrid Limb, G ^a,b   Martin, Keith R ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c Centre for Brain Repair   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CYTOKINE; NEUROMODULIN; NEUROTROPHIN; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; PREALBUMIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL LOSS; CELL REGENERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; MUELLER CELL; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELL; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OPTIC NERVE LESION; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA DEGENERATION; RETINA GANGLION CELL; RETINA INJURY; SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TRABECULAR MESHWORK; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; CONFERENCE PAPER; OPHTHALMOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REGENERATION;

HUMANS; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; REGENERATION;

EID: 80053369605     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6894     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Roberts MD, Sigal IA, Liang Y, Burgoyne CF, Downs JC. Changes in the biomechanical response of the optic nerve head in early experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51: 5675-5684.
2. Hare WA, WoldeMussie E, Weinreb RN, et al. Efficacy and safety of memantine treatment for reduction of changes associated with experimental glaucoma in monkey, II: structural measures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:2640-2651.
3. Link BA, Gray MP, Smith RS, John SW. Intraocular pressure in zebrafish: comparison of inbred strains and identification of a reduced melanin mutant with raised IOP. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:4415-4422.
4. Takatsuji K, Tohyama M, Sato Y, Nakamura A. Selective loss of retinal ganglion cells in albino avian glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988;29:901-909.
5. Porciatti V, Saleh M, Nagaraju M. The pattern electroretinogram as a tool to monitor progressive retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:745-751.
6. Burroughs SL, Kaja S, Koulen P. Quantification of deficits in spatial visual function of mouse models for glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:3654-3659.
7. Howell GR, Libby RT, Jakobs TC, et al. Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J Cell Biol. 2007;179:1523-1537.
8. Ju WK, Kim KY, Lindsey JD, et al. Intraocular pressure elevation induces mitochondrial fission and triggers OPA1 release in glaucomatous optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:4903-4911.
9. Libby RT, Li Y, Savinova OV, et al. Susceptibility to neurodegeneration in a glaucoma is modified by Bax gene dosage. PLoS Genet. 2005;1:17-26.
10. Morrison JC, Johnson E, Cepurna WO. Rat models for glaucoma research. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:285-301.
11. Morrison JC, Moore CG, Deppmeier LM, Gold BG, Meshul CK, Johnson EC. A rat model of chronic pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Exp Eye Res. 1997;64:85-96.
12. Levkovitch-Verbin H, Quigley HA, Martin KR, Valenta D, Baumrind LA, Pease ME. Translimbal laser photocoagulation to the trabecular meshwork as a model of glaucoma in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:402-410.
13. Samsel PA, Kisiswa L, Erichsen JT, Cross SD, Morgan JE. A novel method for the induction of experimental glaucoma using magnetic microspheres. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1671-1675.
14. Grozdanic SD, Betts DM, Sakaguchi DS, Allbaugh RA, Kwon YH, Kardon RH. Laser-induced mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:4337-4346.
15. Sappington RM, Carlson BJ, Crish SD, Calkins DJ. The microbead occlusion model: a paradigm for induced ocular hypertension in rats and mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:207-216.
16. Johnson EC, Jia L, Cepurna WO, Doser TA, Morrison JC. Global changes in optic nerve head gene expression after exposure to elevated intraocular pressure in a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3161-3177.
17. Guo Y, Johnson EC, Cepurna WO, Dyck JA, Doser T, Morrison JC. Early gene expression changes in the retinal ganglion cell layer of a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1460-1473.
18. Morrison JC, Jia L, Cepurna W, Guo Y, Johnson E. Reliability and sensitivity of the TonoLab rebound tonometer in awake Brown Norway rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:2802-2808.
19. Morrison JC, Johnson EC, Cepurna W, Jia L. Understanding mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24:217-240.
20. Burgoyne CF. A biomechanical paradigm for axonal insult within the optic nerve head in aging and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. Published online September 16 2010.
21. Roberts MD, Sigal IA, Liang Y, Burgoyne CF, Downs JC. Changes in the biomechanical response of the optic nerve head in early experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51: 5675-5684.
22. Gelman S, Cone FE, Pease ME, Nguyen TD, Myers K, Quigley HA. The presence and distribution of elastin in the posterior and retrobulbar regions of the mouse eye. Exp Eye Res. 90:210-215.
23. Irnaten M, Barry RC, Quill B, Clark AF, Harvey BJ, O'Brien CJ. Activation of stretch-activated channels and maxi-K+ channels by membrane stress of human lamina cribrosa cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:194-202.
24. Tezel G, Yang X, Luo C, Peng Y, Sun SL, Sun D. Mechanisms of immune system activation in glaucoma: oxidative stress-stimulated antigen presentation by the retina and optic nerve head glia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:705-714.
25. Schwartz M, London A. Glaucoma as a neuropathy amenable to neuroprotection and immune manipulation. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:375-384.
26. Hernandez MR, Miao H, Lukas T. Astrocytes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:353-373.
27. Miao H, Chen L, Riordan SM, et al. Gene expression and functional studies of the optic nerve head astrocyte transcriptome from normal African Americans and Caucasian Americans donors. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2847.
28. Moalem G, Gdalyahu A, Shani Y, et al. Production of neurotrophins by activated T cells: implications for neuroprotective autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2000;15:331-345.
29. Wax MB, Tezel G. Immunoregulation of retinal ganglion cell fate in glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:825-830.
30. Tezel G. The immune response in glaucoma: a perspective on the roles of oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res. Published online August 13,2010.
31. Huang P, Zhang SS, Zhang C. The two sides of cytokine signaling and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2009;2:78-83.
32. Cordeiro MF, Nickells R, Drexler W, Borras T, Ritch R. Highresolution ocular imaging: combining advanced optics and mi-crotechnology. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2009;40:480-488.
33. Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Price LL, et al. Optical coherence tomography longitudinal evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:464-470.
34. Mansouri K, Leite MT, Medeiros FA, Leung CK, Weinreb RN. Assessment of rates of structural change in glaucoma using imaging technologies. Eye (Lond). 2011;25:269-277.
35. Miller DT, Kocaoglu OP, Wang Q, Lee S. Adaptive optics and the eye (super resolution OCT). Eye (Lond). 2011;25:321-330.
36. Jonnal RS, Besecker JR, Derby JC, et al. Imaging outer segment renewal in living human cone photoreceptors. Opt Express. 18: 5257-5270.
37. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69:89-95.
38. Ray K, Mookherjee S. Molecular complexity of primary open angle glaucoma: current concepts. J Genet. 2009;88:451-467.
39. Joachim SC, Wuenschig D, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. IgG antibody patterns in aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2007;13: 1573-1579.
40. Grus FH, Joachim SC, Sandmann S, et al. Transthyretin and complex protein pattern in aqueous humor of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2008;14:1437-1445.
41. Johnson TV, Bull ND, Martin KR. Neurotrophic factor delivery as a protective treatment for glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. Published online June 1, 2010.
42. Bringmann A, Iandiev I, Pannicke T, et al. Cellular signaling and factors involved in Muller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009;28:423-451.
43. Lebrun-Julien F, Duplan L, Pernet V, et al. Excitotoxic death of retinal neurons in vivo occurs via a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. J Neurosci. 2009;29:5536-5545.
44. Nakazawa T, Nakazawa C, Matsubara A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates oligodendrocyte death and delayed retinal ganglion cell loss in a mouse model of glaucoma. J Neurosci. 2006;26:12633-12641.
45. Hauck SM, Gloeckner CJ, Harley ME, et al. Identification of paracrine neuroprotective candidate proteins by a functional assaydriven proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008;7:1349-1361.
46. Hauck SM, Kinkl N, Deeg CA, Swiatek-de Lange M, Schoffmann S, Ueffing M. GDNF family ligands trigger indirect neuroprotective signaling in retinal glial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:2746-2757.
47. Tan MM, Harvey AR. A comparison of postlesion growth of retinotectal and corticotectal axons after superior colliculus transections in neonatal rats. J Comp Neurol. 1997;386:681-699.
48. Goldberg JL, Klassen MP, Hua Y, Barres BA. Amacrine-signaled loss of intrinsic axon growth ability by retinal ganglion cells. Science. 2002;296:1860-1864.
49. Dallimore EJ, Park KK, Pollett MA, Taylor JS, Harvey AR. The life, death and regenerative ability of immature and mature rat retinal ganglion cells are influenced by their birthdate. Exp Neurol. 2010;225:353-365.
50. Moore DL, Blackmore MG, Hu Y, et al. KLF family members regulate intrinsic axon regeneration ability. Science. 2009;326: 298-301.
51. Schmidt JF, Agapova OA, Yang P, Kaufman PL, Hernandez MR. Expression of ephrinB1 and its receptor in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1219-1224.
52. Fu CT, Tran T, Sretavan D. Axonal/glial upregulation of EphB/ ephrin-B signaling in mouse experimental ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:991-1001.
53. Cordeiro MF, Erskine L. Back to basics: ephrins, axonal guidance, neuroprotection and glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1106.
54. Benowitz LI, Yin Y. Optic nerve regeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:1059-1064.
55. Lorber B, Howe ML, Benowitz LI, Irwin N. Mst3b, an Ste20-like kinase, regulates axon regeneration in mature CNS and PNS pathways. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12:1407-1414.
56. Muller A, Hauk TG, Fischer D. Astrocyte-derived CNTF switches mature RGCs to a regenerative state following inflammatory stimulation. Brain. 2007;130:3308-3320.
57. Muller A, Hauk TG, Leibinger M, Marienfeld R, Fischer D. Exogenous CNTF stimulates axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells partially via endogenous CNTF. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2009;41:233-246.
58. Yin Y, Cui Q, Gilbert HY, et al. Oncomodulin links inflammation to optic nerve regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106: 19587-19592.
59. Hauk TG, Muller A, Lee J, Schwendener R, Fischer D. Neuroprotective and axon growth promoting effects of intraocular inflammation do not depend on oncomodulin or the presence of large numbers of activated macrophages. Exp Neurol. 2008;209:469-482.
60. Martin KR, Quigley HA, Zack DJ, et al. Gene therapy with brainderived neurotrophic factor as a protection: retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44: 4357-4365.
61. Pease ME, Zack DJ, Berlinicke C, et al. Effect of CNTF on retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:2194-2200.
62. Leaver SG, Cui Q, Plant GW, et al. AAV-mediated expression of CNTF promotes long-term survival and regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cells. Gene Ther. 2006;13:1328-1341.
63. Bongioanni P, Reali C, Sogos V. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;CD004302.
64. Ochs G, Penn RD, York M, et al. A phase I/II trial of recombinant methionyl human brain derived neurotrophic factor administered by intrathecal infusion to patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000;1:201-206.
65. Shinoda M, Hoffer BJ, Olson L. Minor immunoreactivity in GDNF-, BDNF-, or NT-3-treated substantia nigra allografts. J Neural Transplant Plast. 1997;6:83-96.
66. Wiese S, Jablonka S, Holtmann B, et al. Adenosine receptor A2A-R contributes to motoneuron survival by transactivating the tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104: 17210-17215.
67. Hellstrom M, Ruitenberg MJ, Pollett MA, et al. Cellular tropism and transduction properties of seven adeno-associated viral vector serotypes in adult retina after intravitreal injection. Gene Ther. 2009;16:521-532.
68. Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, et al. Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2231-2239.
69. Leaver SG, Cui Q, Bernard O, Harvey AR. Cooperative effects of bcl-2 and AAV-mediated expression of CNTF on retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration in adult transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2006;24:3323-3332.
70. Harvey AR, Hu Y, Leaver SG, et al. Gene therapy and transplantation in CNS repair: the visual system. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2006;25:449-489.
71. Park KK, Hu Y, Muhling J, et al. Cytokine-induced SOCS expression is inhibited by cAMP analogue: impact on regeneration in injured retina. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2009;41:313-324.
72. Smith PD, Sun F, Park KK, et al. SOCS3 deletion promotes optic nerve regeneration in vivo. Neuron. 2009;64:617-623.
73. Harvey AR, Hellstrom M, Rodger J. Gene therapy and transplantation in the retinofugal pathway. Prog Brain Res. 2009;175:151-161.
74. Allocca M, Tessitore A, Cotugno G, Auricchio A. AAV-mediated gene transfer for retinal diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2006;6: 1279-1294.
75. Fan BJ, Wiggs JL. Glaucoma: genes, phenotypes, and new directions for therapy. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:3064-3072.
76. Caleo M, Medini P, von Bartheld CS, Maffei L. Provision of brainderived neurotrophic factor via anterograde transport from the eye preserves the physiological responses of axotomized geniculate neurons. J Neurosci. 2003;23:287-296.
77. Weber AJ, Viswanathan S, Ramanathan C, Harman CD. Combined application of BDNF to the eye and brain enhances ganglion cellsurvival and function in the cat after optic nerve injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:327-334.
78. Knoferle J, Koch JC, Ostendorf T, et al. Mechanisms of acute axonal degeneration in the optic nerve in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:6064-6069.
79. Koch JC, Knoferle J, Tonges L, Ostendorf T, Bahr M, Lingor P. Acute axonal degeneration in vivo is attenuated by inhibition of autophagy in a calcium-dependent manner. Autophagy. Published online July 22, 2010.
80. Planchamp V, Bermel C, Tonges L, et al. BAG1 promotes axonal outgrowth and regeneration in vivo via Raf-1 and reduction of ROCK activity. Brain. 2008;131:2606-2619.
81. Lingor P, Tonges L, Pieper N, et al. ROCK inhibition and CNTF interact on intrinsic signalling pathways and differentially regulate survival and regeneration in retinal ganglion cells. Brain. 2008;131:250-263.
82. Munemasa Y, Kim SH, Ahn JH, Kwong JM, Caprioli J, Piri N. Protective effect of thioredoxins 1 and 2 in retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection and oxidative stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:3535-3543.
83. Munemasa Y, Ahn JH, Kwong JM, Caprioli J, Piri N. Redox proteins thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 support retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Gene Ther. 2009; 16:17-25.
84. Lee S, Van Bergen NJ, Kong GY, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and emerging bioenergetic therapies. Exp Eye Res. Published online August 4, 2010.
85. Osborne NN. Mitochondria: their role in ganglion cell death and survival in primary open angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res. 2010;90: 750-757.
86. Tanwar M, Dada T, Sihota R, Dada R. Mitochondrial DNA analysis in primary congenital glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2010;16:518-533.
87. Stowers RS, Megeath LJ, Gorska-Andrzejak J, Meinertzhagen IA, Schwarz TL. Axonal transport of mitochondria to synapses depends on milton, a novel Drosophila protein. Neuron. 2002;36: 1063-1077.
88. Pasquale LR, Kang JH. Lifestyle, nutrition, and glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2009;18:423-428.
89. Sieving PA, Caruso RC, Tao W, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:3896-3901.
90. Guo L, Salt TE, Luong V, et al. Targeting amyloid-beta in glaucoma treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:13444-13449.
91. Fitzgerald M, Payne SC, Bartlett CA, Evill L, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA. Secondary retinal ganglion cell death and the neuroprotective effects of the calcium channel blocker lomerizine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5456-5462.
92. Sendtner M. Therapy development in spinal muscular atrophy. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13:795-799.
93. Perlson E, Jeong GB, Ross JL, et al. A switch in retrograde signaling from survival to stress in rapid-onset neurodegeneration. J Neurosci. 2009;29:9903-9917.
94. Beirowski B, Babetto E, Coleman MP, Martin KR. The WldS gene delays axonal but not somatic degeneration in a rat glaucoma model. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;28:1166-1179.
95. Gilley J, Coleman MP. Endogenous Nmnat2 is an essential survival factor for maintenance of healthy axons. PLoS Biol. 2010;8: e1000300.
96. Hashimoto O, Ueno T, Kimura R, et al. Inhibition of proteasomedependent degradation of Wee1 in G2-arrested Hep3B cells by TGF beta 1. Mol Carcinog. 2003;36:171-182.
97. Kandasamy M, Couillard-Despres S, Raber KA, et al. Stem cell quiescence in the hippocampal neurogenic niche is associated with elevated transforming growth factor-beta signaling in an animal model of Huntington disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010;69:717-728.
98. Lamba DA, Karl MO, Reh TA. Strategies for retinal repair: cell replacement and regeneration. Prog Brain Res. 2009;175:23-31.
99. Lamba DA, Gust J, Reh TA. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptors restores some visual function in Crx-deficient mice. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;4:73-79.
100. Lamba DA, Karl MO, Ware CB, Reh TA. Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12769-12774.
101. Karl MO, Hayes S, Nelson BR, Tan K, Buckingham B, Reh TA. Stimulation of neural regeneration in the mouse retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:19508-19513.
102. Bernardos RL, Barthel LK, Meyers JR, Raymond PA. Late-stage neuronal progenitors in the retina are radial Muller glia that function as retinal stem cells. J Neurosci. 2007;27:7028-7040.
103. Bhatia B, Singhal S, Lawrence JM, Khaw PT, Limb GA. Distribution of Muller stem cells within the neural retina: evidence for the existence of a ciliary margin-like zone in the adult human eye. Exp Eye Res. 2009;89:373-382.
104. Lawrence JM, Singhal S, Bhatia B, et al. MIO-M1 cells and similar muller glial cell lines derived from adult human retina exhibit neural stem cell characteristics. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2033-2043.
105. Singhal S, Lawrence JM, Salt TE, Khaw PT, Limb GA. Triamcinolone attenuates macrophage/microglia accumulation associated with NMDA-induced RGC death and facilitates survival of Muller stem cell grafts. Exp Eye Res. 2010;90:308-315.
106. Ebneter A, Casson RJ, Wood JP, Chidlow G. Microglial activation in the visual pathway in experimental glaucoma: spatiotemporal characterization and correlation with axonal injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:6448-6460.
107. Sheen VL, Arnold MW, Wang Y, Macklis JD. Neural precursor differentiation following transplantation into neocortex is dependent on intrinsic developmental state and receptor competence. Exp Neurol. 1999;158:47-62.
108. Bull ND, Irvine KA, Franklin RJ, Martin KR. Transplanted oligodendrocyte precursor cells reduce neurodegeneration in a model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:4244-4253.
109. Johnson TV, Bull ND, Hunt DP, Marina N, Tomarev SI, Martin KR. Neuroprotective effects of intravitreal mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2051-2059.
110. Stanke JJ, Fischer AJ. Embryonic retinal cells and support to mature retinal neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51: 2208-2218.
111. Su Z, He C. Olfactory ensheathing cells: biology in neural development and regeneration (review). Prog Neurobiol. 2010;92: 517-532.
112. Ramon-Cueto A, Valverde F. Olfactory bulb ensheathing glia: a unique cell type with axonal growth-promoting properties. Glia. 1995;14:163-173.
113. Wu MM, Fan DG, Tadmori I, et al. Death of axotomized retinal ganglion cells delayed after intraoptic nerve transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells in adult rats. Cell Transplant. 2010; 19:159-166.
114. Plant GW, Harvey AR, Leaver SG, Lee SV. Olfactory ensheathing glia: repairing injury to the mammalian visual system. Exp Neurol. 2011;229:99-106.
115. Gonzalez P, Epstein DL, Luna C, Liton PB. Characterization of free-floating spheres from human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cell culture in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82:959-967.
116. Richardson TM, Marks MS, Ausprunk DH, Miller M. A morphologic and morphometric analysis of the aqueous outflow system of the developing cat eye. Exp Eye Res. 1985;41:31-51.