Rat models for glaucoma research

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 173, Issue , 2008, Pages 285-301

  Morrison, John C ^a   Johnson, Elaine ^a   Cepurna, William O ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

animal models; astrocyte; axon; glaucoma; intraocular pressure; optic nerve damage; optic nerve head

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER ANGLE; AQUEOUS HUMOR OUTFLOW; ASTROCYTE; GLAUCOMA; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NERVE FIBER; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OPTIC NERVE INJURY; OPTIC NERVE LESION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RODENT;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LASERS; OPTIC DISK; RATS; TONOMETRY, OCULAR;

EID: 53049109337     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01121-7     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Ahmed F., Brown K.M., Stephan D.A., Morrison J.C., Johnson E.C., and Tomarev S.I. Microarray analysis of changes in mRNA levels in the rat retina after experimental elevation of intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 4 (2004) 1247-1258
2. Ahmed F.A., Hegazy K., Chaudhary P., and Sharma S.C. Neuroprotective effect of alpha(2) agonist (brimonidine) on adult rat retinal ganglion cells after increased intraocular pressure. Brain Res. 913 2 (2001) 133-139
3. Asrani S., Zeimer R., Wilensky J., Gieser D., Vitale S., and Lindenmuth K. Large diurnal fluctuations in intraocular pressure are an independent risk factor in patients with glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 9 2 (2000) 134-142
4. Bakalash S., Kipnis J., Yoles E., and Schwartz M. Resistance of retinal ganglion cells to an increase in intraocular pressure is immune-dependent. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 8 (2002) 2648-2653
5. Burgoyne C.F., Downs J.C., Bellezza A.J., Suh J.K., and Hart R.T. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24 1 (2005) 39-73
6. Cepurna W.O., Jia L., Johnson E.C., and Morrison J.C. ARVO abstract: superior scleral localization of rat optic nerve head response to mildly elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) U1161
7. Cepurna W.O., Kayton R.J., Johnson E.C., and Morrison J.C. Age related optic nerve axonal loss in adult Brown Norway rats. Exp. Eye Res. 80 6 (2005) 877-884
8. Chauhan B.C., Levatte T.L., Garnier K.L., Tremblay F., Pang I.H., Clark A.F., and Archibald M.L. Semiquantitative optic nerve grading scheme for determining axonal loss in experimental optic neuropathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 2 (2006) 634-640
9. Chauhan B.C., Pan J., Archibald M.L., LeVatte T.L., Kelly M.E., and Tremblay F. Effect of intraocular pressure on optic disc topography, electroretinography, and axonal loss in a chronic pressure-induced rat model of optic nerve damage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 9 (2002) 2969-2976
10. Chui W.S., Lam A., Chen D., and Chiu R. The influence of corneal properties on rebound tonometry. Ophthalmology 115 1 (2008) 80-84
11. Cohan B.E., and Bohr D.F. Goldmann applanation tonometry in the conscious rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 2 (2001) 340-342
12. Cohan B.E., and Bohr D.F. Measurement of intraocular pressure in awake mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 11 (2001) 2560-2562
13. Danias J., Kontiola A.I., Filippopoulos T., and Mittag T. Method for the noninvasive measurement of intraocular pressure in mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 3 (2003) 1138-1141
14. Danias J., Shen F., Goldblum D., Chen B., Ramos-Esteban J., Podos S.M., and Mittag T. Cytoarchitecture of the retinal ganglion cells in the rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 3 (2002) 587-594
15. Danias J., Shen F., Kavalarakis M., Chen B., Goldblum D., Lee K., Zamora M.F., Su Y., Podos S.M., and Mittag T. Characterization of retinal damage in the episcleral vein cauterization rat glaucoma model. Exp. Eye Res. 82 2 (2006) 219-228
16. Drance S.M. The collaborative normal-tension glaucoma study and some of its lessons. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 34 1 (1999) 1-6
17. Filippopoulos T., Matsubara A., Danias J., Huang W., Dobberfuhl A., Ren L., Mittag T., Miller J.W., and Grosskreutz C.L. Predictability and limitations of non-invasive murine tonometry: comparison of two devices. Exp. Eye Res. 83 1 (2006) 194-201
18. Fortune B., Bui B.V., Morrison J.C., Johnson E.C., Dong J., Cepurna W.O., Jia L., Barber S., and Cioffi G.A. Selective ganglion cell functional loss in rats with experimental glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 6 (2004) 1854-1862
19. Fukuda Y., Sugimoto T., and Shirokawa T. Strain differences in quantitative analysis of the rat optic nerve. Exp. Neurol. 75 2 (1982) 525-532
20. Goldblum D., Kontiola A.I., Mittag T., Chen B., and Danias J. Non-invasive determination of intraocular pressure in the rat eye. Comparison of an electronic tonometer (Tono-Pen), and a rebound (impact probe) tonometer. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 240 11 (2002) 942-946
21. Goldblum D., and Mittag T. Prospects for relevant glaucoma models with retinal ganglion cell damage in the rodent eye. Vision Res. 42 4 (2002) 471-478
22. Grant W.M., and Burke Jr. J.F. Why do some people go blind from glaucoma?. Ophthalmology 89 9 (1982) 991-998
23. Gregory D.S., Aviado D.G., and Sears M.L. Cervical ganglionectomy alters the circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in New Zealand White rabbits. Curr. Eye Res. 4 12 (1985) 1273-1279
24. Grozdanic S.D., Betts D.M., Sakaguchi D.S., Allbaugh R.A., Kwon Y.H., and Kardon R.H. Laser-induced mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 10 (2003) 4337-4346
25. Grozdanic S.D., Betts D.M., Sakaguchi D.S., Kwon Y.H., Kardon R.H., and Sonea I.M. Temporary elevation of the intraocular pressure by cauterization of vortex and episcleral veins in rats causes functional deficits in the retina and optic nerve. Exp. Eye Res. 77 1 (2003) 27-33
26. Hanninen V.A., Pantcheva M.B., Freeman E.E., Poulin N.R., and Grosskreutz C.L. Activation of caspase 9 in a rat model of experimental glaucoma. Curr. Eye Res. 25 6 (2002) 389-395
27. Hernandez M.R. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis of elastin in the human lamina cribrosa. Changes in elastic fibers in primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 10 (1992) 2891-2903
28. Hernandez M.R., Andrzejewska W.M., and Neufeld A.H. Changes in the extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head in primary open-angle glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 109 2 (1990) 180-188
29. Hernandez M.R., Pena J.D., Selvidge J.A., Salvador-Silva M., and Yang P. Hydrostatic pressure stimulates synthesis of elastin in cultured optic nerve head astrocytes. Glia 32 2 (2000) 122-136
30. Howell G.R., Libby R.T., Jakobs T.C., Smith R.S., Phalan F.C., Barter J.W., Barbay J.M., Marchant J.K., Mahesh N., Porciatti V., Whitmore A.V., Masland R.H., and John S.W. Axons of retinal ganglion cells are insulted in the optic nerve early in DBA/2J glaucoma. J. Cell Biol. 179 7 (2007) 1523-1537
31. Ishii Y., Kwong J.M., and Caprioli J. Retinal ganglion cell protection with geranylgeranylacetone, a heat shock protein inducer, in a rat glaucoma model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 5 (2003) 1982-1992
32. Jia L., Cepurna W.O., Johnson E.C., and Morrison J.C. Effect of general anesthetics on IOP in rats with experimental aqueous outflow obstruction. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 11 (2000) 3415-3419
33. Jia L., Cepurna W.O., Johnson E.C., and Morrison J.C. Patterns of intraocular pressure elevation after aqueous humor outflow obstruction in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 6 (2000) 1380-1385
34. Jia, L., Cepurna, W.O., Johnson, E.C., Morrison, J.C. (2006) The TonoLab Rebound Tonometer Reliably Measures Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in Awake Rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 47: E-Abstract 1252.
35. John S.W., Anderson M.G., and Smith R.S. Mouse genetics: a tool to help unlock the mechanisms of glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 8 6 (1999) 400-412
36. Johnson E.C., Cepurna W.O., Jia L., and Morrison J.C. The use of cyclodialysis to limit exposure to elevated intraocular pressure in rat glaucoma models. Exp. Eye Res. 83 1 (2006) 51-60
37. Johnson E.C., Deppmeier L.M., Wentzien S.K., Hsu I., and Morrison J.C. Chronology of optic nerve head and retinal responses to elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 2 (2000) 431-442
38. Johnson E.C., Jia L., Cepurna W.O., Doser T.A., and Morrison J.C. Global changes in optic nerve head gene expression after exposure to elevated intraocular pressure in a rat glaucoma model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 7 (2007) 3161-3177
39. Johnson E.C., Morrison J.C., Farrell S., Deppmeier L., Moore C.G., and McGinty M.R. The effect of chronically elevated intraocular pressure on the rat optic nerve head extracellular matrix. Exp. Eye Res. 62 6 (1996) 663-674
40. Kass M.A., Heuer D.K., Higginbotham E.J., Johnson C.A., Keltner J.L., Miller J.P., Parrish II R.K., Wilson M.R., and Gordon M.O. The ocular hypertension treatment study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 120 6 (2002) 701-713 discussion 829-730.
41. Kerrigan-Baumrind L.A., Quigley H.A., Pease M.E., Kerrigan D.F., and Mitchell R.S. Number of ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes compared with threshold visual field tests in the same persons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 3 (2000) 741-748
42. Kim C.Y., Kuehn M.H., Anderson M.G., and Kwon Y.H. Intraocular pressure measurement in mice: a comparison between Goldmann and rebound tonometry. Eye 21 9 (2007) 1202-1209
43. Ko M.L., Hu D.N., Ritch R., Sharma S.C., and Chen C.F. Patterns of retinal ganglion cell survival after brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration in hypertensive eyes of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 305 2 (2001) 139-142
44. Kontiola A. A new electromechanical method for measuring intraocular pressure. Doc. Ophthalmol. 93 3 (1996) 265-276
45. Kontiola A., and Puska P. Measuring intraocular pressure with the Pulsair 3000 and Rebound tonometers in elderly patients without an anesthetic. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 242 1 (2004) 3-7
46. Kontiola A.I. A new induction-based impact method for measuring intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 78 2 (2000) 142-145
47. Kontiola A.I., Goldblum D., Mittag T., and Danias J. The induction/impact tonometer: a new instrument to measure intraocular pressure in the rat. Exp. Eye Res. 73 6 (2001) 781-785
48. LaVail M.M. Eye pigmentation and constant light damage in the rat retina. In: Williams T.P., and Baker B.N. (Eds). The Effects of Constant Light on Visual Processes (1980), Plenum Press, New York 357-387
49. Leske M.C., Heijl A., Hussein M., Bengtsson B., Hyman L., and Komaroff E. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 121 1 (2003) 48-56
50. Levkovitch-Verbin H., Martin K.R., Quigley H.A., Baumrind L.A., Pease M.E., and Valenta D. Measurement of amino acid levels in the vitreous humor of rats after chronic intraocular pressure elevation or optic nerve transection. J. Glaucoma 11 5 (2002) 396-405
51. Levkovitch-Verbin H., Quigley H.A., Martin K.R., Valenta D., Baumrind L.A., and Pease M.E. Translimbal laser photocoagulation to the trabecular meshwork as a model of glaucoma in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 2 (2002) 402-410
52. Libby R.T., Anderson M.G., Pang I.H., Robinson Z.H., Savinova O.V., Cosma I.M., Snow A., Wilson L.A., Smith R.S., Clark A.F., and John S.W. Inherited glaucoma in DBA/2J mice: pertinent disease features for studying the neurodegeneration. Vis. Neurosci. 22 5 (2005) 637-648
53. Libby R.T., Howell G.R., Pang I.H., Savinova O.V., Mehalow A.K., Barter J.W., Smith R.S., Clark A.F., and John S.W. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, Nos2, does not mediate optic neuropathy and retinopathy in the DBA/2J glaucoma model. BMC Neurosci. 8 1 (2007) 108
54. Martin K.R., Quigley H.A., Zack D.J., Levkovitch-Verbin H., Kielczewski J., Valenta D., Baumrind L., Pease M.E., Klein R.L., and Hauswirth W.W. Gene therapy with brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a protection: retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 10 (2003) 4357-4365
55. McKinnon S.J., Lehman D.M., Kerrigan-Baumrind L.A., Merges C.A., Pease M.E., Kerrigan D.F., Ransom N.L., Tahzib N.G., Reitsamer H.A., Levkovitch-Verbin H., Quigley H.A., and Zack D.J. Caspase activation and amyloid precursor protein cleavage in rat ocular hypertension. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 4 (2002) 1077-1087
56. McLaren J.W., Brubaker R.F., and FitzSimon J.S. Continuous measurement of intraocular pressure in rabbits by telemetry. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 6 (1996) 966-975
57. Mittag T.W., Danias J., Pohorenec G., Yuan H.M., Burakgazi E., Chalmers-Redman R., Podos S.M., and Tatton W.G. Retinal damage after 3 to 4 months of elevated intraocular pressure in a rat glaucoma model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 11 (2000) 3451-3459
58. Moore C.G., Epley D., Milne S.T., and Morrison J.C. Long-term non-invasive measurement of intraocular pressure in the rat eye. Curr. Eye Res. 14 8 (1995) 711-717
59. Moore C.G., Johnson E.C., and Morrison J.C. Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in the rat. Curr. Eye Res. 15 2 (1996) 185-191
60. Moore C.G., Milne S.T., and Morrison J.C. Noninvasive measurement of rat intraocular pressure with the Tono-Pen. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34 2 (1993) 363-369
61. Morris C.A., Crowston J.G., Lindsey J.D., Danias J., and Weinreb R.N. Comparison of invasive and non-invasive tonometry in the mouse. Exp. Eye Res. 82 6 (2006) 1094-1099
62. Morrison J., Farrell S., Johnson E., Deppmeier L., Moore C.G., and Grossmann E. Structure and composition of the rodent lamina cribrosa. Exp. Eye Res. 60 2 (1995) 127-135
63. Morrison J.C., Cepurna W.O., Jia L., Aubert J., and Johnson E.C. Abstract: mechanism of focal optic nerve injury from elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (2002) U813
64. Morrison, J.C., Cepurna, W.O., Jia, L., Aubert, J. and Johnson, E.C. (2007) Characteristics of Modeling Pressure-Induced Optic Nerve Damage in Elderly Rat Eyes ARVO. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48: E-Abstract 3662.
65. Morrison J.C., DeFrank M.P., and Van Buskirk E.M. Comparative microvascular anatomy of mammalian ciliary processes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 8 (1987) 1325-1340
66. Morrison J.C., Dorman-Pease M.E., Dunkelberger G.R., and Quigley H.A. Optic nerve head extracellular matrix in primary optic atrophy and experimental glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 108 7 (1990) 1020-1024
67. Morrison J.C., Fraunfelder F.W., Milne S.T., and Moore C.G. Limbal microvasculature of the rat eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 3 (1995) 751-756
68. Morrison J.C., Johnson E.C., Cepurna W., and Jia L. Understanding mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 24 2 (2005) 217-240
69. Morrison J.C., Johnson E.C., Cepurna W.O., and Funk R.H. Microvasculature of the rat optic nerve head. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40 8 (1999) 1702-1709
70. Morrison J.C., Moore C.G., Deppmeier L.M., Gold B.G., Meshul C.K., and Johnson E.C. A rat model of chronic pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Exp. Eye Res. 64 1 (1997) 85-96
71. Morrison J.C., Rask P., Johnson E.C., and Deppmeier L. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan distribution in the primate optic nerve head. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 35 3 (1994) 838-845
72. Neufeld A.H., Das S., Vora S., Gachie E., Kawai S., Manning P.T., and Connor J.R. A prodrug of a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase is neuroprotective in the rat model of glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 11 3 (2002) 221-225
73. Neufeld A.H., Sawada A., and Becker B. Inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase 2 by aminoguanidine provides neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 17 (1999) 9944-9948
74. Nissirios N., Goldblum D., Rohrer K., Mittag T., and Danias J. Noninvasive determination of intraocular pressure (IOP) in nonsedated mice of 5 different inbred strains. J. Glaucoma 16 1 (2007) 57-61
75. Nissirios N., Chanis R., Johnson E., Morrison J., Cepurna W.O., Jia J., Mittag T., and Danias J. Comparison of anterior segment structures in two rat glaucoma models. An ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 6 (2008) 2478-2482
76. Nouri-Mahdavi K., Hoffman D., Coleman A.L., Liu G., Li G., Gaasterland D., and Caprioli J. Predictive factors for glaucomatous visual field progression in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study. Ophthalmology 111 9 (2004) 1627-1635
77. Nouri-Mahdavi K., Hoffman D., Gaasterland D., and Caprioli J. Prediction of visual field progression in glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 12 (2004) 4346-4351
78. Pang I.H., and Clark A.F. Rodent models for glaucoma retinopathy and optic neuropathy. J. Glaucoma 16 5 (2007) 483-505
79. Pang I.H., Johnson E.C., Jia L., Cepurna W.O., Shepard A.R., Hellberg M.R., Clark A.F., and Morrison J.C. Evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 4 (2005) 1313-1321
80. Pang I.H., Wang W.H., and Clark A.F. Acute effects of glaucoma medications on rat intraocular pressure. Exp. Eye Res. 80 2 (2005) 207-214
81. Pease M.E., Hammond J.C., and Quigley H.A. Manometric calibration and comparison of TonoLab and Tono-Pen tonometers in rats with experimental glaucoma and in normal mice. J. Glaucoma 15 6 (2006) 512-519
82. Pease M.E., McKinnon S.J., Quigley H.A., Kerrigan-Baumrind L.A., and Zack D.J. Obstructed axonal transport of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in experimental glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41 3 (2000) 764-774
83. Pena J.D., Agapova O., Gabelt B.T., Levin L.A., Lucarelli M.J., Kaufman P.L., and Hernandez M.R. Increased elastin expression in astrocytes of the lamina cribrosa in response to elevated intraocular pressure. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 10 (2001) 2303-2314
84. Piltz J.R., Starita R., Miron M., and Henkind P. Momentary fluctuations of intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 99 3 (1985) 333-339
85. Quigley H.A., Addicks E.M., E. M. Green W.R., and Maumenee A.E. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch. Ophthalmol. 99 4 (1981) 635-649
86. Quigley H.A., Dunkelberger G.R., and Green W.R. Chronic human glaucoma causing selectively greater loss of large optic nerve fibers. Ophthalmology 95 3 (1988) 357-363
87. Quigley H.A., Dunkelberger G.R., and Green W.R. Retinal ganglion cell atrophy correlated with automated perimetry in human eyes with glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 107 5 (1989) 453-464
88. Quigley H.A., and Green W.R. The histology of human glaucoma cupping and optic nerve damage: clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes. Ophthalmology 86 10 (1979) 1803-1830
89. Quigley H.A., Guy J., and Anderson D.R. Blockade of rapid axonal transport. Effect of intraocular pressure elevation in primate optic nerve. Arch. Ophthalmol. 97 3 (1979) 525-531
90. Quigley H.A., Sanchez R.M., Dunkelberger G.R., L'Hernault N.L., and Baginski T.A. Chronic glaucoma selectively damages large optic nerve fibers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 6 (1987) 913-920
91. Radius R.L. Regional specificity in anatomy at the lamina cribrosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 99 3 (1981) 478-480
92. Ricci A., Bronzetti E., and Amenta F. Effect of ageing on the nerve fibre population of rat optic nerve. Gerontology 34 5-6 (1988) 231-235
93. Rowland J.M., Potter D.E., and Reiter R.J. Circadian rhythm in intraocular pressure: a rabbit model. Curr. Eye Res. 1 3 (1981) 169-173
94. Sahin A., Basmak H., Niyaz L., and Yildirim N. Reproducibility and tolerability of the ICare rebound tonometer in school children. J. Glaucoma 16 2 (2007) 185-188
95. Sahin A., Niyaz L., and Yildirim N. Comparison of the rebound tonometer with the Goldmann applanation tonometer in glaucoma patients. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 35 4 (2007) 335-339
96. Sawada A., and Neufeld A.H. Confirmation of the rat model of chronic, moderately elevated intraocular pressure. Exp. Eye Res. 69 5 (1999) 525-531
97. Schlamp C.L., Johnson E.C., Li Y., Morrison J.C., and Nickells R.W. Changes in Thy1 gene expression associated with damaged retinal ganglion cells. Mol. Vis. 7 (2001) 192-201
98. Schori H., Kipnis J., Yoles E., WoldeMussie E., Ruiz G., Wheeler L.A., and Schwartz M. Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 6 (2001) 3398-3403
99. Shareef S.R., Garcia-Valenzuela E., Salierno A., Walsh J., and Sharma S.C. Chronic ocular hypertension following episcleral venous occlusion in rats [letter]. Exp. Eye Res. 61 3 (1995) 379-382
100. Smith S.D., and Gregory D.S. A circadian rhythm of aqueous flow underlies the circadian rhythm of IOP in NZW rabbits. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30 4 (1989) 775-778
101. Sommer A., Katz J., Quigley H.A., Miller N.R., Robin A.L., Richter R.C., and Witt K.A. Clinically detectable nerve fiber atrophy precedes the onset of glaucomatous field loss. Arch. Ophthalmol. 109 1 (1991) 77-83
102. Sugimoto T., Fukuda Y., and Wakakuwa K. Quantitative analysis of a cross-sectional area of the optic nerve: a comparison between albino and pigmented rats. Exp. Brain Res. 54 2 (1984) 266-274
103. Tuulonen A., and Airaksinen P.J. Initial glaucomatous optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities and their progression. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111 4 (1991) 485-490
104. Ueda J., Sawaguchi S., Hanyu T., Yaoeda K., Fukuchi T., Abe H., and Ozawa H. Experimental glaucoma model in the rat induced by laser trabecular photocoagulation after an intracameral injection of India ink. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 42 5 (1998) 337-344
105. Wang W.H., Millar J.C., Pang I.H., Wax M.B., and Clark A.F. Noninvasive measurement of rodent intraocular pressure with a rebound tonometer. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 12 (2005) 4617-4621
106. WoldeMussie E., Ruiz G., Wijono M., and Wheeler L.A. Neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells by brimonidine in rats with laser-induced chronic ocular hypertension. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 12 (2001) 2849-2855
107. Yang Z., Quigley H.A., Pease M.E., Yang Y., Qian J., Valenta D., and Zack D.J. Changes in gene expression in experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection: the equilibrium between protective and detrimental mechanisms. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 12 (2007) 5539-5548
108. Zhou Y., Pernet V., Hauswirth W.W., and Di Polo A. Activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway by AAV gene transfer protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. Mol. Ther. 12 3 (2005) 402-412