메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 151, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 635-656

The malleability of gender stereotypes: Influence of population size on perceptions of men and women in the past, present, and future

Author keywords

gender differences; gender role attitudes; stereotype change; stereotypes

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CHARACTER; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; POPULATION DENSITY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPAIN;

EID: 80052338582     PISSN: 00224545     EISSN: 19401183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2010.522616     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 0001870419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes
    • In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.),. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Abele-Brehm, A. E. (2000). A dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 361-388). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2000) The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender , pp. 361-388
    • Abele-Brehm, A.E.1
  • 2
    • 0141942629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study
    • Abele-Brehm, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 768-776
    • Abele-Brehm, A.E.1
  • 3
    • 0018398298 scopus 로고
    • Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory: Toward a cognitive-social psychological conceptualization
    • DOI 10.1007/BF00287932
    • Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1979). Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory: Toward a cognitive-social psychological conceptualization. Sex Roles, 5, 219-248. (Pubitemid 9175863)
    • (1979) Sex Roles , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-248
    • Ashmore, R.D.1    Del Boca, F.K.2
  • 5
    • 57149142092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format
    • Bosak, J., Sczesny, S., & Eagly, A. H (2008). Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1148-1155.
    • (2008) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 1148-1155
    • Bosak, J.1    Sczesny, S.2    Eagly, A.H.3
  • 6
    • 0034288562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating gender biases on actual job performance of real people: A meta-analysis
    • Bowen, C. C., Swim, J. K., & Jacobs, R. R. (2000). Evaluating gender biases on actual job performance of real people: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 2194-2215. (Pubitemid 33220367)
    • (2000) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.30 , Issue.10 , pp. 2194-2215
    • Bowen, C.-C.1    Swim, J.K.2    Jacobs, R.R.3
  • 7
    • 80052322142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [The rural population of Spain]. Colección de Estudios Sociales. Barcelona, Spain: Obra Social, Fundación la Caixa
    • Camarero, L. (2009). La población rural de España [The rural population of Spain]. Colección de Estudios Sociales. Barcelona, Spain: Obra Social, Fundación la Caixa.
    • (2009) La Población Rural de España
    • Camarero, L.1
  • 8
    • 32744468625 scopus 로고
    • The changing role of women in Spanish society
    • Camps, V. (1994). The changing role of women in Spanish society. Rivista di Studi Americani, 142, 55-63.
    • (1994) Rivista di Studi Americani , vol.142 , pp. 55-63
    • Camps, V.1
  • 9
    • 21644486495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation in "non-traditional" spheres and the perspective-taking of husbands and wives
    • Cast, A. D., & Bird, S. R. (2005). Participation in "non-traditional" spheres and the perspective-taking of husbands and wives. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 143-159.
    • (2005) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.68 , pp. 143-159
    • Cast, A.D.1    Bird, S.R.2
  • 10
    • 84857103251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Razonamiento predictivo y contenidos sesgados: Un estudio con personas mayores de hábitat rural y urbano
    • Castañeda, J., Sánchez, C., Quintana, D., & González, T. (2003). Razonamiento predictivo y contenidos sesgados: Un estudio con personas mayores de hábitat rural y urbano [Predictive reasoning and biased content: A study with older adults from rural/urban living space.] Cognitiva, 15, 67-82.
    • (2003) Cognitiva , vol.15 , pp. 67-82
    • Castaneda, J.1    Sánchez, C.2    Quintana, D.3    González, T.4
  • 11
    • 0033240605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment
    • Cejka, M. A.,&Eagly, A. H. (1999). Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 413-423.
    • (1999) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 413-423
    • Cejka, M.A.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 12
    • 0029486011 scopus 로고
    • Women and social policy in Spain: The development of a gendered welfare regime
    • Cousins, C. (1995). Women and social policy in Spain: The development of a gendered welfare regime. Journal of European Social Policy, 5, 175-197. (Pubitemid 26432590)
    • (1995) Journal of European Social Policy , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-197
    • Cousins, C.1
  • 13
    • 84857100979 scopus 로고
    • The development of rural Spain
    • Madrid, Spain: Informe Regional y de Desarrollo Agrícola, Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca
    • Cuadrado, M. [1992]. El desarrollo del mundo rural en España [The development of rural Spain]. Madrid, Spain: Informe Regional y de Desarrollo Agrícola, Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca.
    • (1992) El desarrollo del mundo rural en España
    • Cuadrado, M.1
  • 14
    • 0001482549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex discrimination in simulated employment contexts: A meta-analytic investigation
    • Davison, H. K., & Burke, M. J. (2000). Sex discrimination in simulated employment contexts: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 225-248.
    • (2000) Journal of Vocational Behavior , vol.56 , pp. 225-248
    • Davison, H.K.1    Burke, M.J.2
  • 15
    • 58149366095 scopus 로고
    • Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label
    • Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. K. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 991-1004
    • Deaux, K.1    Lewis, L.K.2
  • 16
    • 0000989967 scopus 로고
    • Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior
    • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
    • (1987) Psychological Review , vol.94 , pp. 369-389
    • Deaux, K.1    Major, B.2
  • 17
    • 0034340213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future
    • Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171-1188.
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 18
    • 14544304086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic stereotypes about women and men in Latin America and the United States
    • DOI 10.1177/0022022104272902
    • Diekman, A. B., Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Ferreira, M. C. (2005). Dynamic stereotypes about women and men in Latin America and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 209-226. (Pubitemid 40305974)
    • (2005) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-226
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Eagly, A.H.2    Mladinic, A.3    Ferreira, M.C.4
  • 20
    • 1642376134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic stereotypes of power: Perceived change and stability in gender hierarchies
    • Diekman, A. B., Goodfriend, W., & Goodwin, S. (2004). Dynamic stereotypes of power: Perceived change and stability in gender hierarchies. Sex Roles, 50, 201-215. (Pubitemid 38397586)
    • (2004) Sex Roles , vol.50 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 201-215
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Goodfriend, W.2    Goodwin, S.3
  • 22
    • 33846994333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions
    • Eagly, A. H. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 1-12.
    • (2007) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.31 , pp. 1-12
    • Eagly, A.H.1
  • 25
    • 85047674303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders
    • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.
    • (2002) Psychological Review , vol.109 , pp. 573-598
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Karau, S.J.2
  • 27
    • 77953580468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes about women, men, and leaders: Have times changed?
    • In M. Barreto, M. K Ryan, & M. T. Schmitt (Eds.), Washington, DC: APA Books
    • Eagly, A. H., & Sczesny, S. (2009). Stereotypes about women, men, and leaders: Have times changed? In M. Barreto, M. K Ryan, & M. T. Schmitt (Eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality (pp. 21-47). Washington, DC: APA Books.
    • (2009) The Glass Ceiling in the 21st Century: Understanding Barriers to Gender Equality , pp. 21-47
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Sczesny, S.2
  • 28
    • 0000852825 scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles
    • Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 735-754
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Steffen, V.J.2
  • 29
    • 0001203631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles
    • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408-423.
    • (1999) American Psychologist , vol.54 , pp. 408-423
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2
  • 30
    • 0001983842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal
    • In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.),. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Eagly, A. H.,Wood,W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2000) The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender , pp. 123-174
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2    Diekman, A.B.3
  • 31
    • 57749170559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved from
    • European Commission (2000). Women active in rural development -Assuring the future of rural Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/ women/broch-en.pdf
    • (2000) Women Active in Rural Development -Assuring the Future of Rural Europe
  • 34
    • 84857103504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurostat. Retrieved from
    • Eurostat (2008). 8 March 2008: International women's day. A third of managers are women. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/ docs/PAGE/PGP-PRD-CAT-PREREL/PGE-CAT-PREREL-YEAR-2008/PGE-CAT-PREREL-YEAR-2008- MONTH-03/1-06032008-EN-AP.PDF
    • (2008) 8 March 2008: International Women's Day. A Third of Managers are Women
  • 35
    • 84857100627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolución del desarrollo rural en España
    • [Phytoma Spain: The Professional Journal for Vegan Health]
    • Forteza del Rey, V. (2003). Evolución del desarrollo rural en España [Evolution of rural development in Spain.] Phytoma España: La Revista Profesional de Sanidad Vegetal [Phytoma Spain: The Professional Journal for Vegan Health], 150, 29-43.
    • (2003) Phytoma España: La Revista Profesional de Sanidad Vegetal , vol.150 , pp. 29-43
    • Forteza Del Rey, V.1
  • 37
    • 64749089976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identidad de género y nivel de aspiraciones profesionales en alumnos universitarios
    • Garcia-Retamero, R. (2006). Identidad de género y nivel de aspiraciones profesionales en alumnos universitarios [Gender identity and level of professional aspirations in undergraduates.] Revista Mexicana de Psicología [Mexican Journal of Psychology], 23, 217-224.
    • (2006) Revista Mexicana de Psicología [Mexican Journal of Psychology] , vol.23 , pp. 217-224
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1
  • 38
    • 33845393673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congruencia de rol de género y liderazgo: El papel de las atribuciones causales sobre el éxito y el fracaso
    • Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2006a). Congruencia de rol de género y liderazgo: El papel de las atribuciones causales sobre el éxito y el fracaso [Congruency between leadership and gender roles: Notes on causal attributions about success and failure]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología [The Latin-American Journal of Psychology], 38, 245-257.
    • (2006) Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología [The Latin-American Journal of Psychology] , vol.38 , pp. 245-257
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    López-Zafra, E.2
  • 39
    • 33845460252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prejudice against women in male-congenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership
    • DOI 10.1007/s11199-006-9068-1
    • Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2006b). Prejudice against women in malecongenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership. Sex Roles, 55, 51-61. (Pubitemid 44893047)
    • (2006) Sex Roles , vol.55 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 51-61
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    Lopez-Zafra, E.2
  • 40
    • 77954348086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atribuciones causales sobre éxito y fracaso y percepción del liderazgo en la mujer
    • Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2008). Atribuciones causales sobre éxito y fracaso y percepción del liderazgo en la mujer [Causal attributions about success and failure, and perceptions of leadership in women.] Estudios de Psicología [Studies of Psychology], 15, 273-287.
    • (2008) Estudios de Psicología [Studies of Psychology] , vol.15 , pp. 273-287
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    López-Zafra, E.2
  • 41
    • 64749095076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal attributions about feminine and leadership roles: A cross-cultural comparison
    • Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2009a). Causal attributions about feminine and leadership roles: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 492-509.
    • (2009) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 492-509
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    López-Zafra, E.2
  • 42
    • 84857103449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal attributions about success and failure in female leaders
    • In J. H. Urlich & B. T. Cosell (Eds.), Hauppauge, NY: Nova
    • Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2009b). Causal attributions about success and failure in female leaders. In J. H. Urlich & B. T. Cosell (Eds.), Handbook of gender roles: Conflicts, attitudes and behaviors (pp. 169-188). Hauppauge, NY: Nova.
    • (2009) Handbook of Gender Roles: Conflicts, Attitudes and Behaviors , pp. 169-188
    • Garcia-Retamero, R.1    López-Zafra, E.2
  • 44
    • 30344488756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluations of sexy women in low- and high-status jobs
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00238.x
    • Glick, P., Larsen, S., Johnson, C., & Branstiter, H. (2005). Evaluations of sexy women in low- and high-status jobs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 389-395. (Pubitemid 43061711)
    • (2005) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 389-395
    • Glick, P.1    Larsen, S.2    Johnson, C.3    Branstiter, H.4
  • 47
    • 0001876299 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach
    • In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), New York, NY: Academic Press
    • Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127-163). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , pp. 127-163
    • Hamilton, D.L.1    Trolier, T.K.2
  • 48
    • 22944434217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender patterns in environmental consciousness among adolescents
    • Hampel, B., Boldero, J., & Holdsworth, R. (1996). Gender patterns in environmental consciousness among adolescents. Journal of Sociology, 32, 58-71.
    • (1996) Journal of Sociology , vol.32 , pp. 58-71
    • Hampel, B.1    Boldero, J.2    Holdsworth, R.3
  • 49
    • 0000663124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American and Anglo-American gender identities: An empirical study
    • Harris, A. C. (1996). African American and Anglo-American gender identities: An empirical study. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 182-194. (Pubitemid 126064835)
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 182-194
    • Harris, A.C.1
  • 54
    • 84857102439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Men and women in Spain in 2007
    • Instituto De La Mujer, Retrieved from
    • Instituto de la Mujer (2008). Mujeres y hombres en España 2007 [Men and women in Spain in 2007.] Retrieved from http://www.mtas.es/mujer/mujeres/ estud-inves/index.htm.
    • (2008) Mujeres y Hombres en España 2007
  • 55
    • 84857105643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Official population data
    • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Retrieved from
    • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2008a). Cifras oficiales de población [Official population data.] Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu-cifraspob.htm
    • (2008) Cifras Oficiales de Población
  • 56
    • 84857106228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salary structure 2006: Final results
    • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales
    • Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (2008b). Encuesta de estructura salarial 2006. Resultados definitivos. Nota de prensa de 5 noviembre de 2008 [Salary structure 2006: Final results.] Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.
    • (2008) Encuesta de Estructura Salarial 2006. Resultados Definitivos. Nota de Prensa de 5 Noviembre de 2008
  • 57
    • 0000645221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sex segregation of occupations: Prospects for the 21st century
    • In G. N. Powell (Ed.), London, UK: Sage
    • Jacobs, J. A. (1999). The sex segregation of occupations: Prospects for the 21st century. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 125-144). London, UK: Sage.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 125-144
    • Jacobs, J.A.1
  • 58
    • 5744220698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declining bias and gender wage discrimination? A meta-regression analysis
    • Jarell, S. B., & Stanley, T. D. (2004). Declining bias and gender wage discrimination? A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 39, 828-838. (Pubitemid 39379345)
    • (2004) Journal of Human Resources , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 828-838
    • Jarrell, S.B.1    Stanley, T.D.2
  • 59
    • 41949117260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strong sensitive type: Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders
    • Johnson, S., Murphy, S. E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R. (2008). The strong sensitive type: Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 49-60.
    • (2008) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.106 , pp. 49-60
    • Johnson, S.1    Murphy, S.E.2    Zewdie, S.3    Reichard, R.4
  • 65
    • 0030458634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rural geography trend report: The social and political bases of rural restructuring
    • Marsden, T. K. (1996). Rural geography trend report: The social and political bases of rural restructuring. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 246-258.
    • (1996) Progress in Human Geography , vol.20 , pp. 246-258
    • Marsden, T.K.1
  • 67
    • 0036591623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactional processes and gender workplace inequalities
    • Mueller, C. W., Mulinge, M., & Glass, J. (2002). Interactional processes and gender workplace inequalities. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 163-185.
    • (2002) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.65 , pp. 163-185
    • Mueller, C.W.1    Mulinge, M.2    Glass, J.3
  • 71
    • 0036238882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed?
    • Powell, G. N., Butterfield, D. A., & Parent, J. D. (2002). Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed? Journal of Management, 28, 177-193.
    • (2002) Journal of Management , vol.28 , pp. 177-193
    • Powell, G.N.1    Butterfield, D.A.2    Parent, J.D.3
  • 72
    • 84857105360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September-October. Paper presented at the Ninth Session of the Working Party on Women and the Family in Rural Development, Yerevan, Armenia. Retrieved from
    • Prados, M. J. (1998, September-October). Rural women's participation in decisionmaking in Spain. Paper presented at the Ninth Session of the Working Party on Women and the Family in Rural Development, Yerevan, Armenia. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/eca/wpw/9wpwspa.htm
    • (1998) Rural Women's Participation in Decisionmaking in Spain
    • Prados, M.J.1
  • 73
    • 0342748737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade
    • Prados, M. J. (1999). Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade. Geojournal, 48, 253-258.
    • (1999) Geojournal , vol.48 , pp. 253-258
    • Prados, M.J.1
  • 74
    • 0035205971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, status, and leadership
    • Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). Gender, status, and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 637-656.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 637-656
    • Ridgeway, C.L.1
  • 75
    • 27744608303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constituents of quality of life and urban size
    • DOI 10.1007/s11205-004-8210-0
    • Royuela, V., & Suriñach, J. (2005). Constituents of quality of life and urban size. Social Indicators Research, 74, 549-572. (Pubitemid 41631024)
    • (2005) Social Indicators Research , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 549-572
    • Royuela, V.1    Surinach, J.2
  • 76
    • 84928832035 scopus 로고
    • El mercado de trabajo en el medio rural: Una aproximación a través del género
    • Sampedro, M. R. (1991). El mercado de trabajo en el medio rural: Una aproximación a través del género [The labor market in rural environments: A gendered approach.] Política y Sociedad [Politics and Society], 8, 25-33.
    • (1991) Política y Sociedad [Politics and Society] , vol.8 , pp. 25-33
    • Sampedro, M.R.1
  • 77
    • 78650694045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender needs awareness and gender asymmetry: An analysis of a rural women survey in mountainous areas of south-eastern Spain
    • Sayadi, S., & Calatrava-Requena, J. (2008). Gender needs awareness and gender asymmetry: An analysis of a rural women survey in mountainous areas of south-eastern Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6, 453-468.
    • (2008) Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research , vol.6 , pp. 453-468
    • Sayadi, S.1    Calatrava-Requena, J.2
  • 79
    • 13844298925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and the attribution of leadership traits: A cross-cultural comparison
    • DOI 10.1007/s11199-004-0715-0
    • Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Neff, D., & Schyns, B. (2004). Gender stereotypes and the attribution of leadership traits: A cross-cultural comparison. Sex Roles, 51, 631-645. (Pubitemid 40251148)
    • (2004) Sex Roles , vol.51 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 631-645
    • Sczesny, S.1    Bosak, J.2    Neff, D.3    Schyns, B.4
  • 82
    • 0034396391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes
    • Spence, J. T., & Buckner, C.E. (2000). Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 44-62.
    • (2000) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.24 , pp. 44-62
    • Spence, J.T.1    Buckner, C.E.2
  • 83
    • 0018528585 scopus 로고
    • Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors
    • Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Holahan, C. K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1673-1682.
    • (1979) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 1673-1682
    • Spence, J.T.1    Helmreich, R.L.2    Holahan, C.K.3
  • 84
    • 21344480678 scopus 로고
    • Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes
    • Swim, J. K. (1994). Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 21-26.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 21-26
    • Swim, J.K.1
  • 85
    • 22944435840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conundrum of the glass ceiling
    • The conundrum of the glass ceiling. (2005). The Economist, 376(8436), 67-69.
    • (2005) The Economist , vol.376 , Issue.8436 , pp. 67-69
  • 86
    • 0004225211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Treaty of Amsterdam (1997). Retrieved from http://www.eurotreaties.com/ amsterdamtreaty.pdf
    • (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam
  • 87
    • 0042331604 scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Treaty of Rome (1957). Retrieved from http://www.treatyofrome.com/
    • (1957) Treaty of Rome
  • 88
    • 0031496377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis
    • Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A metaanalysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325. (Pubitemid 127359682)
    • (1997) Sex Roles , vol.36 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 305-325
    • Twenge, J.M.1
  • 89
    • 85047684001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993
    • DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.133
    • Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145. (Pubitemid 33594644)
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-145
    • Twenge, J.M.1
  • 90
    • 0038882154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's work and everyday life in southern Europe in the context of European integration
    • In M. D. Garcia-Ramon&J.Monk (Eds.), London, UK: Routledge
    • Vaiou, D. (1996). Women's work and everyday life in southern Europe in the context of European integration. In M. D. Garcia-Ramon&J.Monk (Eds.),Women of the European union. The politics of work and daily life (pp. 61-73). London, UK: Routledge.
    • (1996) Women of the European Union. The Politics of Work and Daily Life , pp. 61-73
    • Vaiou, D.1
  • 91
    • 0000890913 scopus 로고
    • The power of persuasion: The instituto de la mujer in Spain
    • In D. McBride Stetson & A. G. Mazur (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Valiente, C. (1995). The power of persuasion: The instituto de la mujer in Spain. In D. McBride Stetson & A. G. Mazur (Eds.), Comparative state feminism pp. 221-236. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1995) Comparative state feminism , pp. 221-236
    • Valiente, C.1
  • 92
    • 33947713839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The feminist movement and the reconfigured state in Spain (1970s-2000)
    • In L. A. Banaszak, K. Beckwith, & D. Rucht (Eds.), New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
    • Valiente, C. (2003). The feminist movement and the reconfigured state in Spain (1970s- 2000). In L. A. Banaszak, K. Beckwith, & D. Rucht (Eds.), Women's movements facing the reconfigured state (pp. 30-47). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2003) Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State , pp. 30-47
    • Valiente, C.1
  • 93
    • 21544474965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap
    • Weichselbaumer, D., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of the international gender wage gap. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19, 479-511. (Pubitemid 40924043)
    • (2005) Journal of Economic Surveys , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-511
    • Weichselbaumer, D.1    Winter-Ebmer, R.2
  • 94
    • 33845458314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes
    • DOI 10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z
    • White,M. J., &White, G. G. (2006). Implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 55, 259-266. (Pubitemid 44893040)
    • (2006) Sex Roles , vol.55 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 259-266
    • White, M.J.1    White, G.B.2
  • 95
    • 20744448962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-cultural similarities and differences in dynamic stereotypes: A comparison between germany and the united states
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00181.x
    • Wilde, A., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in dynamic stereotypes: A comparison between Germany and the United States. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 188-196. (Pubitemid 40855779)
    • (2005) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 188-196
    • Wilde, A.1    Diekman, A.B.2
  • 97
    • 0033106520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pancultural gender stereotypes revisited: The five factor model
    • Williams, J. E., Satterwhite, R. C., & Best, D. L. (1999). Pancultural gender stereotypes revisited: The five factor model. Sex Roles, 40, 513-525.
    • (1999) Sex Roles , vol.40 , pp. 513-525
    • Williams, J.E.1    Satterwhite, R.C.2    Best, D.L.3
  • 98
    • 85047674204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences
    • Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727.
    • (2002) Psychological Bulletin , vol.128 , pp. 699-727
    • Wood, W.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 99
    • 80052341103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and the choice of career paths
    • In M. Barreto, M. Ryan, & M. Schmitt (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Zhang, S., Schmader, T., & Forbes, C. (2009). Gender stereotypes and the choice of career paths. In M. Barreto, M. Ryan, & M. Schmitt (Eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality (pp. 125-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2009) The Glass Ceiling in the 21st Century: Understanding Barriers to Gender Equality , pp. 125-150
    • Zhang, S.1    Schmader, T.2    Forbes, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.