메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 108, Issue 32, 2011, Pages 13247-13252

Essential role of stat3 in pi3k-induced oncogenic transformation

Author keywords

Oncogenic signaling; Tumor stroma; Tyrosine kinase

Indexed keywords

2 (1H INDAZOL 4 YL) 6 (4 METHANESULFONYL 1 PIPERAZINYLMETHYL) 4 MORPHOLINOTHIENO[3,2 D]PYRIMIDINE; 2 CYANO N (2,5 DIBROMOPHENYL) 3 HYDROXYCROTONAMIDE; N BENZYL 2 CYANO 3 (3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYL)ACRYLAMIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; RAPAMYCIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; STEROID RECEPTOR COACTIVATOR 1;

EID: 80052009547     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110486108     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (67)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0027493650 scopus 로고
    • A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma
    • Shuai K., Stark G.R., Kerr I.M., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1993) A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma. Science 261:1744-1746. (Pubitemid 23332925)
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , Issue.5129 , pp. 1744-1746
    • Shuai, K.1    Stark, G.R.2    Kerr, I.M.3    Darnell Jr., J.E.4
  • 2
    • 0028349735 scopus 로고
    • Stat3: A STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6
    • Zhong Z., Wen Z., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1994) Stat3: A STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science 264:95-98. (Pubitemid 24144493)
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , Issue.5155 , pp. 95-98
    • Zhong, Z.1    Wen, Z.2    Darnell Jr., J.E.3
  • 3
    • 0027165321 scopus 로고
    • Induction of the Ly-6A/E gene by interferon alpha/beta and gamma requires a DNA element to which a tyrosine-phosphorylated 91-kDa protein binds
    • Khan K.D., et al. (1993) Induction of the Ly-6A/E gene by interferon alpha/beta and gamma requires a DNA element to which a tyrosine-phosphorylated 91-kDa protein binds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6806-6810.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 6806-6810
    • Khan, K.D.1
  • 4
    • 0026770248 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor
    • Schindler C., Shuai K., Prezioso V.R., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1992) Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor. Science 257:809-813.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 809-813
    • Schindler, C.1    Shuai, K.2    Prezioso, V.R.3    Darnell Jr., J.E.4
  • 5
    • 0027090310 scopus 로고
    • Activation of transcription by IFN-gamma: Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA binding protein
    • Shuai K., Schindler C., Prezioso V.R., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1992) Activation of transcription by IFN-gamma: Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA binding protein. Science 258:1808-1812. (Pubitemid 23087351)
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , Issue.5089 , pp. 1808-1812
    • Shuai, K.1    Schindler, C.2    Prezioso, V.R.3    Darnell Jr., J.E.4
  • 6
    • 0026725868 scopus 로고
    • Proteins of transcription factor ISGF-3: One gene encodes the 91-and 84-kDa ISGF-3 proteins that are activated by interferon alpha
    • Schindler C., Fu X.Y., Improta T., Aebersold R., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1992) Proteins of transcription factor ISGF-3: One gene encodes the 91-and 84-kDa ISGF-3 proteins that are activated by interferon alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7836-7839.
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 7836-7839
    • Schindler, C.1    Fu, X.Y.2    Improta, T.3    Aebersold, R.4    Darnell Jr., J.E.5
  • 7
    • 0027496114 scopus 로고
    • A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors
    • Sadowski H.B., Shuai K., Darnell J.E., Jr. Gilman M.Z. (1993) A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 261:1739-1744. (Pubitemid 23332924)
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , Issue.5129 , pp. 1739-1744
    • Sadowski, H.B.1    Shuai, K.2    Darnell Jr., J.E.3    Gilman, M.Z.4
  • 8
    • 0029069145 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: The JAK-STAT pathway
    • Schindler C., Darnell J.E., Jr. (1995) Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: The JAK-STAT pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 64:621-651.
    • (1995) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.64 , pp. 621-651
    • Schindler, C.1    Darnell Jr., J.E.2
  • 10
    • 1042302005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stats of cancer - New molecular targets come of age
    • Yu H., Jove R. (2004) The STATs of cancer - New molecular targets come of age. Nat Rev Cancer 4:97-105. (Pubitemid 38198738)
    • (2004) Nature Reviews Cancer , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-105
    • Yu, H.1    Jove, R.2
  • 12
    • 0017096409 scopus 로고
    • Modification of a technic of reconstruction after total or subtotal resection of the lower lip (Translated from French)
    • Poget M., Meyer R. (1976) Modification of a technic of reconstruction after total or subtotal resection of the lower lip (Translated from French) ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 38(Suppl 1):127-132 .
    • (1976) ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec , vol.38 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 127-132
    • Poget, M.1    Meyer, R.2
  • 14
    • 0029960791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STAT activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and amphiregulin. Requirement for the EGF receptor kinase but not for tyrosine phosphorylation sites or JAK1
    • David M., et al. (1996) STAT activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and amphiregulin. Requirement for the EGF receptor kinase but not for tyrosine phosphorylation sites or JAK1. J Biol Chem 271:9185-9188.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 9185-9188
    • David, M.1
  • 15
    • 77951043677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal transducers and activators of transcription- 3 binding to the fibroblast growth factor receptor is activated by receptor amplification
    • Dudka A.A., Sweet S.M., Heath J.K. (2010) Signal transducers and activators of transcription- 3 binding to the fibroblast growth factor receptor is activated by receptor amplification. Cancer Res 70:3391-3401.
    • (2010) Cancer Res , vol.70 , pp. 3391-3401
    • Dudka, A.A.1    Sweet, S.M.2    Heath, J.K.3
  • 16
    • 0037050212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirement of Stat3 signaling for HGF/SF-Met mediated tumorigenesis
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1205004
    • Zhang Y.W., Wang L.M., Jove R., Vande Woude G.F. (2002) Requirement of Stat3 signaling for HGF/SF-Met mediated tumorigenesis. Oncogene 21:217-226. (Pubitemid 34102130)
    • (2002) Oncogene , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 217-226
    • Zhang, Y.-W.1    Wang, L.-M.2    Jove, R.3    Vande, W.G.F.4
  • 17
    • 0037064121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ErbB-2 activates Stat3α in a Src- and JAK2-dependent manner
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M112438200
    • Ren Z., Schaefer T.S. (2002) ErbB-2 activates Stat3 alpha in a Src- and JAK2-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 277:38486-38493. (Pubitemid 35154707)
    • (2002) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.277 , Issue.41 , pp. 38486-38493
    • Ren, Z.1    Schaefer, T.S.2
  • 19
    • 70350778443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epigenetic switch involving NF-kappaB, Lin28, Let-7 MicroRNA, and IL6 links inflammation to cell transformation
    • Iliopoulos D., Hirsch H.A., Struhl K. (2009) An epigenetic switch involving NF-kappaB, Lin28, Let-7 MicroRNA, and IL6 links inflammation to cell transformation. Cell 139:693-706.
    • (2009) Cell , vol.139 , pp. 693-706
    • Iliopoulos, D.1    Hirsch, H.A.2    Struhl, K.3
  • 20
    • 0034726958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The JAK-inhibitor, JAB/SOCS-1 selectively inhibits cytokineinduced, but not v-Src induced JAK-STAT activation
    • Iwamoto T., et al. (2000) The JAK-inhibitor, JAB/SOCS-1 selectively inhibits cytokineinduced, but not v-Src induced JAK-STAT activation. Oncogene 19:4795-4801.
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 4795-4801
    • Iwamoto, T.1
  • 21
    • 0036190076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitutive activation of STAT3 and STAT5 is induced by leukemic fusion proteins with protein tyrosine kinase activity and is sufficient for transformation of hematopoietic precursor cells
    • DOI 10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00787-1, PII S0301472X01007871
    • Spiekermann K., et al. (2002) Constitutive activation of STAT3 and STAT5 is induced by leukemic fusion proteins with protein tyrosine kinase activity and is sufficient for transformation of hematopoietic precursor cells. Exp Hematol 30:262-271. (Pubitemid 34203733)
    • (2002) Experimental Hematology , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 262-271
    • Spiekermann, K.1    Pau, M.2    Schwab, R.3    Schmieja, K.4    Franzrahe, S.5    Hiddemann, W.6
  • 22
    • 33845865825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: Role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment
    • DOI 10.1038/nri1995, PII NRI1995
    • Yu H., Kortylewski M., Pardoll D. (2007) Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: Role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 7:41-51. (Pubitemid 46020826)
    • (2007) Nature Reviews Immunology , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-51
    • Yu, H.1    Kortylewski, M.2    Pardoll, D.3
  • 25
    • 33646557679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel activating function of c-Src and Stat3 on HGF transcription in mammary carcinoma cells
    • Wojcik E.J., et al. (2006) A novel activating function of c-Src and Stat3 on HGF transcription in mammary carcinoma cells. Oncogene 25:2773-2784.
    • (2006) Oncogene , vol.25 , pp. 2773-2784
    • Wojcik, E.J.1
  • 26
    • 79952646217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein expression profiles of C3H 10T1/2 murine fibroblasts and of isogenic cells transformed by the H1047R mutant of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)
    • Hart J.R., Liao L., Ueno L., Yates, J.R., 3rd, Vogt P.K. (2011) Protein expression profiles of C3H 10T1/2 murine fibroblasts and of isogenic cells transformed by the H1047R mutant of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Cell Cycle 10:971-976.
    • (2011) Cell Cycle , vol.10 , pp. 971-976
    • Hart, J.R.1    Liao, L.2    Ueno, L.3    Yates III, J.R.4    Vogt, P.K.5
  • 27
    • 34848837959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in controlling retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) expression
    • DOI 10.1002/jcp.21128
    • Su Z.Z., Sarkar D., Emdad L., Barral P.M., Fisher P.B. (2007) Central role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in controlling retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) expression. J Cell Physiol 213:502-510. (Pubitemid 47509733)
    • (2007) Journal of Cellular Physiology , vol.213 , Issue.2 , pp. 502-510
    • Su, Z.-Z.1    Sarkar, D.2    Emdad, L.3    Barral, P.M.4    Fisher, P.B.5
  • 30
    • 0034676267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and cyclin D1 expression by the Src oncoprotein in mouse fibroblasts: Role of activated STAT3 signaling
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1203947
    • Sinibaldi D., et al. (2000) Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 and cyclin D1 expression by the Src oncoprotein in mouse fibroblasts: Role of activated STAT3 signaling. Oncogene 19:5419-5427. (Pubitemid 32000908)
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , Issue.48 , pp. 5419-5427
    • Sinibaldi, D.1    Wharton, W.2    Turkson, J.3    Bowman, T.4    Pledger, W.J.5    Jove, R.6
  • 31
    • 0031555628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of the interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase Pkr promoter and identification of a novel DNA element within the 5'-flanking region of human and mouse Pkr genes
    • DOI 10.1006/viro.1996.8306
    • Kuhen K.L., Samuel C.E. (1997) Isolation of the interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase Pkr promoter and identification of a novel DNA element within the 5′-flanking region of human and mouse Pkr genes. Virology 227:119-130. (Pubitemid 27241061)
    • (1997) Virology , vol.227 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-130
    • Kuhen, K.L.1    Samuel, C.E.2
  • 32
    • 37049020693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging themes in IFN-gamma-induced macrophage immunity by the p47 and p65 GTPase families
    • DOI 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.09.018, PII S0171298507001064, Macrophage and Dendritic Cells
    • Shenoy A.R., et al. (2007) Emerging themes in IFN-gamma-induced macrophage immunity by the p47 and p65 GTPase families. Immunobiology 212:771-784. (Pubitemid 350246255)
    • (2008) Immunobiology , vol.212 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 771-784
    • Shenoy, A.R.1    Kim, B.-H.2    Choi, H.-P.3    Matsuzawa, T.4    Tiwari, S.5    MacMicking, J.D.6
  • 34
    • 0033968596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serine phosphorylation and maximal activation of STAT3 during CNTF signaling is mediated by the rapamycin target mTOR
    • DOI 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)00268-7
    • Yokogami K., Wakisaka S., Avruch J., Reeves S.A. (2000) Serine phosphorylation and maximal activation of STAT3 during CNTF signaling is mediated by the rapamycin target mTOR. Curr Biol 10:47-50. (Pubitemid 30057415)
    • (2000) Current Biology , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-50
    • Yokogami, K.1    Wakisaka, S.2    Avruch, J.3    Reeves, S.A.4
  • 35
    • 0036146164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construction and characterization of a replication-competent retroviral shuttle vector plasmid
    • DOI 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1762-1768.2002
    • Oh J., Julias J.G., Ferris A.L., Hughes S.H. (2002) Construction and characterization of a replication-competent retroviral shuttle vector plasmid. J Virol 76:1762-1768. (Pubitemid 34094623)
    • (2002) Journal of Virology , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 1762-1768
    • Oh, J.1    Julias, J.G.2    Ferris, A.L.3    Hughes, S.H.4
  • 36
    • 31944446094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukemia virus long terminal repeat activates NFkappaB pathway by a TLR3-dependent mechanism
    • DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.003, PII S0042682205006458
    • Abujamra A.L., et al. (2006) Leukemia virus long terminal repeat activates NFkappaB pathway by a TLR3-dependent mechanism. Virology 345:390-403. (Pubitemid 43189898)
    • (2006) Virology , vol.345 , Issue.2 , pp. 390-403
    • Abujamra, A.L.1    Spanjaard, R.A.2    Akinsheye, I.3    Zhao, X.4    Faller, D.V.5    Ghosh, S.K.6
  • 37
    • 67651155960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological properties of potent inhibitors of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases: From PI-103 through PI-540, PI-620 to the oral agent GDC-0941
    • Raynaud F.I., et al. (2009) Biological properties of potent inhibitors of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases: From PI-103 through PI-540, PI-620 to the oral agent GDC-0941. Mol Cancer Ther 8:1725-1738.
    • (2009) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.8 , pp. 1725-1738
    • Raynaud, F.I.1
  • 38
    • 0034693754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling network of the Btk family kinases
    • Qiu Y., Kung H.J. (2000) Signaling network of the Btk family kinases. Oncogene 19:5651-5661.
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 5651-5661
    • Qiu, Y.1    Kung, H.J.2
  • 39
    • 0032584160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etk/Bmx, a tyrosine kinase with a pleckstrin-homology domain, is an effector of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and is involved in interleukin 6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells
    • Qiu Y., Robinson D., Pretlow T.G., Kung H.J. (1998) Etk/Bmx, a tyrosine kinase with a pleckstrin-homology domain, is an effector of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and is involved in interleukin 6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3644-3649.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 3644-3649
    • Qiu, Y.1    Robinson, D.2    Pretlow, T.G.3    Kung, H.J.4
  • 40
    • 0034002476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etk, a Btk family tyrosine kinase, mediates cellular transformation by linking Src to STAT3 activation
    • Tsai Y.T., et al. (2000) Etk, a Btk family tyrosine kinase, mediates cellular transformation by linking Src to STAT3 activation. Mol Cell Biol 20:2043-2054.
    • (2000) Mol Cell Biol , vol.20 , pp. 2043-2054
    • Tsai, Y.T.1
  • 42
    • 0033515450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational design and synthesis of a novel anti-leukemic agent targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), LFM-A13 [alpha-cyano-beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-N- (2, 5-dibromophenyl)propenamide]
    • Mahajan S., et al. (1999) Rational design and synthesis of a novel anti-leukemic agent targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), LFM-A13 [alpha-cyano-beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-N-(2, 5-dibromophenyl)propenamide]. J Biol Chem 274:9587-9599.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 9587-9599
    • Mahajan, S.1
  • 43
    • 0030573991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-10 induces DNA binding activity of three STAT proteins (Stat1, Stat3, and Stat5) and their distinct combinatorial assembly in the promoters of selected genes
    • DOI 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00990-8
    • Wehinger J., et al. (1996) IL-10 induces DNA binding activity of three STAT proteins (Stat1, Stat3, and Stat5) and their distinct combinatorial assembly in the promoters of selected genes. FEBS Lett 394:365-370. (Pubitemid 26341476)
    • (1996) FEBS Letters , vol.394 , Issue.3 , pp. 365-370
    • Wehinger, J.1    Gouilleux, F.2    Groner, B.3    Finke, J.4    Mertelsmann, R.5    Weber-Nordt, R.M.6
  • 44
    • 77953176278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EZH2 and STAT6 expression profiles are correlated with colorectal cancer stage and prognosis
    • Wang C.G., et al. (2010) EZH2 and STAT6 expression profiles are correlated with colorectal cancer stage and prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 16:2421-2427.
    • (2010) World J Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 2421-2427
    • Wang, C.G.1
  • 45
    • 41149124798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-4-induced Stat6 activities affect apoptosis and gene expression in breast cancer cells
    • Zhang W.J., et al. (2008) IL-4-induced Stat6 activities affect apoptosis and gene expression in breast cancer cells. Cytokine 42:39-47.
    • (2008) Cytokine , vol.42 , pp. 39-47
    • Zhang, W.J.1
  • 46
    • 35148822215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) is a constitutively expressed survival factor in human prostate cancer
    • DOI 10.1002/pros.20640
    • Das S., Roth C.P., Wasson L.M., Vishwanatha J.K. (2007) Signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) is a constitutively expressed survival factor in human prostate cancer. Prostate 67:1550-1564. (Pubitemid 47536154)
    • (2007) Prostate , vol.67 , Issue.14 , pp. 1550-1564
    • Das, S.1    Roth, C.P.2    Wasson, L.M.3    Vishwanatha, J.K.4
  • 47
    • 67649382929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AKT-independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human cancer
    • Vasudevan K.M., et al. (2009) AKT-independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human cancer. Cancer Cell 16:21-32.
    • (2009) Cancer Cell , vol.16 , pp. 21-32
    • Vasudevan, K.M.1
  • 49
    • 79953757100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3
    • Guryanova O.A., et al. (2011) Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3. Cancer Cell 19:498-511.
    • (2011) Cancer Cell , vol.19 , pp. 498-511
    • Guryanova, O.A.1
  • 50
    • 0026507126 scopus 로고
    • A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes
    • Thornberry N.A., et al. (1992) A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin-1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356:768-774.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 768-774
    • Thornberry, N.A.1
  • 52
    • 0025059554 scopus 로고
    • Efficient transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts by c-Jun requires structural modification in coding and noncoding sequences
    • Bos T.J., et al. (1990) Efficient transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts by c-Jun requires structural modification in coding and noncoding sequences. Genes Dev 4:1677-1687.
    • (1990) Genes Dev , vol.4 , pp. 1677-1687
    • Bos, T.J.1
  • 53
    • 0014572514 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of two new avian tumor virus subgroups
    • Duff R.G., Vogt P.K. (1969) Characteristics of two new avian tumor virus subgroups. Virology 39:18-30.
    • (1969) Virology , vol.39 , pp. 18-30
    • Duff, R.G.1    Vogt, P.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.