Unique considerations in the patient with rectal cancer

Seminars in Oncology

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 542-551

  Minsky, Bruce D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CETUXIMAB; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; OXALIPLATIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABSCESS; ASTHENIA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; FATIGUE; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; NEUROPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; PAIN; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SKIN TOXICITY; STOMATITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VOMITING; WOUND;

EID: 79960973016     PISSN: 00937754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.05.008     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Leong S, Messersmith WA, Tan AC, Eckhardt SG. Novel agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer J. 2010;16:273-82.
2. Andre T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2343-51. (Pubitemid 38702845)
3. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger P, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy as compared with postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:11-20.
4. Fietkau R, Rodel C, Hohenberger W, et al. Rectal cancer delivery of radiotherapy in adequate time and with adequate dose is influenced by treatment center, treatment schedule, and gender and is prognostic parameter for local control: results of study CAO/ARO/AIO-94. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:1008-19.
5. Roh MS, Colangelo LH, O'Connell MJ, et al. Pre-operative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum (NSABPR- 03). J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5124-30.
6. Sargent D, Yothers G, van Cutsem E, et al. Use of two-year disease-free survival (DFS) as a primary endpoint in stage III adjuvant colon cancer trials with fluoropyrimidines with or without oxaliplatin or irinotecan: new data from 12,676 patients from MOSAIC, X-ACT, PETACC-3, NSABP C-06 and C-07, and C89803. Proc Am soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:170s.
7. Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Adjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: analysis of stage, sex, and local control-final report of Intergroup 0114. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1744-50. (Pubitemid 34273262)
8. Salerno GV, Daniels IR, Moran BJ, Heald RJ, Thomas K, Brown G. Magnetic resonance imaging prediction of an involved surgical resection margin in low rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:632-9.
9. Barbaro B, Valentini V, Coco C, et al. Tumor vascularity evaluated by transrectal color doppler US in predicting therapy outcome for low-lying rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1304-8. (Pubitemid 41628022)
10. Valentini V, DePaoli A, Gambacorta MA, et al. Chemoradiation with infusional 5-FU and ZD1839 (Gefitinib- Iressa) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66: s168.
11. Kim NK, Kim MJ, Park JK, Park SI, Min JS. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer with MRI: accuracy and clinical usefulness. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:732-7.
12. Nahas CSR, Akhurst T, Yeung H, et al. Positron emission tomography detection of distant metastatic or synchronous disease in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer receiving preoperative chemoradiation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:704-11.
13. Kristiansen C, Loft A, Berthelsen AK, et al. PET/CT and histopathologic response to preoperative chemoradiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:21-5.
14. Kalff V, Ware R, Heriot A, Chao M, Drummond E, Hicks RJ. Radiation changes do not interfere with postchemoradiation restaging of patients with rectal cancer by FDG PET/CT before curative surgical therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:60-6.
15. Dietz DW, Dehdashti F, Grigsby PW, et al. Tumor hypoxia detected by positron emission tomography with 60Cu-ATSM as a predictor of response and survival in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma: a pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1641-8.
16. Shami VM, Parmer KS, Waxman I. Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration in the management of rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:59-65. (Pubitemid 38040246)
17. Kim YH, Kim DY, Kim TH, et al. Usefulness of magnetic resonance volumetric evaluation in predicting response to preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with resectable rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:761-8.
18. Kuo LJ, Chern MC, Tsou MH, et al. Interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging for locally advanced rectal carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:23-8.
19. Barbaro B, Schulsinger A, Valentini V, Marano P, Rotman M. The accuracy of transrectal ultrasound in predicting the pathological stage of low-lying rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:1043-7. (Pubitemid 29144792)
20. Guillem JG, Chessin DB, Shia J, et al. Clinical examination following preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer is not a reliable surrogate endpoint. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3475-9.
21. Barbaro B, Fiorucci C, Tebala C, et al. Locally advanced rectal cancer: MR imaging in prediction of response after preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology. 2009;250:730-9.
22. Calvo FA, Domper M, Matute R, et al. 18F-FDG positron emission tomography staging and restaging in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:528-35. (Pubitemid 38142480)
23. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, et al. Sphincter preservation following preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomized trial comparing short-term radiotherapy vs. conventionally fractionated radiochemotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2004;72: 15-24. (Pubitemid 38952855)
24. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Michalski W, Bebenek M, Kryj M. Long term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2006; 93:1215-23. (Pubitemid 44547018)
25. Ngan S, Fischer R, Goldstein D, et al. A randomized trial comparing local recurrence (LR) rates between short course (SC) and long course (LC) radiotherapy (RT) for clinical T3 rectal cancer: an Intergroup (TROG, AGITG, CSSANZ, RACS). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28:15s.
26. van Dijk TH, Havenga K, Beukema J, et al. Short-course radiation therapy, neoadjuvant bevacizumab, capecitabine and oxaliplatin, and radical resection of primary tumor and metastasis in primary stage IV rectal cancer: a phase II multicenter study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28:295s.
27. Bosset JF, Collette L, Bardet E, Beny A, Ollier JC. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1114-23. (Pubitemid 44394918)
28. Gerard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol. 2006;28:4620-5. (Pubitemid 46630960)
29. Collette L, Bosset JF, den Dulk M, et al. Patients with curative resection of cT3-4 rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy: does anybody benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? A trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4379-86. (Pubitemid 350013843)
30. Valentini V, Aristei C, Glimelius B, et al. Multidisciplinary rectal cancer management: 2nd European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92:148-63.
31. Bujko K, Glynne-Jones R, Bujko M. Does adjuvant fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy provide a benefit for patients with resected rectal cancer who have already received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy? A systematic review of randomised trials. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:1743-50.
32. Valentini V, Aristei C, Glimelius B, et al. Multidisciplinary rectal cancer management: 2nd European RectalCancer Consensus Conference. Radiother Oncol 2009;92;148-63.
33. Nissan A, Stojadinovic A, Shia J, et al. Predictors of recurrence in patients with T2 and early T3, N0 adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with surgery alone. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4078-84. (Pubitemid 46622282)
34. Green FL, Stewart AK, Norton HJ. New tumor-nodemetastasis staging system for node-positive (stage III) rectal cancer: an analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22: 1778-84. (Pubitemid 41095167)
35. Kim JH, Beets GL, Kim MJ, Kessels AGH, Beets-Tan RGH. High-resolution MR imaging for nodal staging in rectal cancer: are there any criteria in addition to the size? Eur J Radiol. 2004;52:78-83.
36. Rengan R, Paty P, Wong WD, et al. Distal cT2N0 rectal cancer: is there an alternative to abdominoperineal resection? J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4905-12.
37. Guillem JG, Diaz-Gonzalez J, Minsky BD, et al. cT3N0 rectal cancer: potential overtreatment with preoperative chemoradiotherapy is warranted. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:368-73. (Pubitemid 351171686)
38. Mendenhall WM, Bland KI, Rout WR, Pfaff WW, Million RR, Copeland EM III. Clinically resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with preoperative irradiation and surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:287-90.
39. Cercek A, Weiser MR, Goodman KA, et al. Complete pathologic response in the primary of rectal or colon cancer treated with fFOLFOX without radiation. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28:15s.
40. Rosenberg R, Maak M, Schuster T, Becker K, Friess H, Gertler R. Does a rectal cancer of the upper third behave more like a colon or a rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:761-70.
41. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CAM, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638-46.
42. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:980-7.
43. Sauer R, Roedel C. The author's reply. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:510-1.
44. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P. What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:303-12.
45. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJH, Marijnen CAM, van Krieken JHJM. Low rectal cancer: a call for a change of approach in abdominoperineal resection. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:9257-64.
46. Guillem JG, Chessin DB, Shia J, et al. A prospective pathologic analysis using whole mount sections of rectal cancer following preoperative combined modality therapy. Implications for sphincter preservation. Ann Surg. 2007;245:88-93.
47. Branagan G, Chave H, Fuller C, McGee S, Finnis D. Can magnetic resonance imaging predict circumferential margins and TNM stage in rectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1317-22.
48. Burton S, Brown G, Daniels I, et al. MRI identified prognostic features of tumors in distal sigmoid, rectosigmoid, and upper rectum: treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:445-51.
49. Rutten H, Sebag-Montefiore D, Glynne-Jones R, et al. Capecitabine, oxaliplatin, radiotherapy, and excision (CORE) in patients with MRI-defined locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma: results of an international multicenter phase II study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006; 24:153s.
50. Bail SH, Kim NK, Lee YC, et al. Prognostic significance of circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14: 462-9. (Pubitemid 46175290)
51. Sebag-Montefiore D, Stephens RJ, Steele R, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicenter, randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;373:811-20.
52. Marijnen CAM, Nagtegaal ID, Kapiteijn E, et al. Radiotherapy does not compensate for positive resection margins in rectal cancer patients: report of a multicenter randomomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1311-20. (Pubitemid 36338299)
53. Habr-Gama A, Santinho B, de Souza PM, Ribeiro U, et al. Low rectal cancer. Impact of radiation and chemotherapy on surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41: 1087-96.
54. Gavioli M, Bagni A, Piccagli I, Fundaro S, Natalini G. Usefulness of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000; 43:1075-83.
55. Hiotis SP, Weber SM, Cohen AM, et al. Assessing the predictive value of clinical complete response to neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: an analysis of 488 patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;194:131-6. (Pubitemid 34118868)
56. Dzik-Jurask A, Domenig C, George M, et al. Diffusion MRI for prediction of response of rectal cancer to chemoradiation. Lancet. 2002;360:307-8. (Pubitemid 34874724)
57. Engelen SME, Beets-Tan RGH, Lahaye MJ, et al. MRI after chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer: a useful tool to select patients for local excision. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:979-86.
58. Glynne-Jones R, Wallace M, Livingstone JI, Meyrick Thomas J. Complete clinical response after preoeprative chemoradiation in rectal cancer: is a "wait and see" policy justified? Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:10-20.
59. Borschitz T, Wachtlin D, Mohler M, Schmidberger H, Junginger T. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and local excision for T2-3 rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:712-20.
60. Garcia-Aguilar J, Shi Q, Thomas CR, et al. Pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) of uT2UN0 rectal cancer (RC) treated by local excision (LE). Results of the ACOSOG Z6041 trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28:15s.
61. Aschele C, Pinto C, Cordio S, et al. Preoperative fluorouracil (FU) based chemoradiation with and without weekly oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic response analysis of the Studio Terapia Adjuvante Retto (STAR)-01 randomized phase III trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:804s.
62. Gerard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al. Comparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the phase III ACCORD 12/0405 PRODIGE 2. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:1638-44.
63. Das P, Lin EH, Bhatia S, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine versus protracted infusion 5-fluorouracil for rectal cancer: a matched-pair analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:1378-83.
64. Chung KY, Minsky B, Schrag D, et al. Phase I trial of preoperative cetuximab with concurrent contiuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and pelvic radiation in patients with local-regionally advanced rectal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:161s.
65. Rodel C, Arnold D, Hipp M, et al. Phase I-II trial of cetuximab, cpaecitabine, oxaliplatin, and radiotherapy as preoperative treatment in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:1081-6. (Pubitemid 351296110)
66. van Cutsem E, Lang I, D'haens G, et al. KRAS status and efficacy in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with FOLFIRI with or without cetuximab: the CRYSTAL experience. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1006s.
67. Chua YJ, Barbachano Y, Cunningham D, et al. Neoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin before chemoradiotherapy and total mesorectal excision in MRI-defined poor-risk rectal cancer: a phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:241-8.
68. Fernandez-Martos C, Aparicio J, Salud A, et al. Multicenter randomized phase II study of chemoradiation (CRT) followed by surgery (S) and chemotherapy (CT) versus induction chemotherapy followed by CRT and S in high-risk rectal cancer: GCR-3 final efficacy and safety results. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4103.
69. Stein DE, Mahmoud NN, Anne PR, et al. Longer time interval between completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgical resection does not improve downstaging of rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003; 46:448-53. (Pubitemid 36428037)
70. Valentini V, Coco C, Picciocchi A, et al. Does downstaging predict improved outcome after preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer? A long term analysis of 165 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:664-74. (Pubitemid 34626505)
71. Guillem JG, Chessin DB, Cohen AM, et al. Long term oncologic outcome following preoperative combined modality therapy and total mesorectal excision of locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2005; 241:829-38. (Pubitemid 40604929)
72. Capirci C, Valentini V, Cionini L, et al. Prognostic value of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: long-term analysis of 566 ypCR patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:99-107.
73. Bertolini F, Bengala C, Losi L, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of baseline and posttreatment molecular marker expression in locally advanced rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:1455-61. (Pubitemid 47176800)
74. Unsal D, Under A, Akyuerk N, Erpolat P, Dursin A, Pak Y. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression correlated with tumor response in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:196-203. (Pubitemid 44959478)
75. Johnston PG. Prognostic markers of local relapse in rectal cancer: are we any further forward? J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4049-50.
76. Kuremsky JG, Tepper JE, McLeod HL. Biomarkers for response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:673-88.
77. Konski A, Li T, Sigurdson E, et al. Use of molecular imaging to predict clinical outcome in patients with rectal cancer after preoperative chemotherapy and radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:55-9.
78. Mohiuddin M, Winter K, Mitchell E, et al. Randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant combined modality chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial 0012. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24: 650-5. (Pubitemid 46630429)
79. Meyer J, Czito B, Yin FF, Willett C. Advanced radiation therapy technologies in the treatment of rectal and anal cancer: intensity-modulated photon therapy and proton therapy. Clin Colorec Cancer. 2007;6:348-56. (Pubitemid 46340200)
80. Aristu JJ, Arbea L, Rodriguez J, et al. Phase I-II trial of concurrent capecitabine and oxaliplatin with preoperative intensity modulated radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71:748-55.
81. Tatsuzaki H, Urie MM, Willett CG. 3-D comparative study of proton vs. x-ray radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;22:369-74.
82. Callister MD, Ezzell GA, Gunderson LL. IMRT reduces the dose to small bowel and other pelvic organs in the preoperative treatment of rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:s290.
83. Roels S, Duthoy W, Haustermans K, et al. Definition and delineation of the clinical target volume for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1129-42.
84. Myerson RJ, Garofalo MC, El Naqa I, et al. Elective clinical target volumes for conformal therapy in anorectal cancer: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group consensus panel contouring atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:824-30.
85. Hofheinz RD, von Gerstenberg-Helldorf B, Wenz F, et al. Phase I trial of capecitabine and weekly irinotecan in combination with radiotherapy for neoadjuvant therapy of rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1350-7.
86. Fakih MG, Rajput A, Yang GY, et al. A phase I study of weekly intravenous oxaliplatin in combination with oral daily capecitabine and radiation therapy in the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1462-70. (Pubitemid 44425211)
87. Allal A, Bieri S, Gervaz P, et al. Preoperative concomitant hyperfractionated radiotherapy and gemcitaibine for locally advanced rectal cancers: a phase I-II trial. Cancer J. 2005;11:133-9. (Pubitemid 44698824)
88. Willett CG, Duda D, di Tomaso E, et al. Efficacy, safety, and biomarkers of neoadjuvant bevacizumab, radiation therapy, and fluorouracil in rectal cancer: a multidisciplinary phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3020-6.
89. Shin SJ, Kim NK, Keum KC, et al. Phase II study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with urinate plus S-1 in locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2010;95:303-7.
90. Hospers GAP, Punt CJA, Tesselaar ME, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in localy advanced rectal cancer: a phase I-II multicenter study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2773-9. (Pubitemid 47460621)
91. Machiels JP, Duck L, Honhon B, et al. Phase II study of preoperative oxaliplatin, capecitabine, and external beam radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer: the RadiOxCape study. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1898-905. (Pubitemid 41724278)
92. Avallone A, Delrio P, Guida C, et al. Biweekly oxaliplatin, raltitrexed, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid combination chemotherapy during preoperative radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase I-II study. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:1809-15. (Pubitemid 43882570)
93. Ryan DP, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, et al. Phase I/II study of preoperative oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and external-beam radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89901. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2557-62. (Pubitemid 46630634)
94. Krishnan S, Janjan NA, Hoff PM, et al. Phase II study of capecitabine (Xeloda) and concomitant boost radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:762-71. (Pubitemid 44436703)
95. Crane CH, Eng C, Feig BW, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant bevacizumab (BEV), capecitabine (CAP), and radiotherapy (XRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26:200s.
96. Bertolini F, Chiara S, Bengala C, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment with single-agent cetuximab followed by 5-FU, cetuximab, and pelvic radiotherapy: a phase II study in locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73:466-72.
97. Navarro M, Dotor E, Rivera F, et al. A phase II study of preoperative radiotherapy and concomitant weekly irinotecan in combination with protracted venous infusion 5-fluorouracil for resectable locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:201-5. (Pubitemid 44175647)
98. Valentini V, Coco C, Minsky BD, et al. Randomized multicenter phase IIB study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in T3 mid-distal rectal cancer: raltitrexed + oxaliplatin + radiotherapy versus cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil + radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:403-12.