메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 1 S, 2011, Pages 105-117

HIT paradigms and paradoxes

Author keywords

Danaparoid; Direct thrombin inhibitors; Fondaparinux; Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; Immune response; PF4 heparin complexes

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ARGATROBAN; COUMARIN; DANAPAROID; ENOXAPARIN; FC RECEPTOR IIA; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4; WARFARIN;

EID: 79960644200     PISSN: 15387933     EISSN: 15387836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04322.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (90)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0015598386 scopus 로고
    • Heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations
    • Rhodes GR, Dixon RH, Silver D. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1973; 136: 409-16.
    • (1973) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.136 , pp. 409-416
    • Rhodes, G.R.1    Dixon, R.H.2    Silver, D.3
  • 2
    • 85131234671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds., 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA
    • Warkentin TE. History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007: 1-19.
    • (2007) Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia , pp. 1-19
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 5
    • 0024357798 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets
    • Chong BH, Fawaz I, Chestermann CN, Berndt MC. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets. Br J Haematol 1989; 73: 235-40.
    • (1989) Br J Haematol , vol.73 , pp. 235-240
    • Chong, B.H.1    Fawaz, I.2    Chestermann, C.N.3    Berndt, M.C.4
  • 6
    • 0029887360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes without thrombocytopenia in patients treated with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin
    • Amiral J, Peynaud-Debayle E, Wolf M, Bridey F, Vissac AM, Meyer D. Generation of antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes without thrombocytopenia in patients treated with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Hematol 1996; 52: 90-5.
    • (1996) Am J Hematol , vol.52 , pp. 90-95
    • Amiral, J.1    Peynaud-Debayle, E.2    Wolf, M.3    Bridey, F.4    Vissac, A.M.5    Meyer, D.6
  • 8
    • 28244476376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class do we need?
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Moore KM, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class do we need? J Lab Clin Med 2005; 146: 341-6.
    • (2005) J Lab Clin Med , vol.146 , pp. 341-346
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2    Moore, J.C.3    Moore, K.M.4    Sigouin, C.S.5    Kelton, J.G.6
  • 9
    • 27144489083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacement of unfractionated heparin by low-molecular-weight heparin for postorthopedic surgery antithrombotic prophylaxis lowers the overall risk of symptomatic thrombosis because of a lower frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Greinacher A, Eichler P, Lietz T, Warkentin TE. Replacement of unfractionated heparin by low-molecular-weight heparin for postorthopedic surgery antithrombotic prophylaxis lowers the overall risk of symptomatic thrombosis because of a lower frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005; 106: 2921-2.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.106 , pp. 2921-2922
    • Greinacher, A.1    Eichler, P.2    Lietz, T.3    Warkentin, T.E.4
  • 10
    • 67949124723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Bakchoul T, Giptner A, Najaoui A, Bein G, Santoso S, Sachs UJH. Prospective evaluation of immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 1260-5.
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 1260-1265
    • Bakchoul, T.1    Giptner, A.2    Najaoui, A.3    Bein, G.4    Santoso, S.5    Sachs, U.J.H.6
  • 11
    • 36749095644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the potential for overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
    • Lo GK, Sigouin CS, Warkentin TE. What is the potential for overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia? Am J Hematol 2007; 82: 1037-43.
    • (2007) Am J Hematol , vol.82 , pp. 1037-1043
    • Lo, G.K.1    Sigouin, C.S.2    Warkentin, T.E.3
  • 12
    • 0028335456 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and comparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    • Greinacher A, Amiral J, Dummel V, Vissac A, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and comparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transfusion 1994; 34: 381-5.
    • (1994) Transfusion , vol.34 , pp. 381-385
    • Greinacher, A.1    Amiral, J.2    Dummel, V.3    Vissac, A.4    Kiefel, V.5    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.6
  • 13
    • 0022640930 scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Sheridan D, Carter C, Kelton JG. A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 1986; 67: 27-30.
    • (1986) Blood , vol.67 , pp. 27-30
    • Sheridan, D.1    Carter, C.2    Kelton, J.G.3
  • 14
    • 0026646478 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of donor platelet variability when testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Smith CA, Kelly PM, Kelton JG. Determinants of donor platelet variability when testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120: 371-9.
    • (1992) J Lab Clin Med , vol.120 , pp. 371-379
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Hayward, C.P.M.2    Smith, C.A.3    Kelly, P.M.4    Kelton, J.G.5
  • 15
    • 45949112509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 1304-12.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 1304-1312
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2    Moore, J.C.3    Sigouin, C.S.4    Kelton, J.G.5
  • 16
    • 0029035681 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin
    • Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Horsewood P, Roberts RS, Gent M, Kelton JG. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1330-5.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1330-1335
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Levine, M.N.2    Hirsh, J.3    Horsewood, P.4    Roberts, R.S.5    Gent, M.6    Kelton, J.G.7
  • 18
    • 0037610515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients
    • Warkentin TE, Roberts RS, Hirsh J, Kelton JG. An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2518-24.
    • (2003) Arch Intern Med , vol.163 , pp. 2518-2524
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Roberts, R.S.2    Hirsh, J.3    Kelton, J.G.4
  • 19
    • 79953896673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of laboratory testing for heparin-induced antibodies: using Bayes' rule to prevent overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. [Bedeutung von Laboruntersuchungen von Heparin-induzierten Antikörpern: Einsatz des Bayes Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorems zur Prävention der Überdiagnose einer Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie]
    • Warkentin TE, Cook RJ. Impact of laboratory testing for heparin-induced antibodies: using Bayes' rule to prevent overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. [Bedeutung von Laboruntersuchungen von Heparin-induzierten Antikörpern: Einsatz des Bayes Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorems zur Prävention der Überdiagnose einer Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie]. J Lab Med 2011; 35: 45-54.
    • (2011) J Lab Med , vol.35 , pp. 45-54
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Cook, R.J.2
  • 20
    • 0025951938 scopus 로고
    • A rapid and sensitive test for diagnosing heparin-associated thrombocytopenia
    • Greinacher A, Michels I, Kiefel V, Mueller-Eckhardt C. A rapid and sensitive test for diagnosing heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1991; 66: 734-6.
    • (1991) Thromb Haemost , vol.66 , pp. 734-736
    • Greinacher, A.1    Michels, I.2    Kiefel, V.3    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.4
  • 21
    • 0026638091 scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, Vissoc AM, Fressinaud E, Wolf M, Meyer D. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 95-6.
    • (1992) Thromb Haemost , vol.68 , pp. 95-96
    • Amiral, J.1    Bridey, F.2    Dreyfus, M.3    Vissoc, A.M.4    Fressinaud, E.5    Wolf, M.6    Meyer, D.7
  • 22
    • 0028243705 scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4
    • Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Denomme GA, Horsewood P. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood 1994; 83: 3232-9.
    • (1994) Blood , vol.83 , pp. 3232-3239
    • Kelton, J.G.1    Smith, J.W.2    Warkentin, T.E.3    Hayward, C.P.M.4    Denomme, G.A.5    Horsewood, P.6
  • 23
    • 0028014541 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen
    • Greinacher A, Potzsch B, Amiral J, Dummel V, Eichner A, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 247-51.
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost , vol.71 , pp. 247-251
    • Greinacher, A.1    Potzsch, B.2    Amiral, J.3    Dummel, V.4    Eichner, A.5    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.6
  • 24
    • 0028009642 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies from patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells
    • Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, Aster RH. Antibodies from patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 81-8.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.93 , pp. 81-88
    • Visentin, G.P.1    Ford, S.E.2    Scott, J.P.3    Aster, R.H.4
  • 25
    • 85131246527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds., 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA
    • Lee DH, Warkentin TE. Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007: 67-116.
    • (2007) Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia , pp. 67-116
    • Lee, D.H.1    Warkentin, T.E.2
  • 26
    • 0029878458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenicity of IgA and/or IgM antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Amiral J, Wolf M, Fischer AM, Boyer-Neumann C, Vissac AM, Meyer D. Pathogenicity of IgA and/or IgM antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 954-9.
    • (1996) Br J Haematol , vol.92 , pp. 954-959
    • Amiral, J.1    Wolf, M.2    Fischer, A.M.3    Boyer-Neumann, C.4    Vissac, A.M.5    Meyer, D.6
  • 27
    • 0030887879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the humoral immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Suh JS, Malik MI, Aster RH, Visentin GP. Characterization of the humoral immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 1997; 54: 196-201.
    • (1997) Am J Hematol , vol.54 , pp. 196-201
    • Suh, J.S.1    Malik, M.I.2    Aster, R.H.3    Visentin, G.P.4
  • 28
    • 0034079490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affinity purification of heparin-dependent antibodies to platelet factor 4 developed in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: biological characteristics and effects on platelet activation
    • Amiral J, Pouplard C, Vissac AM, Walenga JM, Jeske W, Gruel Y. Affinity purification of heparin-dependent antibodies to platelet factor 4 developed in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: biological characteristics and effects on platelet activation. Br J Haematol 2000; 109: 336-41.
    • (2000) Br J Haematol , vol.109 , pp. 336-341
    • Amiral, J.1    Pouplard, C.2    Vissac, A.M.3    Walenga, J.M.4    Jeske, W.5    Gruel, Y.6
  • 29
    • 67649470557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive tests for heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Pauzner R, Greinacher A, Selleng K, Althaus K, Shenkman B, Seligsohn U. False-positive tests for heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 1070-4.
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 1070-1074
    • Pauzner, R.1    Greinacher, A.2    Selleng, K.3    Althaus, K.4    Shenkman, B.5    Seligsohn, U.6
  • 31
    • 0034937429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of heparin-platelet factor 4-IgG antibodies improves diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Lindhoff-Last E, Gerdsen F, Ackermann H, Bauersachs R. Determination of heparin-platelet factor 4-IgG antibodies improves diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 886-90.
    • (2001) Br J Haematol , vol.113 , pp. 886-890
    • Lindhoff-Last, E.1    Gerdsen, F.2    Ackermann, H.3    Bauersachs, R.4
  • 32
    • 73049111995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of well-characterized sera for the assessment of new diagnostic enzyme-immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Kelton JG. The use of well-characterized sera for the assessment of new diagnostic enzyme-immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 216-8.
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 216-218
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2    Moore, J.C.3    Kelton, J.G.4
  • 33
    • 77956593113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the high-dose heparin confirmatory step for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Whitlatch NL, Kong DF, Metjian AD, Arepally GM, Ortel TL. Validation of the high-dose heparin confirmatory step for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010; 116: 1761-6.
    • (2010) Blood , vol.116 , pp. 1761-1766
    • Whitlatch, N.L.1    Kong, D.F.2    Metjian, A.D.3    Arepally, G.M.4    Ortel, T.L.5
  • 34
    • 33644610355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No significant improvement in diagnostic specificity of an anti-PF4/polyanion immunoassay with use of high heparin confirmatory procedure
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. No significant improvement in diagnostic specificity of an anti-PF4/polyanion immunoassay with use of high heparin confirmatory procedure. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 281-2.
    • (2006) J Thromb Haemost , vol.4 , pp. 281-282
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2
  • 35
    • 79952993615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance characteristics of two commercially available IgG-specific immunoassays in the assessment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
    • Bakchoul T, Giptner A, Bein G, Santoso S, Sachs UJH. Performance characteristics of two commercially available IgG-specific immunoassays in the assessment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Thromb Res 2011; 127: 345-8.
    • (2011) Thromb Res , vol.127 , pp. 345-348
    • Bakchoul, T.1    Giptner, A.2    Bein, G.3    Santoso, S.4    Sachs, U.J.H.5
  • 36
    • 79960638918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined use of the high heparin step and optical density to optimize diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of an anti-PF4/heparin enzyme-immunoassay
    • Epub ahead of print 25 May 2011].
    • Althaus K, Strobel U, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Combined use of the high heparin step and optical density to optimize diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of an anti-PF4/heparin enzyme-immunoassay. Thromb Res 2011. [Epub ahead of print 25 May 2011].
    • (2011) Thromb Res
    • Althaus, K.1    Strobel, U.2    Warkentin, T.E.3    Greinacher, A.4
  • 37
  • 39
    • 34247617785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical sample investigation (CSI) hematology: pinpointing the precise onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. Clinical sample investigation (CSI) hematology: pinpointing the precise onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 636-7.
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , pp. 636-637
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2
  • 41
    • 0035953702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1286-92.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1286-1292
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Kelton, J.G.2
  • 42
    • 78851468851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venous limb gangrene and fatal hemorrhage: adverse consequences of HIT "overdiagnosis" in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Smythe MA, Warkentin TE, Woodhouse AL, Zakalik D. Venous limb gangrene and fatal hemorrhage: adverse consequences of HIT "overdiagnosis" in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Hematol 2011; 86: 188-91.
    • (2011) Am J Hematol , vol.86 , pp. 188-191
    • Smythe, M.A.1    Warkentin, T.E.2    Woodhouse, A.L.3    Zakalik, D.4
  • 43
    • 34447617364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes
    • Greinacher A, Juhl D, Strobel U, Wessel A, Lubenow N, Selleng K, Eichler P, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of anti-PF4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1666-73.
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , pp. 1666-1673
    • Greinacher, A.1    Juhl, D.2    Strobel, U.3    Wessel, A.4    Lubenow, N.5    Selleng, K.6    Eichler, P.7    Warkentin, T.E.8
  • 44
    • 79551583832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The frequency and clinical significance of thrombocytopenia complicating critical illness: a systematic review
    • Hui P, Cook DJ, Lim W, Fraser GA, Arnold DM. The frequency and clinical significance of thrombocytopenia complicating critical illness: a systematic review. Chest 2011; 139: 271-8.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 271-278
    • Hui, P.1    Cook, D.J.2    Lim, W.3    Fraser, G.A.4    Arnold, D.M.5
  • 45
    • 73049094086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-onset and persisting thrombocytopenia in post-cardiac surgery patients is rarely due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia even when antibody tests are positive
    • Selleng S, Malowsky B, Strobel U, Wessel A, Ittermann T, Wollert HG, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Early-onset and persisting thrombocytopenia in post-cardiac surgery patients is rarely due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia even when antibody tests are positive. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 30-6.
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 30-36
    • Selleng, S.1    Malowsky, B.2    Strobel, U.3    Wessel, A.4    Ittermann, T.5    Wollert, H.G.6    Warkentin, T.E.7    Greinacher, A.8
  • 46
    • 39549110000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients requiring prolonged intensive care unit treatment after cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Selleng S, Selleng K, Wollert HG, Muellejans B, Lietz T, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients requiring prolonged intensive care unit treatment after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 428-35.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 428-435
    • Selleng, S.1    Selleng, K.2    Wollert, H.G.3    Muellejans, B.4    Lietz, T.5    Warkentin, T.E.6    Greinacher, A.7
  • 48
    • 28444494385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin
    • Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Eriksson BI, Greinacher A, Kelton JG. Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood 2005; 106: 3791-6.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.106 , pp. 3791-3796
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Cook, R.J.2    Marder, V.J.3    Sheppard, J.I.4    Moore, J.C.5    Eriksson, B.I.6    Greinacher, A.7    Kelton, J.G.8
  • 50
    • 77949290812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-PF4/heparin antibody formation post-orthopedic surgery thromboprophylaxis: the role of non-drug risk factors and evidence for a stoichiometry-based model of immunization
    • Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Greinacher A. Anti-PF4/heparin antibody formation post-orthopedic surgery thromboprophylaxis: the role of non-drug risk factors and evidence for a stoichiometry-based model of immunization. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 504-12.
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 504-512
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Cook, R.J.2    Marder, V.J.3    Greinacher, A.4
  • 51
    • 85131238641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical picture of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds., 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA
    • Warkentin TE. Clinical picture of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, 4th edn. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007: 21-66.
    • (2007) Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia , pp. 21-66
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 54
    • 44549083477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings
    • Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, Weitschies W, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res 2008; 122: 211-20.
    • (2008) Thromb Res , vol.122 , pp. 211-220
    • Greinacher, A.1    Alban, S.2    Omer-Adam, M.A.3    Weitschies, W.4    Warkentin, T.E.5
  • 55
    • 33644745161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications
    • Rauova L, Zhai L, Kowalska MA, Arepally GM, Cines DB, Poncz M. Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood 2006; 107: 2346-53.
    • (2006) Blood , vol.107 , pp. 2346-2353
    • Rauova, L.1    Zhai, L.2    Kowalska, M.A.3    Arepally, G.M.4    Cines, D.B.5    Poncz, M.6
  • 56
    • 45549099235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Makris M, Jay RM, Kelton JG. A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 2008; 121: 632-6.
    • (2008) Am J Med , vol.121 , pp. 632-636
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Makris, M.2    Jay, R.M.3    Kelton, J.G.4
  • 57
    • 49849098449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) during warfarin thromboprophylaxis following orthopedic surgery: another example of 'spontaneous' HIT?
    • Jay RM, Warkentin TE. Fatal heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) during warfarin thromboprophylaxis following orthopedic surgery: another example of 'spontaneous' HIT? J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 1598-600.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 1598-1600
    • Jay, R.M.1    Warkentin, T.E.2
  • 58
    • 59849084139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) during postoperative warfarin thromboprophylaxis: a second example of postorthopedic surgery 'spontaneous' HIT?
    • Pruthi RK, Daniels PR, Nambudiri GS, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) during postoperative warfarin thromboprophylaxis: a second example of postorthopedic surgery 'spontaneous' HIT? J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 499-501.
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 499-501
    • Pruthi, R.K.1    Daniels, P.R.2    Nambudiri, G.S.3    Warkentin, T.E.4
  • 59
    • 78650797980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A patient with 'spontaneous' heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after undergoing knee replacement
    • Mallik A, Carlson KB, DeSancho MT. A patient with 'spontaneous' heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after undergoing knee replacement. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 22: 73-5.
    • (2011) Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis , vol.22 , pp. 73-75
    • Mallik, A.1    Carlson, K.B.2    DeSancho, M.T.3
  • 62
    • 15744402255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of heparin-PF4 complex antibody formation and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in acute coronary syndrome
    • HIT Research Group of Japan.
    • Matsuo T, Tomaru T, Kario K, Hirokawa T, HIT Research Group of Japan. Incidence of heparin-PF4 complex antibody formation and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Res 2005; 115: 475-81.
    • (2005) Thromb Res , vol.115 , pp. 475-481
    • Matsuo, T.1    Tomaru, T.2    Kario, K.3    Hirokawa, T.4
  • 63
    • 0030281338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996; 101: 502-7.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.101 , pp. 502-507
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Kelton, J.G.2
  • 64
    • 0142258733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical comparison of lepirudin and argatroban
    • Warkentin TE. Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical comparison of lepirudin and argatroban. Thromb Res 2003; 110: 73-82.
    • (2003) Thromb Res , vol.110 , pp. 73-82
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 65
    • 0027971564 scopus 로고
    • Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Boshkov LK, Santos AV, Sheppard JI, Bode AP, Kelton JG. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 1994; 84: 3691-9.
    • (1994) Blood , vol.84 , pp. 3691-3699
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Hayward, C.P.M.2    Boshkov, L.K.3    Santos, A.V.4    Sheppard, J.I.5    Bode, A.P.6    Kelton, J.G.7
  • 66
    • 0032834309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of platelet-derived microparticles and procoagulant activity by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia IgG/serum and other IgG platelet agonists: a comparison with standard platelet agonists
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. Generation of platelet-derived microparticles and procoagulant activity by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia IgG/serum and other IgG platelet agonists: a comparison with standard platelet agonists. Platelets 1999; 10: 319-26.
    • (1999) Platelets , vol.10 , pp. 319-326
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2
  • 69
    • 0023109003 scopus 로고
    • Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia
    • Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 581-9.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 581-589
    • Cines, D.B.1    Tomaski, A.2    Tannenbaum, S.3
  • 72
    • 0029852157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant/anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant/anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev 1996; 10: 249-58.
    • (1996) Transfus Med Rev , vol.10 , pp. 249-258
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 73
    • 79960623649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies inhibit PF4-dependent enhancement of activated protein C formation by binding to antigenic complexes formed with the chondroitin sulfate side-chain of thrombomodulin
    • Abstract).
    • Kowalska MA, Rauova L, Hayes V, Cines DB, Bougie DW, Aster RH, Krishnaswamy S, Poncz M. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies inhibit PF4-dependent enhancement of activated protein C formation by binding to antigenic complexes formed with the chondroitin sulfate side-chain of thrombomodulin. Blood 2010; 116 (Suppl.): 318 (Abstract).
    • (2010) Blood , vol.116 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 318
    • Kowalska, M.A.1    Rauova, L.2    Hayes, V.3    Cines, D.B.4    Bougie, D.W.5    Aster, R.H.6    Krishnaswamy, S.7    Poncz, M.8
  • 74
    • 0035797925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
    • Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 502-6.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , pp. 502-506
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Kelton, J.G.2
  • 76
    • 28444447972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies in the serotonin release assay is not dependent on the presence of heparin
    • Prechel MM, McDonald MK, Jeske WP, Messmore HL, Walenga JM. Activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies in the serotonin release assay is not dependent on the presence of heparin. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 2168-75.
    • (2005) J Thromb Haemost , vol.3 , pp. 2168-2175
    • Prechel, M.M.1    McDonald, M.K.2    Jeske, W.P.3    Messmore, H.L.4    Walenga, J.M.5
  • 77
    • 37549049381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-independent activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies: a common occurrence
    • Socher I, Kroll H, Jorks S, Santoso S, Sachs UJ. Heparin-independent activation of platelets by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies: a common occurrence. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 197-200.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 197-200
    • Socher, I.1    Kroll, H.2    Jorks, S.3    Santoso, S.4    Sachs, U.J.5
  • 78
    • 79960629597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real world issues
    • in press.
    • Linkins LA, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real world issues. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; in press.
    • (2011) Semin Thromb Hemost
    • Linkins, L.A.1    Warkentin, T.E.2
  • 79
    • 43949108861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin
    • Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 819-29.
    • (2008) Thromb Haemost , vol.99 , pp. 819-829
    • Greinacher, A.1    Warkentin, T.E.2
  • 80
    • 77955119891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agents for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE. Agents for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010; 24: 755-75.
    • (2010) Hematol Oncol Clin North Am , vol.24 , pp. 755-775
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 81
    • 77952552934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of monitoring methods for lepirudin: impact of warfarin and lupus anticoagulant
    • Salmela B, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Saarela E, Lassila R. Comparison of monitoring methods for lepirudin: impact of warfarin and lupus anticoagulant. Thromb Res 2010; 125: 538-44.
    • (2010) Thromb Res , vol.125 , pp. 538-544
    • Salmela, B.1    Joutsi-Korhonen, L.2    Saarela, E.3    Lassila, R.4
  • 82
    • 34447503698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring direct thrombin inhibitors with a plasma diluted thrombin time
    • Love JE, Ferrell C, Chandler WL. Monitoring direct thrombin inhibitors with a plasma diluted thrombin time. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 234-42.
    • (2007) Thromb Haemost , vol.98 , pp. 234-242
    • Love, J.E.1    Ferrell, C.2    Chandler, W.L.3
  • 84
    • 33644641649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a systematic evaluation of treatment outcomes for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving danaparoid, ancrod, and/or coumarin explain the rapid shift in clinical practice during the 1990s
    • Lubenow N, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Wessel A, Sloane DA, Krahn EL, Magnani HN. Results of a systematic evaluation of treatment outcomes for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving danaparoid, ancrod, and/or coumarin explain the rapid shift in clinical practice during the 1990s. Thromb Res 2006; 117: 507-15.
    • (2006) Thromb Res , vol.117 , pp. 507-515
    • Lubenow, N.1    Warkentin, T.E.2    Greinacher, A.3    Wessel, A.4    Sloane, D.A.5    Krahn, E.L.6    Magnani, H.N.7
  • 85
    • 18844385757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with fondaparinux
    • Kuo KHM, Kovacs MJ. Successful treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with fondaparinux. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 999-1000.
    • (2005) Thromb Haemost , vol.93 , pp. 999-1000
    • Kuo, K.H.M.1    Kovacs, M.J.2
  • 86
    • 38349160990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Lobo B, Finch C, Howard A, Minhas S. Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 208-14.
    • (2008) Thromb Haemost , vol.99 , pp. 208-214
    • Lobo, B.1    Finch, C.2    Howard, A.3    Minhas, S.4
  • 87
    • 78650384121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux for the treatment of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a single-center experience
    • Grouzi E, Kyriakou E, Panagou I, Spiliotopoulou I. Fondaparinux for the treatment of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a single-center experience. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 16: 663-7.
    • (2010) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.16 , pp. 663-667
    • Grouzi, E.1    Kyriakou, E.2    Panagou, I.3    Spiliotopoulou, I.4
  • 88
    • 78049443734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? can it treat HIT?
    • Warkentin TE. Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? can it treat HIT? Expert Rev Hematol 2010; 3: 567-81.
    • (2010) Expert Rev Hematol , vol.3 , pp. 567-581
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 89
    • 78751649594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG-class anti-PF4/heparin antibodies and symptomatic DVT in orthopedic surgery patients receiving different anti-thromboembolic prophylaxis therapeutics
    • Epub ahead of print].
    • Motokawa S, Torigoshi T, Maeda Y, Maeda K, Jiuchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Someya S, Shindo H, Migita K. IgG-class anti-PF4/heparin antibodies and symptomatic DVT in orthopedic surgery patients receiving different anti-thromboembolic prophylaxis therapeutics. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12: 22 [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2011) BMC Musculoskelet Disord , vol.12 , pp. 22
    • Motokawa, S.1    Torigoshi, T.2    Maeda, Y.3    Maeda, K.4    Jiuchi, Y.5    Yamaguchi, T.6    Someya, S.7    Shindo, H.8    Migita, K.9
  • 90
    • 34250749333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with fondaparinux
    • Warkentin TE, Maurer BT, Aster RH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with fondaparinux. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2653-4.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 2653-2654
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Maurer, B.T.2    Aster, R.H.3
  • 91
    • 43749116913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux-related thrombocytopenia in a previous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-induced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
    • Rota E, Bazzan M, Fantino G. Fondaparinux-related thrombocytopenia in a previous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-induced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 779-81.
    • (2008) Thromb Haemost , vol.99 , pp. 779-781
    • Rota, E.1    Bazzan, M.2    Fantino, G.3
  • 92
    • 78049442729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux thromboprophylaxis-associated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome complicated by arterial thrombotic stroke
    • Salem M, Elrefai S, Shrit MA, Warkentin TE. Fondaparinux thromboprophylaxis-associated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome complicated by arterial thrombotic stroke. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104: 1071-2.
    • (2010) Thromb Haemost , vol.104 , pp. 1071-1072
    • Salem, M.1    Elrefai, S.2    Shrit, M.A.3    Warkentin, T.E.4
  • 94
    • 45549095823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can heparin-induced thrombocytopenia be associated with fondaparinux use? Reply to a rebuttal
    • Warkentin TE, Lim W. Can heparin-induced thrombocytopenia be associated with fondaparinux use? Reply to a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 1243-6.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 1243-1246
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Lim, W.2
  • 95
    • 82755189078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux treatment of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) confirmed by a positive serotonin-release assay (SRA+)
    • in press (Abstract).
    • Warkentin TE, Pai M, Schulman S, Spyropoulos A, Eikelboom JW. Fondaparinux treatment of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) confirmed by a positive serotonin-release assay (SRA+). J Thromb Haemost 2011; in press (Abstract).
    • (2011) J Thromb Haemost
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Pai, M.2    Schulman, S.3    Spyropoulos, A.4    Eikelboom, J.W.5
  • 96
    • 45949103154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition)
    • Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008; 6 (Suppl.): 340S-80S.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Greinacher, A.2    Koster, A.3    Lincoff, A.M.4
  • 97
    • 33845284214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudo-pulmonary embolism as a sign of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients: safety of resuming heparin after disappearance of HIT antibodies
    • Hartman V, Malbrain M, Daelemans R, Meersman P, Zachée P. Pseudo-pulmonary embolism as a sign of acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients: safety of resuming heparin after disappearance of HIT antibodies. Nephron Clin Pract 2006; 104: c143-8.
    • (2006) Nephron Clin Pract , vol.104
    • Hartman, V.1    Malbrain, M.2    Daelemans, R.3    Meersman, P.4    Zachée, P.5
  • 99
    • 0025123794 scopus 로고
    • Fatal effect of reexposure to heparin after previous heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
    • Gruel Y, Lang M, Darnige L, Pacouret G, Dreyfus X, Leroy J, Charbonnier B. Fatal effect of reexposure to heparin after previous heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Lancet 1990; 336: 1077-8.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 1077-1078
    • Gruel, Y.1    Lang, M.2    Darnige, L.3    Pacouret, G.4    Dreyfus, X.5    Leroy, J.6    Charbonnier, B.7
  • 100
    • 0034680004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Pötzsch B, Klövekorn WP, Madlener K. Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 515.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 515
    • Pötzsch, B.1    Klövekorn, W.P.2    Madlener, K.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.