Telomerase and the endocrine system

Nature Reviews Endocrinology

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 420-430

  Pacini, Furio ^a   Cantara, Silvia ^a   Capezzone, Marco ^a   Marchisotta, Stefania ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TELOMERASE;

CARCINOGENESIS; CELL AGING; CELL DIVISION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; ENDOCRINE TUMOR; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMAN; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; TELOMERE;

ANIMALS; CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE; DNA REPEAT EXPANSION; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; HUMANS; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; NEOPLASMS; RNA; TELOMERASE; TELOMERE;

EID: 79959622154     PISSN: 17595029     EISSN: 17595037     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.52     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Watson, J. D. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat. New Biol. 239, 197-201 (1972).
2. Olovnikov, A. M. A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J. Theor. Biol. 41, 181-190 (1973).
3. Blackburn, E. H. & Gall J. G. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J. Mol. Biol. 120, 33-53 (1978). (Pubitemid 8312910)
4. Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 43, 405-413 (1985). (Pubitemid 16213265)
5. Wyatt, H. D., West, S. C. & Beattie, T. L. InTERTpreting telomerase structure and function. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 5609-5622 (2010).
6. Fu, D. & Collins, K. Purification of human telomerase complexes identifies factors involved in telomerase biogenesis and telomere length regulation. Mol. Cell 28, 773-785 (2007). (Pubitemid 350217053)
7. Venteicher, A. S., Meng, Z., Mason, P. J., Veenstra, T. D. & Artandi, S. E. Identification of ATPases pontin and reptin as telomerase components essential for holoenzyme assembly. Cell 132, 945-957 (2008). (Pubitemid 351381739)
8. Gillis, A. J., Schuller, A. P. & Skordalakes, E. Structure of the Tribolium castaneum telomerase catalytic subunit TERT. Nature 455, 633-637 (2008).
9. Harrington, L., et al. Human telomerase contains evolutionarily conserved catalytic and structural subunits. Genes Dev. 11, 3109-3115 (1997). (Pubitemid 27528051)
10. Mitchell, M., Gillis, A., Futahashi, M., Fujiwara, H. & Skordalakes, E. Structural basis for telomerase catalytic subunit TERT binding to RNA template and telomeric DNA. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 513-518 (2010).
11. Jacobs, S. A., Podell, E. R. & Cech, T. R. Crystal structure of the essential N-terminal domain of telomerase reverse transcriptase. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 218-225 (2006). (Pubitemid 43348507)
12. Schaetzlein, S. & Rudolph, K. L. Telomere length regulation during cloning, embryogenesis and ageing. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 85-96 (2005). (Pubitemid 40103667)
13. Ozer, H. L., et al. SV40-mediated immortalization of human fibroblasts. Exp. Gerontol. 31, 303-310 (1996). (Pubitemid 26079681)
14. Shay, J. W., Pereira-Smith, O. M. & Wright, W. E. A role for both RB and p53 in the regulation of human cellular senescence. Exp. Cell Res. 196, 33-39 (1991). (Pubitemid 121006368)
15. Counter, C. M., et al. Telomere shortening associated with chromosome instability is arrested in immortal cells which express telomerase activity. EMBO J. 11, 1921-1929 (1992).
16. Karlseder, J., Smogorzewska, A. & de Lange, T. Senescence induced by altered telomere state, not telomere loss. Science 295, 2446-2449 (2002). (Pubitemid 34270257)
17. Celli, G. B. & de Lange, T. DNA processing is not required for ATM-mediated telomere damage response after TRF2 deletion. Nat. Cell Biol. 7, 712-718 (2005). (Pubitemid 40975753)
18. Murnane, J. P., Sabatier, L., Marder, B. A. & Morgan, W. F. Telomere dynamics in an immortal human cell line. EMBO J. 13, 4953-4962 (1994). (Pubitemid 24319378)
19. Zhu, X. D., Küster, B., Mann, M., Petrini, J. H. & de Lange, T. Cell-cycle-regulated association of RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 with TRF2 and human telomeres. Nat. Genet. 25, 347-352 (2000). (Pubitemid 30437327)
20. Nowak, T., et al. Amplification of hTERT and hTERC genes in leukemic cells with high expression and activity of telomerase. Oncol. Rep. 16, 301-305 (2006).
21. Wu, K. J., et al. Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-MYC. Nat. Genet. 21, 220-224 (1999).
22. Calado, R. T., et al. Sex hormones, acting on the TERT gene, increase telomerase activity in human primary hematopoietic cells. Blood 114, 2236-2243 (2009).
23. Falchetti, A., et al. Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP): a new molecular marker for parathyroid carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 265, 252-255 (1999).
24. Velin, A. K., Herder, A., Johansson, K. J., Trulsson, L. M. & Smeds, S. Telomerase is not activated in human hyperplastic and adenomatous parathyroid tissue. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145, 161-164 (2001). (Pubitemid 32707601)
25. Kammori, M., et al. Consistent decrease in telomere length in parathyroid tumors but alteration in telomerase activity limited to malignancies: preliminary report. World J. Surg. 26, 1083-1087 (2002). (Pubitemid 36920263)
26. Kammori, M., et al. Demonstration of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in human parathyroid tumours by in situ hybridization with a new oligonucleotide probe. Clin. Endocrinol. 58, 43-48 (2003). (Pubitemid 36098847)
27. Onoda, N., et al. Telomerase activation and expression of its catalytic subunits in benign and malignant tumors of the parathyroid. Surg. Today 34, 389-393 (2004). (Pubitemid 38626483)
28. Osawa, N., et al. Diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma using immunohistochemical staining against hTERT. Int. J. Mol. Med. 24, 733-741 (2009).
29. DeMasters, B. K., Markham, N., Lillehei, K. O. & Shroyer, K. R. Differential telomerase expression in human primary intracranial tumors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 107, 548-554 (1997). (Pubitemid 27183987)
30. Hiraga, S., et al. Telomerase activity and alterations in telomere length in human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 58, 2117-2125 (1998). (Pubitemid 28232897)
31. Falchetti, M. L., Pallini, R., Larocca, L. M., Verna, R. & DAmbrosio, E. Telomerase expression in intracranial tumours: prognostic potential for malignant gliomas and meningiomas. J. Clin. Pathol. 52, 234-236 (1999). (Pubitemid 29125420)
32. Yoshino, A., et al. Telomerase activity in pituitary adenomas: significance of telomerase expression in predicting pituitary adenoma recurrence. J. Neurooncol. 63, 155-162 (2003). (Pubitemid 36705684)
33. Harada, K., Arita, K., Kurisu, K. & Tahara, H. Telomerase activity and the expression of telomerase components in pituitary adenoma with malignant transformation. Surg. Neurol. 53, 267-274 (2000). (Pubitemid 30201533)
34. Ortiz-Plata, A., Tena Suck, M. L., López-Gómez, M., Heras, A. & Sánchez García, A. Study of the telomerase hTERT fraction, PCNA and CD34 expression on pituitary adenomas. Association with clinical and demographic characteristics. J. Neurooncol. 84, 159-166 (2007). (Pubitemid 47202124)
35. Kim, N. W., et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266, 2011-2015 (1994).
36. Wright, W. E., Piatyszek, M. A., Rainey, W. E., Byrd, W. & Shay, J. W. Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells. Dev. Genet. 18, 173-179 (1996). (Pubitemid 26116862)
37. Eisenhauer, K. M., Gerstein, R. M., Chiu, C. P., Conti, M. & Hsueh, A. J. Telomerase activity in female and male rat germ cells undergoing meiosis and in early embryos. Biol. Reprod. 56, 1120-1125 (1997). (Pubitemid 27184494)
38. Ravindranath, N., Dalal, R., Solomon, B., Djakiew, D. & Dym, M. Loss of telomerase activity during male germ cell differentiation. Endocrinology 138, 4026-4029 (1997). (Pubitemid 27351960)
39. Prowse, K. R. & Greider, C. W. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4818-4822 (1995).
40. Yamamoto, Y., Sofikitis, N., Mio, Y. & Miyagawa, I. Highly sensitive quantitative telomerase assay of diagnostic testicular biopsy material predicts the presence of haploid spermatogenic cells in therapeutic testicular biopsy in men with Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 14, 3041-3047 (1999).
41. Burger, A. M., Double, J. A. & Newell, D. R. Inhibition of telomerase activity by cisplatin in human testicular cancer cells. Eur. J. Cancer 33, 638-644 (1997). (Pubitemid 27223751)
42. Murakami, J., Nagai, N., Ohama, K., Tahara, H. & Ide, T. Telomerase activity in ovarian tumors. Cancer 80, 1085-1092 (1997). (Pubitemid 27427608)
43. Kyo, S., et al. Expression of human telomerase subunits in ovarian malignant, borderline and benign tumors. Int. J. Cancer 80, 804-809 (1999). (Pubitemid 29108852)
44. Lubin, J., Markowska, J., Markowska, A., Stanišawiak, J. & Lukaszewski, T. Activity of telomerase in ovarian cancer cells. Clinical implications. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 36, 91-96 (2009).
45. Sapi, E., Okpokwasili, N. I. & Rutherford, T. Detection of telomerase-positive circulating epithelial cells in ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Detect. Prev. 26, 158-167 (2002). (Pubitemid 36016914)
46. Hirano, Y., et al. Telomerase activity as an indicator of potentially malignant adrenal tumors. Cancer 83, 772-776 (1998). (Pubitemid 28387703)
47. Teng, L., et al. Telomerase activity in the differentiation of benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Surgery 124, 1123-1127 (1998). (Pubitemid 28555204)
48. Mannelli, M., et al. Telomerase activity is significantly enhanced in malignant adrenocortical tumors in comparison to benign adrenocortical adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 468-470 (2000). (Pubitemid 32268853)
49. Bamberger, C. M., et al. Telomerase activity in benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 107, 272-275 (1999). (Pubitemid 29322141)
50. Else, T., Giordano, T. J. & Hammer, G. D. Evaluation of telomere length maintenance mechanisms in adrenocortical carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 1442-1449 (2008). (Pubitemid 351519746)
51. Ferolla, P., et al. The biological characterization of neuroendocrine tumors: the role of neuroendocrine markers. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 31, 277-286 (2008). (Pubitemid 351638409)
52. Kubota, Y., Nakada, T., Sasagawa, I., Yanai, H. & Itoh, K. Elevated levels of telomerase activity in malignant pheochromocytoma. Cancer 82, 176-179 (1998). (Pubitemid 28070495)
53. Isobe, K., et al. Expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma tissues. Endocr. J. 51, 47-52 (2004). (Pubitemid 38405144)
54. Boltze, C., et al. Expression profile of the telomeric complex discriminates between benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 4280-4286 (2003). (Pubitemid 37153732)
55. Vezzosi, D., et al. Clinical utility of telomerase for the diagnosis of malignant well-differentiated endocrine tumours. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 64, 63-67 (2006).
56. Shou-Jiang Tang, M. D., et al. Telomerase activity in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 1022-1030 (2002).
57. Lam, K. Y., Lo, C. Y., Fan, S. T. & Luk, J. M. Telomerase activity in pancreatic endocrine tumors: a potential marker for malignancy. Mol. Pathol. 53, 133-136 (2000). (Pubitemid 30396453)
58. Zaffaroni, N., et al. Lack of telomerase activity in lung carcinoids is dependent on human telomerase reverse transcriptase transcription and alternative splicing and is associated with long telomeres. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 2832-2839 (2005). (Pubitemid 40525181)
59. Nishio, Y., et al. Telomere length, telomerase activity, and expressions of human telomerase mRNA component (hTERC) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Jpn J. Clin. Oncol. 37, 16-22 (2007). (Pubitemid 47090719)
60. Aogi, K., Kitahara, K., Urquidi, V., Tarin, D. & Goodison, S. Comparison of telomerase and CD44 expression as diagnostic tumor markers in lesions of the thyroid. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 2790-2797 (1999). (Pubitemid 29493953)
61. Lo, C. Y., Lam, K. Y., Chan, K. T. & Luk, J. M. Telomerase activity in thyroid malignancy. Thyroid 9, 1215-1220 (1999). (Pubitemid 30038931)
62. Saji, M., et al. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression in thyroid neoplasms. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 1483-1489 (1999). (Pubitemid 29282956)
63. Yashima, K., Vuitch, F., Gazdar, A. F. & Fahey, T. J. 3rd. Telomerase activity in benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Surgery 122, 1141-1145 (1997).
64. Cheng, A. J., Lin, J. D., Chang, T. & Wang, T. C. Telomerase activity in benign and malignant human thyroid tissues. Br. J. Cancer 77, 2177-2180 (1998). (Pubitemid 28263938)
65. Umbricht, C. B., et al. Telomerase activity: a marker to distinguish follicular thyroid adenoma from carcinoma. Cancer Res. 57, 2144-2147 (1997). (Pubitemid 27247029)
66. Capezzone, M., Marchisotta, S., Cantara, S. & Pacini, F. Telomeres and thyroid cancer. Curr. Genomics 10, 526-533 (2009).
67. Kammori, M., et al. Telomerase activity and telomere length in benign and malignant human thyroid tissues. Cancer Lett. 159, 175-181 (2000).
68. Kammori, M., et al. Clinical application of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression in thyroid follicular tumors by fine-needle aspirations using in situ hybridization. Int. J. Oncol. 22, 985-991 (2003).
69. Wang, Y., et al. Differentiating alternative splice variant patterns of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in thyroid neoplasms. Thyroid 18, 1055-1063 (2008).
70. Frank-Raue, K., Rondot, S. & Raue, F. Molecular genetics and phenomics of RET mutations: Impact on prognosis of MTC. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 322, 2-7 (2010).
71. Canzian, F., et al. A gene predisposing to familial thyroid tumors with cell oxyphilia maps to chromosome 19p13.2. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63, 1743-1748 (1998). (Pubitemid 30415737)
72. Malchoff, C. D., et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with papillary renal neoplasia: genetic linkage analysis of a distinct heritable tumor syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 1758-1764 (2000). (Pubitemid 32269272)
73. MacKay, J. D., et al. Localization of a susceptibility gene for familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma to chromosome 2q21. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 440-446 (2001).
74. Wu, X., et al. Telomere dysfunction: a potential cancer predisposition factor. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1211-1218, (2003). (Pubitemid 37069551)
75. Ishibe, N., et al. Telomere length and heavy-chain mutation status in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk. Res. 26, 791-794 (2002). (Pubitemid 34778491)
76. Palmero, E. I., Achatz, M. I., Ashton-Prolla, P., Olivier, M. & Hainaut, P. Tumor protein 53 mutations and inherited cancer: beyond Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 22, 64-69 (2010).
77. Forsyth, N. R., et al. Spontaneous immortalization of clinically normal colon-derived fibroblasts from a familial adenomatous polyposis patient. Neoplasia 6, 258-265 (2004). (Pubitemid 38657082)
78. Capezzone, M., et al. Short telomeres, telomerase reverse transcriptase gene amplification, and increased telomerase activity in the blood of familial papillary thyroid cancer patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 3950-3957 (2008).
79. Kruk, P. A., Godwin, A. K., Hamilton, T. C. & Auersperg, N. Telomeric instability and reduced proliferative potential in ovarian surface epithelial cells from women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 73, 229-236 (1999). (Pubitemid 29215736)
80. Scholz, T., Schulz, C., Klose S. & Lehnert, H. Diagnostic management of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 115, 155-159 (2007). (Pubitemid 46640281)
81. Onoda, N., et al. Telomerase activity in thyroid tumors. Oncol. Rep. 5, 1447-1450 (1998). (Pubitemid 28474092)
82. Okayasu, I., et al. Significant correlation of telomerase activity in thyroid papillary carcinomas with cell differentiation, proliferation and extrathyroidal extension. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 88, 965-970 (1997). (Pubitemid 27507393)
83. Bornstein-Quevedo, L., et al. Telomerase activity in well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma correlates with advanced clinical stage of the disease. Endocr. Pathol. 14, 213-219 (2003). (Pubitemid 37346702)
84. Straight, A. M., et al. Thyroid carcinomas that express telomerase follow a more aggressive clinical course in children and adolescents. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 25, 302-308 (2002). (Pubitemid 34436123)
85. Foukakis, T., et al. A PCR-based expression signature of malignancy in follicular thyroid tumors. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 14, 381-391 (2007). (Pubitemid 47242637)
86. Wisman, G. B., et al. Telomerase in (pre)neoplastic cervical disease. Hum. Pathol. 31, 1304-1312 (2000).
87. Widschwendter, A., et al. Methylation status and expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in ovarian and cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 93, 407-416 (2004). (Pubitemid 38507610)
88. Brustmann, H. Immunohistochemical detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and c-kit in serous ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gynecol. Oncol. 98, 396-402 (2005). (Pubitemid 41169150)
89. Buttitta, F., et al. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA expression assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction predicts chemosensitivity in patients with ovarian carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 1320-1325 (2003). (Pubitemid 46606410)
90. Sun, P. M., et al. The telomerase activity and expression of hTERT gene can serve as indicators in the anti-cancer treatment of human ovarian cancer. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 130, 249-257 (2007).
91. Brown, T., Sigurdson, E., Rogatko, A. & Broccoli, D. Telomerase inhibition using azidothymidine in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 10, 910-915 (2003). (Pubitemid 40486856)
92. Damm, K., et al. A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation. EMBO J. 20, 6958-6968 (2001). (Pubitemid 34062288)
93. Plumb, J. A., et al. Telomerase-specific suicide gene therapy vectors expressing bacterial nitroreductase sensitize human cancer cells to the pro-drug CB1954. Oncogene 20, 7797-7803 (2001). (Pubitemid 33121953)
94. Strahl, C. & Blackburn, E. H. Effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors on telomere length and telomerase activity in two immortalized human cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 53-65 (1996). (Pubitemid 126506950)
95. Pascolo, E., et al. Mechanism of human telomerase inhibition by BIBR1532, a synthetic, non-nucleosidic drug candidate. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 15566-15572 (2002). (Pubitemid 34967825)
96. Dikmen, Z. G., et al. In vivo inhibition of lung cancer by GRN163L: a novel human telomerase inhibitor. Cancer Res. 65, 7866-7873 (2005). (Pubitemid 41297263)
97. Djojosubroto, M. W., et al. Telomerase antagonists GRN163 and GRN163L inhibit tumor growth and increase chemosensitivity of human hepatoma. Hepatology 42, 1127-1136 (2005). (Pubitemid 43112680)
98. Gellert, G. C., Dikmen, Z. G., Wright, W. E., Gryaznov, S. & Shay, J. W. Effects of a novel telomerase inhibitor, GRN163L, in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 96, 73-81 (2006).
99. Vonderheide, R. H., Hahn, W. C., Schultze, J. L. & Nadler, L. M. The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 10, 673-679 (1999). (Pubitemid 29302920)
100. Vonderheide, R. H., et al. Vaccination of cancer patients against telomerase induces functional antitumor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 828-839 (2004). (Pubitemid 38198881)
101. Hernandez, J., et al. Identification of a human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide of low affinity for HLA A2.1 that induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and mediates lysis of tumor cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12275-12280 (2002).
102. Titu, L. V., et al. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity against telomerase reverse transcriptase in colorectal cancer patients. Oncol. Rep. 12, 871-876 (2004).
103. Amarnath, S. M., et al. In vitro quantification of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against human telomerase reverse transcriptase in breast cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 25, 211-217 (2004).
104. Filaci, G., et al. CD8+ CD28-T regulatory lymphocytes inhibiting T cell proliferative and cytotoxic functions infiltrate human cancers. J. Immunol. 179, 4323-4334 (2007).
105. Nair, S. K., et al. Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses and tumor immunity against unrelated tumors using telomerase reverse transcriptase RNA transfected dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 6, 1011-1017 (2000).
106. Minev, B., et al. Cytotoxic T cell immunity against telomerase reverse transcriptase in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4796-4801 (2000). (Pubitemid 30238637)
107. Danet-Desnoyers, G. A., Luongo, J. L., Bonnet, D. A., Domchek, S. M. & Vonderheide, R. H. Telomerase vaccination has no detectable effect on SCID-repopulating and colony-forming activities in the bone marrow of cancer patients. Exp. Hematol. 33, 1275-1280 (2005). (Pubitemid 41540515)
108. Brower, V. Telomerase-based therapies emerging slowly. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 102, 520-521 (2010).
109. Nava-Parada, P. & Emens, L. A. GV-1001, an injectable telomerase peptide vaccine for the treatment of solid cancers. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 9, 490-497 (2007). (Pubitemid 47574624)
110. Bolonaki, I., et al. Vaccination of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with an optimized cryptic human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 2727-2734 (2007). (Pubitemid 47123180)
111. Teng, L., Specht, M. C., Barden, C. B. & Fahey, T. J. 3rd. Antisense hTERT inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 1362-1366 (2003). (Pubitemid 36337801)
112. Koga, S., et al. A novel telomerase-specific gene therapy: gene transfer of caspase-8 utilizing the human telomerase catalytic subunit gene promoter. Hum. Gene Ther. 11, 1397-1406 (2000). (Pubitemid 30451020)
113. Koga, S., et al. FADD gene therapy using the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene promoter to restrict induction of apoptosis to tumors in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Res. 21, 1937-1943 (2001). (Pubitemid 32728934)
114. Takeda, T., et al. Tumor-specific gene therapy for undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma utilizing the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 3531-3538 (2003). (Pubitemid 37034491)
115. Falchetti, A., et al. Azidothymidine induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth and telomerase activity of human parathyroid cancer cells in culture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 410-418 (2005). (Pubitemid 40293489)
116. Luo, Y., Yi, Y. & Yao, Z. Growth arrest in ovarian cancer cells by hTERT inhibition short-hairpin RNA targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase induces immediate growth inhibition but not necessarily induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Invest. 27, 960-970 (2009).
117. Kushner, D. M., et al. 2-5A antisense directed against telomerase RNA produces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 76, 183-192 (2000). (Pubitemid 30067193)
118. Takakura, M., et al. Intraperitoneal administration of telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin and affects survival in a xenograft model with peritoneal dissemination. Cancer Gene Ther. 17, 11-19 (2010).
119. Kim, N. W., et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266, 2011-2015 (1994).
120. Tatematsu, K., et al. A novel quantitative stretch PCR assay, that detects a dramatic increase in telomerase activity during the progression of myeloid leukemias. Oncogene 13, 2265-2274 (1996). (Pubitemid 26411577)
121. Gelmini, S., et al. Rapid, quantitative nonisotopic assay for telomerase activity in human tumors. Clin. Chem. 44, 2133-2138 (1998). (Pubitemid 28447061)