Prospectus of cultured meat - Advancing meat alternatives

Journal of Food Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 125-140

  Bhat, Zuhaib Fayaz ^a   Fayaz, Hina ^b  

^a SHER E KASHMIR UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY OF JAMMU   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR   (India)

Author keywords

Challenges; Cultured meat; Meat substitute; Need

Indexed keywords

CELL SOURCES; CHALLENGES; CULTURED MEAT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS; IN-VITRO; INDUSTRIAL SCALE; MEAT PRODUCTION; MUSCLE CELL; NEED; NUTRITIONAL PROFILES; SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION; TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; THREE-DIMENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT; TISSUE-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES;

ECONOMICS; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; STEM CELLS; TISSUE; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

MEATS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 79958817988     PISSN: 00221155     EISSN: 09758402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD (1994) Molecular biology of the cell, 3rd edn. Garland, New York
2. Allen RE, Temm-Grove CJ, Sheehan SM, Rice G (1997) Skeletal muscle satellite cell cultures. Methods Cell Biol 52:155-176 (Pubitemid 128787393)
3. Amit M, Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS, Chiu CP, Harris CP, Waknitz MA et al (2000) Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture. Dev Biol 227(2):271-278
4. Asakura A, Komaki M, Rudnicki M (2001) Muscle satellite cells are multi-potential stem cells that exhibit myogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. Differentiation 68(4-5):245-253 (Pubitemid 33754997)
5. Asner GP, Elmore AJ, Olander LP, Martin RE, Harris AT (2004) Grazing systems, ecosystem responses and global change. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29:261-299
6. Avery A (1997) Red meat production can be part of an environmentally sound future. J Am Diet Assoc 97(11):1249-1250
7. Bach AD, Stem-Straeter J, Beier JP, Bannasch H, Stark GB (2003) Engineering of muscle tissue. Clin Plast Surg 30(4):589-599 (Pubitemid 37351931)
8. Barnard ND, Nicholson A, Howard JL (1995) The medical costs attributable to meat consumption. Prev Med 24:646-655
9. Bender A (1992) Meat and meat products in human nutrition in developing countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Food and Nutrition Paper 53, Italy, Rome
10. Benjaminson M, Lehrer S, Macklin D (1998) Bioconversion systems for food and water on long term space missions. Acta Astronaut 43(3-6):329-348 (Pubitemid 128674504)
11. Benjaminson MA, Gilchriest JA, Lorenz M (2002) In vitro edible muscle protein production system (MPPS): Stage 1, fish. Acta Astronaut 51(12):879-889 (Pubitemid 35282090)
12. Bernardo ME, Zaffaroni N, Novara F, Cometa AM, Avanzini MA, Moretta A et al (2007) Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells do not undergo transformation after long-term in vitro culture and do not exhibit telomere maintenance mechanisms. Cancer Res 67(19):9142-9149 (Pubitemid 47535900)
13. Bhat ZF, Bhat H (2011) Animal-free meat biofabrication. Am J Food Technol 6(6):441-459
14. Blanton JR, Grand AL, McFarland DC, Robinson JP, Bidwell CA (1999) Isolation of two populations of myoblasts from porcine skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 22(1):43-50 (Pubitemid 28564036)
15. Boland T, Mironov V, Gutowska A, Roth E, Markwald R (2003) Cell and organ printing 2: fusion of cell aggregates in threedimensional gels. Anat Rec 272A(2):497-502 (Pubitemid 37238324)
16. Boldrin L, Malerba A, Vitiello L, Cimetta E, Piccoli M, Messina C et al (2008) Efficient delivery of human single fiber derived muscle precursor cells via biocompatible scaffold. Cell Transplant 17(5):577-584
17. Borenstein JT, Terai H, King KR, Weinberg EJ, Kaazempur-Mofrad MR, Vacanti JP (2002) Microfabrication technology for vascularized tissue engineering. Biomed Microdevices 4(3):167-175 (Pubitemid 34823408)
18. Burdock GA, Carabin GI, Griffiths GC (2006) The importance of GRAS to the functional food and nutraceutical industries. Toxicology 221(1):17-27 (Pubitemid 43325002)
19. Burdon T, Smith A, Savatier P (2002) Signalling, cell cycle and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Trends Cell Biol 12 (9):432-438 (Pubitemid 35239952)
20. Burton NM, Vierck JL, Krabbenhoft L, Byrne K, Dodson MV (2000) Methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions. Methods Cell Sci 22(1):51-61
21. Campion DR (1984) The muscle satellite cell: a review. Int Rev Cytol 87:225-251 (Pubitemid 14141054)
22. Canavan HE, Cheng X, Graham DJ, Ratner BD, Castner DG (2005) Cell sheet detachment affects the extracellular matrix: a surface science study comparing thermal liftoff, enzymatic, and mechanical methods. J Biomed Mater Res 75A(1):1-13 (Pubitemid 41298182)
23. Carrier RL, Papadaki M, Rupnick M, Schoen FJ, Bursac N, Langer R et al (1999) Cardiac tissue engineering: cell seeding, cultivation parameters and tissue construct characterization. Biotechnol Bioeng 64(5):580-589 (Pubitemid 29359808)
24. Carrier RL, Rupnick M, Langer R, Schoen FJ, Freed LE, Vunjak- Novakovic G (2002) Perfusion improves tissue architecture of engineered cardiac muscle. Tissue Eng 8(2):175-188 (Pubitemid 34477786)
25. Catts O, Zurr I (2002) Growing semi-living sculptures: Tissue culture and art project. In: Leonardo 35(4):365-370
26. Cen S, Zhang J, Huang F, Yang Z, Xie H (2008) Effect of IGF-I on proliferation and differentiation of primary human embryonic myoblasts. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery 22(1):84-87
27. Cha JM, Park SN, Noh SH, Suh H (2006) Time-dependent modulation of alignment and differentiation of smooth muscle cells seeded on a porous substrate undergoing cyclic mechanical strain. Artif Organs 30(4):250-258
28. Charge S, Brack A, Hughes S (2002) Aging-related satellite cell differentiation defect occurs prematurely after Ski-induced muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283(4):C1228-C1241
29. Cheng L, Gu X, Sanderson JE, Wang X, Lee K, Yao X et al (2006) A new function of a previously isolated compound that stimulates activation and differentiation of myogenic precursor cells leading to efficient myofiber regeneration and muscle repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38(7):1123-1133
30. Coecke S, Balls M, Bowe G, Davis J, Gstraunthaler G, Hartung T et al (2005) Guidance on good cell culture practice: a report of the second ECVAM Task Force on good cell culture practice. Altern Lab Anim 33(3):261-287 (Pubitemid 40964979)
31. Costales A, Gerber P, Steinfeld H (2006) Underneath the livestock revolution. Livestock report, Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
32. Counter C, Hahn W, Wei W, Caddle S, Beijersbergen R, Lansdorp P, Sedivy J, Weinberg R (1998) Dissociation among in vitro telomerase activity, telomere maintenance, and cellular immortalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(25):14723-14728 (Pubitemid 29003697)
33. Crok M (2003) Bij de beesten af. Natuur and Techniek 71(4):46-49
34. Da Silva RMP, Mano JF, Reis RL (2007) Smart thermoresponsive coatings and surfaces for tissue engineering: switching cellmaterial boundaries. Trends Biotechnol 25(12):577-583 (Pubitemid 350148217)
35. De Deyne PG (2000) Formation of sarcomeres in developing myotubes: role of mechanical stretch and contractile activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279(6):C1801-C1811
36. de Haan C, Steinfeld H, Blackburn H (1997) Livestock and the environment: finding a balance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Bank and US Agency for International Development
37. Delgado CL (2003) Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. J Nutr 133:3907S-3910S (Pubitemid 37392570)
38. Delo DM, Eberlie D, Williams JK, Anderrson KE, Atala A, Soker S (2008) Angiogenic gene modification of skeletal muscle cells to compensate for ageing induced decline in bioengineered functional muscle tissue. BJU Int 102(7):878-884
39. Dennis R, Kosnik P 2nd (2000) Excitability and isometric contractile properties of mammalian skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 36(5):327-335 (Pubitemid 30619599)
40. Dennis R, Kosnik P 2nd, Gilbert M, Faulkner J (2001) Excitability and contractility of skeletal muscle engineered from primary cultures and cell lines. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280(2):C288-C295
41. Dieryck W, Pagnier J, Poyart C, Marden M, Gruber V, Bournat P et al (1997) Human haemoglobin from transgenic tobacco. Nature 386 (6620):29-30
42. Dodson MV, Mathison BA (1988) Comparison of ovine and rat muscle-derived satellite cells: response to insulin. Tissue Cell 20 (6):909-918 (Pubitemid 19031711)
43. Dodson MV, McFarland DC, Martin EL, Brannon MA (1986) Isolation of satellite cells from ovine skeletal muscles. J Tissue Cult Methods 10(4):233-237 (Pubitemid 18041196)
44. Dodson MV, Martin EL, Brannon MA, Mathison BA, McFarland DC (1987) Optimization of bovine satellite cell derived myotube formation in vitro. Tissue Cell 19(2):159-166 (Pubitemid 17060157)
45. Dodson MV, McFarland DC, Grant AL, Doumit ME, Velleman SG (1996) Extrinsic regulation of domestic animal-derived satellite cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 13(2):107-126 (Pubitemid 126663444)
46. Doumit ME, Cook DR, Merkel RA (1993) Fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and plateletderived growth factor-BB stimulate proliferate of clonally derived porcine myogenic satellite cells. J Cell Physiol 157 (2):326-332 (Pubitemid 23332777)
47. Drysdale A, Ewert M, Hanford A (2003) Life support approaches for Mars missions. Adv Space Res 31(1):51-61 (Pubitemid 36053277)
48. Duque P, Gómez E, Diaz E, Facal N, Hidalgo C, Diez C (2003) Use of two replacements of serum during bovine embryo culture in vitro. Theriogenology 59(3-4):889-899 (Pubitemid 36117367)
49. Edelman PD, McFarland DC, Mironov VA, Matheny JG (2005) Commentary: in vitro-cultured meat production. Tissue Eng 11 (5):659-662
50. Engler AJ, Griffin MA, Sen S, Bönnemann CG, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (2004) Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness, pathological implications for soft or stiff microenvironments. J Cell Biol 166(6):877-887 (Pubitemid 39249838)
51. European Food Safety Authority (2006) The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and food borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2005. EFSA J 94:2-288
52. Fisher IS, Meakens S (2006) Surveillance of enteric pathogens in Europe and beyond: enter-net annual report for 2004. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles 11, E060824.060823. Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/ inter/enter-net/Enter- et%20annual%20report%202004.pdf, (26 March 2007 last date accessed
53. Florini JR, Magri KA, Ewton DZ, James PL, Grindstaff K, Rotwein PS (1991) Spontaneous differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is dependent upon autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II. J Biol Chem 266(24):15917-15923 (Pubitemid 21907745)
54. Fox SI (1996) Human physiology. Wim C, Brown, Boston
55. Froud SJ (1999) The development, benefits and disadvantages of serum-free media. Dev Biol Stand 99:157-166
56. Gawlitta D, Oomens CW, Bader DL, Baaijens FP, Bouten CV (2007) Temporal differences in the influence of ischemic factors and deformation on the metabolism of engineered skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 103(2):464-473 (Pubitemid 47204963)
57. Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res 100(9):1249-1260 (Pubitemid 46742916)
58. Hawke T, Garry D (2001) Myogenic satellite cells: physiology to molecular biology. J Appl Physiol 91(2):534-551 (Pubitemid 32681081)
59. Hill M, Wernig A, Goldspink G (2003) Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair. J Anat 203(1):89-99 (Pubitemid 36889245)
60. Holmes PD, Dacey A (2008) Vegetarian meat: could technology save animals and satisfy meat eaters? J Agric Environ Ethics 21:579-596
61. Houdebine LM (2009) Production of pharmaceutical proteins by transgenic animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 32 (2):107-121
62. Jun I, Jeong S, Shin H (2009) The stimulation of myoblast differentiation by electrically conductive sub-micron fibers. Biomaterials 30(11):2038-2047
63. Kazama T, Fujie M, Endo T, Kano K (2008) Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells can transdifferentiate into skeletalmyocytes in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 377(3):780-785
64. Keefer CL, Pant D, Blomberg L, Talbot NC (2007) Challenges and prospects for the establishment of embryonic stem cell lines of domesticated ungulates. Anim Reprod Sci 98(1-2):147-168 (Pubitemid 46215966)
65. Kim MJ, Choi YS, Yang SH, Hong HN, Cho SW, Cha SM et al (2006) Muscle regeneration by adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells attached to injectable PLGA spheres. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 348(2):386-392 (Pubitemid 44188584)
66. Korhonen H (2002) Technology options for new nutritional concepts. Int J Dairy Technol 55(2):79-88 (Pubitemid 34823946)
67. Kosnik P, Faulkner J, Dennis R (2001) Functional development of engineered skeletal muscle from adult and neonatal rats. Tissue Eng 7(5):573-584 (Pubitemid 33032380)
68. Lam MT, Sim S, Zhu X, Takayama S (2006) The effect of continuous wavy micropatterns on silicone substrates on the alignment of skeletal muscle myoblasts and myotubes. Biomaterials 27(24):4340-4347 (Pubitemid 43674182)
69. Lam MT, Huang YC, Birla RK, Takayama S (2009) Microfeature guided skeletal muscle tissue engineering for highly organized three-dimensional free-standing constructs. Biomaterials 30(6):1150-1155
70. Lazennec G, Jorgensen C (2008) Concise review: adult multipotent stromal cells and cancer: risk or benefit? Stem Cells 26(6):1387-1394
71. Le Grand F, Rudnicki MA (2007) Skeletal muscle satellite cells and adult myogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19(6):628-633 (Pubitemid 350216420)
72. Levenberg S, Rouwkema J, Macdonald M, Garfein ES, Kohane DS, Darland DC et al (2005) Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue. Nat Biotechnol 23(7):879-884 (Pubitemid 43093132)
73. Lowe K (2006) Blood substitutes: from chemistry to clinic. J Mater Chem 16(43):4189-4196 (Pubitemid 44658462)
74. Lustig A (1999) Crisis intervention: the role of telomerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(7):3339-3341 (Pubitemid 29168912)
75. Martin I, Wendt D, Herberer M (2004) The role of bioreactors in tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 22(2):80-86 (Pubitemid 38130175)
76. Matsumoto T, Kano K, Kondo D, Fukuda N, Iribe Y, Tanaka N et al (2007) Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells exhibit multilineage potential. J Cell Physiol 215(1):210-222 (Pubitemid 351363206)
77. McFarland DC, Doumit ME, Minshall RD (1988) The turkey myogenic satellite cell: optimization of in vitro proliferation and differentiation. Tissue Cell 20(6):899-908
78. McFarland DC, Pesall JE, Norberg JM, Dvoracek MA (1991) Proliferation of the turkey myogenic satellite cell in a serumfree medium. Comp Biochem Physiol 99(1-2):163-167
79. Mead P, Slutsker L, Dietz A, McCaig L, Bresee J, Shapiro C, Griffin P, Tauxe R (1999) Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5(5):607-625 (Pubitemid 29493763)
80. Merten OW (1999) Safety issues of animal products used in serumfree media. Dev Biol Stand 99:167-180
81. Mol A, Driessen NJ, Rutten MC, Hoerstrup SP, Bouten CV, Baaijens FP (2005) Tissue engineering of human heart valve leaflets: a novel bioreactor for a strain-based conditioning approach. Ann Biomed Eng 33(12):1778-1788 (Pubitemid 43037548)
82. Nataro JP, Kaper JB (1998) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:142-201 (Pubitemid 28046019)
83. Nestle M (1999) Animal vs. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal? Proc Nutr Soc 58:211-218 (Pubitemid 29398101)
84. Nicholson FA, Hutchison ML, Smith KA, Keevil CW, Chambers BJ, Moore A (2000) A study on farm manure applications to agricultural land and an assessment of the risks of pathogen transfer into the food chain. Project Number FS2526, Final report to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London
85. O-Hare M, Bond J, Clarke C, Takeuchi Y, Atherton A, Berry C, Moody J, Silver A, Davies D, Alsop A, Neville A, Jat P (2001) Conditional immortalization of freshly isolated human mammary fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2):646-651 (Pubitemid 32105097)
86. Ohira Y, Yoshinaga T, Nomura T, Kawano F, Ishihara A, Nonaka I, Roy R, Edgerton V (2002) Gravitational unloading effects on muscle fiber size, phenotype and myonuclear number. Adv Space Res 30(4):777-781
87. Pathak V, Bukhari SAA, Bhat ZF, Sharma N (2008) Prospectus of invitro meat. Indian Food Industry Nov-Dec:33-35
88. Powell RE, Dodson MV, Cloud JG (1989) Cultivation and differentiation of satellite cells from skeletal muscle of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. J Exp Zool 250(3):333-338 (Pubitemid 19166586)
89. Prowse K, Greider C (1995) Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(11):4818-4822
90. Radisic M, Euloth M, Yang L, Langer R, Freed LE, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2003) High-density seeding of myocyte cells for cardiac tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 82(4):403-414 (Pubitemid 36505879)
91. Radisic M, Marsano A, Maidhof R, Wang Y, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2008) Cardiac tissue engineering using perfusion bioreactor systems. Nat Protoc 3(4):719-738 (Pubitemid 351516766)
92. Reay D (2002) Intensive farming, US-style, is not sustainable worldwide. Nature 417(6884):15 (Pubitemid 34498797)
93. Riboldi SA, Sampaolesi M, Neuenschwander P, Cossu G, Mantero S (2005) Electrospun degradable polyesterurethane membranes: potential scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26(22):4606-4615 (Pubitemid 40269277)
94. Rizzino A (2007) A challenge for regenerative medicine: proper genetic programming, not cellular mimicry. Dev Dyn 236 (12):3199-3207 (Pubitemid 350276379)
95. Roelen BA, Lopes SM (2008) Of stem cells and gametes: similarities and differences. Curr Med Chem 15:1249-1256 (Pubitemid 352002600)
96. Rosegrant M, Leach N, Gerpacio R (1999) Alternative futures for world cereal and meat consumption. Proc Nutr Soc 58(2):219-234 (Pubitemid 29398102)
97. Rubio D, Garcia-Castro J, Martin MC, de la Fuente R, Cigudosa JC, Lloyd AC et al (2005) Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res 65(8):3035-3039 (Pubitemid 40524580)
98. Saha P, Trumbo P (1996) The nutritional adequacy of a limited vegan diet for a controlled ecological life-support system. Adv Space Res 18(4-5):63-72
99. Sanders T (1999) The nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets. Proc Nutr Soc 58(2):265-269 (Pubitemid 29398107)
100. Savadogo P, Sawadogo L, Tiveau D (2007) Effects of grazing intensity and prescribed fire on soil physical and hydrological properties and pasture yield in the savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso. Agricult Ecosys Environ 118:80-92
101. Shah G (1999) Why do we still use serum in production of biopharmaceuticals? Dev Biol Stand 99:17-22
102. Solomon R, Johnston C (1997) Production of red meat should be curbed in order to conserve natural resources. J Am Diet Assoc 97(11):1249
103. Speedy AW (2003) Global production and consumption of animal source foods. J Nutr 133:4048S-4053S (Pubitemid 37392591)
104. Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, De Haan C (2006a) Livestock-s long shadow: environmental issues and options (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, p. xxi). Available at: www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key-pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2008
105. Steinfeld H, Wassenaar T, Jutzi S (2006b) Livestock production systems in developing countries: status, drivers, trends. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l-Office International des Epizooties, Paris 25(2):505-516 (Pubitemid 44701877)
106. Stoker M, O-Neil C, Berryman S, Waxman V (1968) Anchorage and growth regulation in normal and virus-transformed cells. Int J Cancer 3:683-693
107. Talbot NC, Blomberg LA (2008) The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 4 (3):235-254
108. Technology Review (2003) Fractals support growing organs. Technology Research News. http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2003/073003/Fractals-support- growing-organs-073003. Accessed July 30/August 6, 2003
109. Thornton P, Kruska R, Henninger N, Kristjanson P, Reid R, Atieno F, Odero A, Ndegwa T (2002) Mapping poverty and livestock in the developing world. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, p 124
110. Van Eelen WF, van Kooten WJ, Westerhof W (1999) WO/1999/ 031223: industrial production of meat from in vitro cell cultures. Patent Description http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? wo=1999031223 Accessed Mar. 2009
111. Vandenburgh H, Shansky J, Benesch-Lee F, Barbata V, Reid J, Thorrez L et al (2008) Drug screening platform based on the contractility of tissue engineered muscle. Muscle Nerve 37(4):438-447 (Pubitemid 351501969)
112. Vein J (2004) Method for producing tissue engineered meat for consumption. US Patent Number 6835390, http://www.free patentsonline.com/ 6835390.html-12/28/2004
113. Verma AK, Banerjee R (2010) Dietary fibre as functional ingredient in meat products: a novel approach for healthy living: a review. J Food Sci Technol 47(3):247-257
114. Wagers AJ, Weissman IL (2004) Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell 116(5):639-648 (Pubitemid 38326723)
115. Webster R (2002) The importance of animal influenza for human disease. Vaccine 20(Suppl 2):S16-S20 (Pubitemid 34756337)
116. WHO (2001) Global burden of disease estimates for 2001. Geneva, World Health Organization. http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=evidence,burden, burden-estimates,burden-estimates-2001&language=english, accessed 9 April 2004
117. Wilschut KJ, Jaksani S, Van Den Dolder J, Haagsman HP, Roelen BAJ (2008) Isolation and characterization of porcine adult musclederived progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 105(5):1228-1239
118. Wilson EM, Hsieh MM, Rotwein P (2003) Autocrine growth factor signaling by insulin-like growth factor-II mediates myodstimulated myocyte maturation. J Biol Chem 278(42):41109-41113 (Pubitemid 37280935)
119. Wolfson W (2002) Raising the steaks. New Sci 176:60-63 (Pubitemid 44948838)
120. Wolpert L, Beddington R, Brockes J, Jessel T, Lawrence P, Meyerowitz E (1998) Principles of development. Current Biology, 1st edn. Oxford University Press
121. Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Quinn LS, Nameroff M (1987) Isolation and clonal analysis of satellite cells from chicken pectoralis muscle. Dev Biol 119(1):252-259 (Pubitemid 17006271)
122. Zandonella C (2003) Tissue engineering: the beat goes on. Nature 421 (6926):884-886
123. Zandstra E, de Graaf C, van Trijp H (2000) Effects of variety and repeated in-home consumption on product acceptance. Appetite 35(2):113-119
124. Zuckerman SH, Doyle MP, Gorczynski R, Rosenthal GJ (1998) Preclinical biology of recombinant human hemoglobin, rHb1.1. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 26(3):231-257 (Pubitemid 28297871)