메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue , 2004, Pages 261-299

Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change

Author keywords

Agriculture; Deforestation; Desertification; Land use change; Woody encroachment

Indexed keywords

DESERTIFICATION; GRAZING SYSTEMS; LAND USE CHANGE; WOODY ENCROACHMENT;

EID: 10444249723     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102142     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (931)

References (163)
  • 2
    • 0003540147 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    • World Resour. Inst. 1990. World Resources 1990-1991. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    • (1990) World Resources 1990-1991
  • 3
    • 10444265920 scopus 로고
    • Presented at UN Conf. Environ. Dev., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    • UN Environ. Programme. 1994. UN Earth summit. Convention on desertification. Presented at UN Conf. Environ. Dev., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    • (1994) UN Earth Summit. Convention on Desertification
  • 5
    • 0037047588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests
    • Achard F, Eva HD, Stibig HJ, Mayaux P, Gallego J, et al. 2002. Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests. Science 297:999-1002
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 999-1002
    • Achard, F.1    Eva, H.D.2    Stibig, H.J.3    Mayaux, P.4    Gallego, J.5
  • 6
    • 0038302667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What drives tropical deforestation?
    • Land Use Cover Change Int. Project Off., Louvain-la-Neuve, Belg
    • Geist HJ, Lambin EF. 2001. What drives tropical deforestation? LUCC Rep. Ser. 4, Land Use Cover Change Int. Project Off., Louvain-la-Neuve, Belg.
    • (2001) LUCC Rep. Ser. , vol.4
    • Geist, H.J.1    Lambin, E.F.2
  • 7
    • 0032456576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing patterns of global land use: An analysis of global croplands area
    • Ramankutty N, Foley JA. 1998. Characterizing patterns of global land use: an analysis of global croplands area. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 12:667-85
    • (1998) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.12 , pp. 667-685
    • Ramankutty, N.1    Foley, J.A.2
  • 9
  • 10
    • 10444226503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys
    • USDA, Nat. Resour. Conserv. Serv. Washington, DC
    • US Dep. Agric. 1999. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Rep. 486, USDA, Nat. Resour. Conserv. Serv. Washington, DC
    • (1999) Rep. , vol.486
    • Dep Agric, U.S.1
  • 11
    • 0035652043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of land-use change on soil nutrient dynamics in Amazônia
    • McGrath DA, Smith CK, Gholz HL, Oliveira F. 2001. Effects of land-use change on soil nutrient dynamics in Amazônia. Ecosystems 4:625-45
    • (2001) Ecosystems , vol.4 , pp. 625-645
    • McGrath, D.A.1    Smith, C.K.2    Gholz, H.L.3    Oliveira, F.4
  • 12
    • 0037195162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s
    • DeFries RS, Houghton RA, Hansen MC, Field CB, Skole D, Townshend J. 2002. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:14256-61
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 14256-14261
    • Defries, R.S.1    Houghton, R.A.2    Hansen, M.C.3    Field, C.B.4    Skole, D.5    Townshend, J.6
  • 14
    • 0031821988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence from rain-use efficiencies does not indicate extensive Sahelian desertification
    • Prince SD, Colstoun EBd, Kravitz LL. 1998. Evidence from rain-use efficiencies does not indicate extensive Sahelian desertification. Glob. Change Biol. 4:359-74
    • (1998) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.4 , pp. 359-374
    • Prince, S.D.1    Colstoun, E.B.2    Kravitz, L.L.3
  • 16
    • 0034930341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of sandy arid shrubland environments: Observations, process modelling, and management implications
    • Okin GS, Murray B, Schlesinger WH. 2001. Degradation of sandy arid shrubland environments: observations, process modelling, and management implications. J. Arid Environ. 47:123-44
    • (2001) J. Arid Environ , vol.47 , pp. 123-144
    • Okin, G.S.1    Murray, B.2    Schlesinger, W.H.3
  • 19
    • 0027332466 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments
    • Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecol. Monogr. 63:327-66
    • (1993) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.63 , pp. 327-366
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 20
    • 0036320683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal
    • Valone TJ, Meyer M, Brown JH, Chew RM. 2002. Timescale of perennial grass recovery in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal. Conserv. Biol. 16:995-1002
    • (2002) Conserv. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 995-1002
    • Valone, T.J.1    Meyer, M.2    Brown, J.H.3    Chew, R.M.4
  • 21
    • 0042740602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts
    • Hughes L. 2003. Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecol. 28:423-43
    • (2003) Austral Ecol. , vol.28 , pp. 423-443
    • Hughes, L.1
  • 22
    • 0029416153 scopus 로고
    • Desertification of subtropical thicket in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Are there alternatives?
    • Kerley GIH, Knight MH, DeKock M. 1995. Desertification of subtropical thicket in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Are there alternatives? Environ. Monit. Assess. 37:211-30
    • (1995) Environ. Monit. Assess. , vol.37 , pp. 211-230
    • Gih, K.1    Knight, M.H.2    Dekock, M.3
  • 23
    • 0032420661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient balance patterns in African livestock systems
    • Saleem MAM. 1998. Nutrient balance patterns in African livestock systems. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 71:241-54
    • (1998) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , vol.71 , pp. 241-254
    • Mam, S.1
  • 24
    • 0037281852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent effects of grazing on rangeland degradation in northern Kenya: A test of equilibrium and non-equilibrium hypotheses
    • Oba G, Weladji RB, Lusigi WJ, Stenseth NC. 2003. Scale-dependent effects of grazing on rangeland degradation in northern Kenya: a test of equilibrium and non-equilibrium hypotheses. Land Degrad. Dev. 14:83-94
    • (2003) Land Degrad. Dev. , vol.14 , pp. 83-94
    • Oba, G.1    Weladji, R.B.2    Lusigi, W.J.3    Stenseth, N.C.4
  • 25
    • 0027388708 scopus 로고
    • The influence of rainfall and grazing on the demography of some African savanna grasses - A matrix modeling approach
    • Oconnor TG. 1993. The influence of rainfall and grazing on the demography of some African savanna grasses - a matrix modeling approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 30:119-32
    • (1993) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.30 , pp. 119-132
    • Oconnor, T.G.1
  • 26
    • 0027011403 scopus 로고
    • Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change
    • D'Antonio CM, Vitousek PM. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:63-87
    • (1992) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.23 , pp. 63-87
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 27
    • 0000816639 scopus 로고
    • Vegetational changes on a sediment grassland range from 1858 to 1963
    • Buffington LC, Herbel CH. 1965. Vegetational changes on a sediment grassland range from 1858 to 1963. Ecol. Monogr. 35:139-64
    • (1965) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.35 , pp. 139-164
    • Buffington, L.C.1    Ch, H.2
  • 28
    • 0021578850 scopus 로고
    • A new global assessment of the status and trends of desertification
    • Mabbutt JA. 1984. A new global assessment of the status and trends of desertification. Environ. Conserv. 11:103-13
    • (1984) Environ. Conserv. , vol.11 , pp. 103-113
    • Mabbutt, J.A.1
  • 29
    • 0029416145 scopus 로고
    • South Africa's arid and semiarid rangelands: Why are they changing and can they be restored?
    • Milton SJ, Dean WRJ. 1995. South Africa's arid and semiarid rangelands: Why are they changing and can they be restored?Environ. Monit. Assess. 37:245-64
    • (1995) Environ. Monit. Assess. , vol.37 , pp. 245-264
    • Milton, S.J.1    Wrj, D.2
  • 30
    • 0033826252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis and conservation at the end of the world: Sheep ranching in Argentine Patagonia
    • Aagesen D. 2000. Crisis and conservation at the end of the world: sheep ranching in Argentine Patagonia. Environ. Conserv. 27:208-15
    • (2000) Environ. Conserv. , vol.27 , pp. 208-215
    • Aagesen, D.1
  • 31
    • 0036173245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial heterogeneity and irreversible vegetation change in semiarid grazing systems
    • van de Koppel J, Rietkerk M, van Langevelde F, Kumar L, Klausmeier CA, et al. 2002. Spatial heterogeneity and irreversible vegetation change in semiarid grazing systems. Am. Nat. 159:209-18
    • (2002) Am. Nat. , vol.159 , pp. 209-218
    • Van De Koppel, J.1    Rietkerk, M.2    Van Langevelde, F.3    Kumar, L.4    Klausmeier, C.A.5
  • 32
    • 0242275325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical shrub-grass transitions in the northern Chihuahuan Desert: Modeling the effects of shifting rainfall seasonality and event size over a landscape gradient
    • Gao Q, Reynolds JF. 2003. Historical shrub-grass transitions in the northern Chihuahuan Desert: modeling the effects of shifting rainfall seasonality and event size over a landscape gradient. Glob. Change Biol. 9:1475-93
    • (2003) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 1475-1493
    • Gao, Q.1    Reynolds, J.F.2
  • 33
    • 0002265467 scopus 로고
    • Spread of African pasture grasses in the American tropics
    • Parsons JJ. 1970. Spread of African pasture grasses in the American tropics. J. Range Manag. 25:12-17
    • (1970) J. Range Manag. , vol.25 , pp. 12-17
    • Parsons, J.J.1
  • 34
    • 0027846654 scopus 로고
    • Barriers to shrub reestablishment following fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawaii
    • Hughes F, Vitousek PM. 1993. Barriers to shrub reestablishment following fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawaii. Oecologia 93:557-63
    • (1993) Oecologia , vol.93 , pp. 557-563
    • Hughes, F.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 35
    • 0030467101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an African grass invasion on Hawaiian shrubland nitrogen biogeochemistry
    • Asner GP, Beatty SW. 1996. Effects of an African grass invasion on Hawaiian shrubland nitrogen biogeochemistry. Plant Soil 186:205-11
    • (1996) Plant Soil , vol.186 , pp. 205-211
    • Asner, G.P.1    Beatty, S.W.2
  • 36
    • 0034799238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of ecosystem nitrogen dynamics by exotic plants: A case study of C-4 grasses in Hawaii
    • Mack MC, D'Antonio CM, Ley RE. 2001. Alteration of ecosystem nitrogen dynamics by exotic plants: a case study of C-4 grasses in Hawaii. Ecol. Appl. 11:1323-35
    • (2001) Ecol. Appl. , vol.11 , pp. 1323-1335
    • Mack, M.C.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2    Ley, R.E.3
  • 37
    • 0346972899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desertification in central Argentina: Changes in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen from imaging spectroscopy
    • Asner GP, Borghi CE, Ojeda RA. 2003. Desertification in central Argentina: Changes in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen from imaging spectroscopy. Ecol. Appl. 13:629-48
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 629-648
    • Asner, G.P.1    Borghi, C.E.2    Ojeda, R.A.3
  • 38
    • 0027103470 scopus 로고
    • Carbon and nitrogen limitations of soil microbial biomass in desert ecosystems
    • Gallardo A, Schlesinger WH. 1992. Carbon and nitrogen limitations of soil microbial biomass in desert ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 18:1-17
    • (1992) Biogeochemistry , vol.18 , pp. 1-17
    • Gallardo, A.1    Schlesinger, W.H.2
  • 39
    • 0034066954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: II. Field plots
    • Schlesinger WH, Ward TJ, Anderson J. 2000. Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: II. Field plots. Biogeochemistry 49:69-86
    • (2000) Biogeochemistry , vol.49 , pp. 69-86
    • Schlesinger, W.H.1    Ward, T.J.2    Anderson, J.3
  • 40
    • 0033928065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental controls on nitric oxide emissions from northern Chihuahuan desert soils
    • Hartley AE, Schlesinger WH. 2000. Environmental controls on nitric oxide emissions from northern Chihuahuan desert soils. Biogeochemistry 50:279-300
    • (2000) Biogeochemistry , vol.50 , pp. 279-300
    • Hartley, A.E.1    Schlesinger, W.H.2
  • 41
    • 0026290850 scopus 로고
    • Processes controlling ammonia volatilization from Chihuahuan desert soils
    • Schlesinger WH, Peterjohn WT. 1991. Processes controlling ammonia volatilization from Chihuahuan desert soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23:637-42
    • (1991) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.23 , pp. 637-642
    • Schlesinger, W.H.1    Peterjohn, W.T.2
  • 42
    • 0026358187 scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling denitrification in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem
    • Peterjohn WT, Schlesinger WH. 1991. Factors controlling denitrification in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:1694-701
    • (1991) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.55 , pp. 1694-1701
    • Peterjohn, W.T.1    Schlesinger, W.H.2
  • 43
    • 0036116391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desertification alters patterns of aboveground net primary production in Chihuahuan ecosystems
    • Huenneke LF, Anderson JP, Remmenga M, Schlesinger WH. 2002. Desertification alters patterns of aboveground net primary production in Chihuahuan ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 8:247-64
    • (2002) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 247-264
    • Huenneke, L.F.1    Anderson, J.P.2    Remmenga, M.3    Schlesinger, W.H.4
  • 44
    • 0037354793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Net changes in regional woody vegetation cover and carbon storage in Texas drylands, 1937-1999
    • Asner GP, Archer S, Hughes RF, Ansley RJ, Wessman CA. 2003. Net changes in regional woody vegetation cover and carbon storage in Texas drylands, 1937-1999. Glob. Change Biol. 9:316-35
    • (2003) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 316-335
    • Asner, G.P.1    Archer, S.2    Hughes, R.F.3    Ansley, R.J.4    Wessman, C.A.5
  • 46
    • 10444251798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in primary production and carbon and nitrogen pools accompanying woody encroachment in a north Texas savanna
    • Hughes RF, Archer S, Asner GP, Wessman CA, McMurtrie RE, et al. 2004. Changes in primary production and carbon and nitrogen pools accompanying woody encroachment in a north Texas savanna. Ecosystems In press
    • (2004) Ecosystems in Press
    • Hughes, R.F.1    Archer, S.2    Asner, G.P.3    Wessman, C.A.4    McMurtrie, R.E.5
  • 47
    • 0034921069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogeochemical changes accompanying woody plant encroachment in a subtropical savanna
    • Hibbard KA, Archer S, Schimel DS, Valentine DW. 2001. Biogeochemical changes accompanying woody plant encroachment in a subtropical savanna. Ecology 82:1999-2011
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1999-2011
    • Hibbard, K.A.1    Archer, S.2    Schimel, D.S.3    Valentine, D.W.4
  • 48
    • 0033740344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) on soil nitrogen and carbon development: Implications for global carbon sequestration
    • Geesing D, Felker P, Bingham RL. 2000. Influence of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) on soil nitrogen and carbon development: Implications for global carbon sequestration. J. Arid Environ. 46:157-80
    • (2000) J. Arid Environ. , vol.46 , pp. 157-180
    • Geesing, D.1    Felker, P.2    Bingham, R.L.3
  • 49
    • 10444265936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional nitric oxide emissions following woody encroachment: Linking imaging spectroscopy and field studies
    • In press
    • Martin RE, Asner GP. 2004. Regional nitric oxide emissions following woody encroachment: linking imaging spectroscopy and field studies. Ecosystems. In press
    • (2004) Ecosystems.
    • Martin, R.E.1    Asner, G.P.2
  • 50
    • 0346269175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of woody encroachment on soil nitrogen oxide emissions in a temperate savanna
    • Martin RE, Asner GP, Ansley RJ, Mosier AR. 2003. Effects of woody encroachment on soil nitrogen oxide emissions in a temperate savanna. Ecol. Appl. 13:897-910
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 897-910
    • Martin, R.E.1    Asner, G.P.2    Ansley, R.J.3    Mosier, A.R.4
  • 51
    • 4444372856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient loss and redistribution after forest clearing on a highly weathered soil in Amazonia
    • In press
    • Markewitz D, Davidson E, Moutinho P, Nepstad D. 2004. Nutrient loss and redistribution after forest clearing on a highly weathered soil in Amazonia. Ecol. Appl. In press
    • (2004) Ecol. Appl.
    • Markewitz, D.1    Davidson, E.2    Moutinho, P.3    Nepstad, D.4
  • 52
    • 0032573702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics associated with total aboveground biomass, C, nutrient pools, and biomass burning of primary forest and pasture in Rondonia, Brazil during SCAR-B
    • Guild LS, Kauffman JB, Ellingson LJ, Cummings DL, Castro EA. 1998. Dynamics associated with total aboveground biomass, C, nutrient pools, and biomass burning of primary forest and pasture in Rondonia, Brazil during SCAR-B. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103:32091-100
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.103 , pp. 32091-32100
    • Guild, L.S.1    Kauffman, J.B.2    Ellingson, L.J.3    Cummings, D.L.4    Castro, E.A.5
  • 53
    • 0032552069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia
    • Fearnside PM, Barbosa RI. 1998. Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manag. 108:147-66
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.108 , pp. 147-166
    • Fearnside, P.M.1    Barbosa, R.I.2
  • 55
    • 0032967332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: I. Rainfall simulation experiments
    • Schlesinger WH, Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ, Wainwright J. 1999. Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: I. Rainfall simulation experiments. Bio geochemistry 45:21-34
    • (1999) Bio Geochemistry , vol.45 , pp. 21-34
    • Schlesinger, W.H.1    Abrahams, A.D.2    Parsons, A.J.3    Wainwright, J.4
  • 57
    • 0042855698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation and recovery processes in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 3: Implications at landscape scale
    • Sparrow AD, Friedel MH, Tongway DJ. 2003. Degradation and recovery processes in arid grazing lands of central Australia. Part 3: Implications at landscape scale. J. Arid Environ. 55:349-60
    • (2003) J. Arid Environ. , vol.55 , pp. 349-360
    • Sparrow, A.D.1    Friedel, M.H.2    Tongway, D.J.3
  • 58
    • 0029415965 scopus 로고
    • Surface disturbances: Their role in accelerating desertification
    • Belnap J. 1995. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification. Environ. Monit. Assess. 37:39-57
    • (1995) Environ. Monit. Assess. , vol.37 , pp. 39-57
    • Belnap, J.1
  • 59
    • 10444232758 scopus 로고
    • Intergov. Panel Clim. cange
    • Cambridge: IPCC Working Group I
    • Intergov. Panel Clim. Change. 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: IPCC Working Group I
    • (1995) The Science of Climate Change
  • 60
    • 0031875013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil processes and global change
    • Mosier AR. 1998. Soil processes and global change. Biol. Fertil. Soils 27:221-29
    • (1998) Biol. Fertil. Soils , vol.27 , pp. 221-229
    • Mosier, A.R.1
  • 64
    • 0025919391 scopus 로고
    • Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native, fertilized and cultivated grasslands
    • Mosier A, Schimel D, Valentine D, Bronson K, Parton W. 1991. Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native, fertilized and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350:330-32
    • (1991) Nature , vol.350 , pp. 330-332
    • Mosier, A.1    Schimel, D.2    Valentine, D.3    Bronson, K.4    Parton, W.5
  • 66
    • 0031900238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrous oxide emissions from excreta applied in a simulated grazing pattern
    • Yamulki S, Jarvis SC, Owen P. 1998. Nitrous oxide emissions from excreta applied in a simulated grazing pattern. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:491-500
    • (1998) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.30 , pp. 491-500
    • Yamulki, S.1    Jarvis, S.C.2    Owen, P.3
  • 68
    • 0025204978 scopus 로고
    • Climatic control of vegetation distrbution: The role of the water balance
    • Stephenson NL. 1990. Climatic control of vegetation distrbution: the role of the water balance. Am. Nat. 135:649-70
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.135 , pp. 649-670
    • Stephenson, N.L.1
  • 70
    • 0028164967 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation in actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems - Patterns and ecological implications
    • Frank DA, Inouye RS. 1994. Temporal variation in actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems - patterns and ecological implications. J. Biogeogr. 21:401-11
    • (1994) J. Biogeogr. , vol.21 , pp. 401-411
    • Frank, D.A.1    Inouye, R.S.2
  • 71
    • 0035053993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evapotranspiration in a prairie ecosystem: Effects of grazing by cattle
    • Bremer DJ, Auen LM, Ham JM, Owensby CE. 2001. Evapotranspiration in a prairie ecosystem: effects of grazing by cattle. Agron. J. 93:338-48
    • (2001) Agron. J. , vol.93 , pp. 338-348
    • Bremer, D.J.1    Auen, L.M.2    Ham, J.M.3    Owensby, C.E.4
  • 72
    • 0001937688 scopus 로고
    • Grazing effects on water relations of Caucasian bluestem
    • Svejcar T, Christiansen S. 1987. Grazing effects on water relations of Caucasian bluestem. J. Range Manag. 40:15-18
    • (1987) J. Range Manag , vol.40 , pp. 15-18
    • Svejcar, T.1    Christiansen, S.2
  • 73
    • 0023519777 scopus 로고
    • Soil and plant water relations in a crested wheatgrass pasture: Response to spring grazing by cattle
    • Wraith JM, Johnson DA, Hanks RJ, Sisson DV. 1987. Soil and plant water relations in a crested wheatgrass pasture: response to spring grazing by cattle. Oecologia 73:573-78
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.73 , pp. 573-578
    • Wraith, J.M.1    Johnson, D.A.2    Hanks, R.J.3    Sisson, D.V.4
  • 74
    • 0029480445 scopus 로고
    • Grazing effects on soil-water in Alberta foothills fescue grasslands
    • Naeth MA, Chanasyk DS. 1995. Grazing effects on soil-water in Alberta foothills fescue grasslands. J. Range Manag. 48:528-34
    • (1995) J. Range Manag. , vol.48 , pp. 528-534
    • Ma, N.1    Chanasyk, D.S.2
  • 75
    • 0026313498 scopus 로고
    • Grazing impacts on soil-water in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta
    • Naeth MA, Chanasyk DS, Rothwell RL, Bailey AW. 1991. Grazing impacts on soil-water in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 71:313-25
    • (1991) Can. J. Soil Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 313-325
    • Ma, N.1    Chanasyk, D.S.2    Rothwell, R.L.3    Bailey, A.W.4
  • 76
    • 0029503925 scopus 로고
    • The cow as a geomorphic agent - A critical review
    • Trimble SW, Mendel AC. 1995. The cow as a geomorphic agent - a critical review. Geomorphology 13:233-53
    • (1995) Geomorphology , vol.13 , pp. 233-253
    • Trimble, S.W.1    Mendel, A.C.2
  • 78
    • 10444259765 scopus 로고
    • Effect of grass litter on infiltration of rainfall on granitic soils in a semidesert shrub grass area
    • USDA, For. Serv., Southwest For. Range Exp. Station, Albuquerque, NM
    • Hendricks BA. 1942. Effect of grass litter on infiltration of rainfall on granitic soils in a semidesert shrub grass area. Rep. Note 96, USDA, For. Serv., Southwest For. Range Exp. Station, Albuquerque, NM
    • (1942) Rep. Note 96
    • Hendricks, B.A.1
  • 79
    • 0036641488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrologic response of grasslands: Effects of grazing, interactive infiltration, and scale
    • Fiedler FR, Frasier GW, Ramirez JA, Ahuja LR. 2002. Hydrologic response of grasslands: effects of grazing, interactive infiltration, and scale. J. Hydrol. Eng. 7:293-301
    • (2002) J. Hydrol. Eng. , vol.7 , pp. 293-301
    • Fiedler, F.R.1    Frasier, G.W.2    Ramirez, J.A.3    Ahuja, L.R.4
  • 80
    • 0028160957 scopus 로고
    • Remote-sensing-based condition assessment for nonequilibrium rangelands under large-scale commercial grazing
    • Pickup G, Bastin GN, Chewings VH. 1994. Remote-sensing-based condition assessment for nonequilibrium rangelands under large-scale commercial grazing. Ecol. Appl. 4:497-517
    • (1994) Ecol. Appl. , vol.4 , pp. 497-517
    • Pickup, G.1    Bastin, G.N.2    Chewings, V.H.3
  • 82
    • 0000351814 scopus 로고
    • Drought in the Sahara: A biogeophysical feedback mechanism
    • Charney J, Stone PH, Quirk WJ. 1975. Drought in the Sahara: a biogeophysical feedback mechanism. Science 187:434-35
    • (1975) Science , vol.187 , pp. 434-435
    • Charney, J.1    Stone, P.H.2    Quirk, W.J.3
  • 83
    • 0028573807 scopus 로고
    • Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation
    • Dirmeyer PA, Shukla J. 1994. Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation. J. Geophys. Res. 99:20863-77
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 20863-20877
    • Dirmeyer, P.A.1    Shukla, J.2
  • 85
    • 0035130382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite measurements of albedo and radiant temperature from semi-desert grassland along the Arizona/Sonora border
    • Michalek JL, Colwell JE, Roller NEG, Miller NA, Kasischke ES, Schlesinger WH. 2001. Satellite measurements of albedo and radiant temperature from semi-desert grassland along the Arizona/Sonora border. Clim. Chang. 48:417-25
    • (2001) Clim. Chang. , vol.48 , pp. 417-425
    • Michalek, J.L.1    Colwell, J.E.2    Neg, R.3    Miller, N.A.4    Kasischke, E.S.5    Schlesinger, W.H.6
  • 86
    • 0002263877 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns, and proximate causes
    • ed. M Vavra, WA Laycock, RD Pieper, Denver, CO: Soc. Range Manag
    • Archer S. 1994. Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns, and proximate causes. In Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West, ed. M Vavra, WA Laycock, RD Pieper, pp. 13-68. Denver, CO: Soc. Range Manag.
    • (1994) Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West , pp. 13-68
    • Archer, S.1
  • 87
    • 0034503117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrub invasions of North American semi-arid grasslands
    • van Auken WO. 2000. Shrub invasions of North American semi-arid grasslands. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31:197-216
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.31 , pp. 197-216
    • Van Auken, W.O.1
  • 88
    • 0024257249 scopus 로고
    • Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: Conversion of grassland to thorn woodland
    • Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham CR. 1988. Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol. Monogr. 58:111-27
    • (1988) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.58 , pp. 111-127
    • Archer, S.1    Scifres, C.2    Bassham, C.R.3
  • 89
    • 0024927473 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant invasion of grasslands: Establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history
    • Brown JR, Archer S. 1989. Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing history. Oecologia 80:19-26
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.80 , pp. 19-26
    • Brown, J.R.1    Archer, S.2
  • 91
    • 0031767897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale dependence of absorption of photosynthetically active radiation in terrestrial ecosystems
    • Asner GP, Wessman CA, Archer S. 1998. Scale dependence of absorption of photosynthetically active radiation in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 8:1003-21
    • (1998) Ecol. Appl. , vol.8 , pp. 1003-1021
    • Asner, G.P.1    Wessman, C.A.2    Archer, S.3
  • 92
    • 0038348341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of cattle ranching on large-scale vegetation patterns in a coastal savanna in Tanzania
    • Tobler MW, Cochard R, Edwards PJ. 2003. The impact of cattle ranching on large-scale vegetation patterns in a coastal savanna in Tanzania. J. Appl. Ecol. 40:430-44
    • (2003) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.40 , pp. 430-444
    • Tobler, M.W.1    Cochard, R.2    Edwards, P.J.3
  • 93
    • 1642559158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation structure after long-term grazing in pinyon-juniper ecosystems: Integrating imaging spectroscopy and field studies
    • Harris AT, Asner GP, Miller ME. 2003. Changes in vegetation structure after long-term grazing in pinyon-juniper ecosystems: integrating imaging spectroscopy and field studies. Ecosystems 6:368-83
    • (2003) Ecosystems , vol.6 , pp. 368-383
    • Harris, A.T.1    Asner, G.P.2    Miller, M.E.3
  • 95
    • 0041352872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation and recovery processes in and grazing lands of central Australia. Part 2: Vegetation
    • Friedel MH, Sparrow AD, Kinloch JE, Tongway DJ. 2003. Degradation and recovery processes in and grazing lands of central Australia. Part 2: Vegetation. J. Arid Environ. 55:327-48
    • (2003) J. Arid Environ , vol.55 , pp. 327-348
    • Friedel, M.H.1    Sparrow, A.D.2    Kinloch, J.E.3    Tongway, D.J.4
  • 96
    • 0038082960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined effects of environment and grazing on vegetation structure in Argentine granite grasslands
    • Cingolani AM, Cabido MR, Renison D, Solis VN. 2003. Combined effects of environment and grazing on vegetation structure in Argentine granite grasslands. J. Veg. Sci. 14:223-32
    • (2003) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 223-232
    • Cingolani, A.M.1    Cabido, M.R.2    Renison, D.3    Solis, V.N.4
  • 97
    • 0035681316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: The relative contribution of grazing and climatic variability
    • Fuhlendorf SD, Briske DD, Smeins FE. 2001. Herbaceous vegetation change in variable rangeland environments: the relative contribution of grazing and climatic variability. Appl. Veg. Sci. 4:177-88
    • (2001) Appl. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 177-188
    • Fuhlendorf, S.D.1    Briske, D.D.2    Smeins, F.E.3
  • 98
    • 0037780941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in the vegetation after the cessation of livestock grazing in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) woodland remnants
    • Pettit NE, Froend RH. 2001. Long-term changes in the vegetation after the cessation of livestock grazing in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) woodland remnants. Austral Ecol. 26:22-31
    • (2001) Austral Ecol. , vol.26 , pp. 22-31
    • Pettit, N.E.1    Froend, R.H.2
  • 99
    • 0031918930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta C-13 values of soil organic carbon and their use in documenting vegetation change in a subtropical savanna ecosystem
    • Boutton TW, Archer SR, Midwood AJ, Zitzer SF, Bol R. 1998. Delta C-13 values of soil organic carbon and their use in documenting vegetation change in a subtropical savanna ecosystem. Geoderma 82:5-41
    • (1998) Geoderma , vol.82 , pp. 5-41
    • Boutton, T.W.1    Archer, S.R.2    Midwood, A.J.3    Zitzer, S.F.4    Bol, R.5
  • 100
    • 0242339111 scopus 로고
    • Natural savannahs as a transition to the arid zone
    • ed. JH Burnett. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
    • Walker H. 1971. Natural savannahs as a transition to the arid zone. In Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation, ed. JH Burnett, pp. 238-65. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
    • (1971) Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation , pp. 238-265
    • Walker, H.1
  • 102
    • 0032878837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrelationships between plant functional types and soil moisture heterogeneity for semiarid landscapes within the grassland/forest continuum: A unified conceptual model
    • Breshears DD, Barnes FJ. 1999. Interrelationships between plant functional types and soil moisture heterogeneity for semiarid landscapes within the grassland/forest continuum: a unified conceptual model. Landsc. Ecol. 14:465-78
    • (1999) Landsc. Ecol. , vol.14 , pp. 465-478
    • Breshears, D.D.1    Barnes, F.J.2
  • 104
    • 0032418054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: Soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches
    • Breshears DD, Nyhan JW, Heil CE, Wilcox BP. 1998. Effects of woody plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: soil temperature and evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches. Int. J. Plant Sci. 159:1010-17
    • (1998) Int. J. Plant Sci. , vol.159 , pp. 1010-1017
    • Breshears, D.D.1    Nyhan, J.W.2    Heil, C.E.3    Wilcox, B.P.4
  • 105
    • 0000460278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overstory-imposed heterogeneity in solar radiation and soil moisture in a semiarid woodland
    • Breshears DD, Rich PM, Barnes FJ, Campbell K. 1997. Overstory-imposed heterogeneity in solar radiation and soil moisture in a semiarid woodland. Ecol. Appl. 7:1201-16
    • (1997) Ecol. Appl. , vol.7 , pp. 1201-1216
    • Breshears, D.D.1    Rich, P.M.2    Barnes, F.J.3    Campbell, K.4
  • 106
    • 0000000571 scopus 로고
    • Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, U.S.A.: An analysis of desertification processes in the American Southwest
    • Grover HD, Musik HB. 1990. Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, U.S.A.: an analysis of desertification processes in the American Southwest. Climat. Chang. 17:305-30
    • (1990) Climat. Chang. , vol.17 , pp. 305-330
    • Grover, H.D.1    Musik, H.B.2
  • 107
    • 0034099671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation-climate feedbacks in the conversion of tropical savanna to grassland
    • Hoffman WA, Jackson RB. 2000. Vegetation-climate feedbacks in the conversion of tropical savanna to grassland. J. Clim. 13:1593-602
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 1593-1602
    • Hoffman, W.A.1    Jackson, R.B.2
  • 108
    • 0003128243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric disturbances caused by human modification of the landscape
    • WeaverCP, Avissar R. 2001. Atmospheric disturbances caused by human modification of the landscape. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82:269-81
    • (2001) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 269-281
    • Weaver, C.P.1    Avissar, R.2
  • 109
    • 0024182657 scopus 로고
    • Abandoned pastures in eastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of plant succession
    • Uhl C, Buschbacher R, Serrão EAS. 1988. Abandoned pastures in eastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of plant succession. J. Ecol. 76:663-81
    • (1988) J. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 663-681
    • Uhl, C.1    Buschbacher, R.2    Eas, S.3
  • 110
    • 0442314406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale dependence of biophysical structure in deforested areas bordering the Tapajos National Forest, Central Amazon
    • Asner GP, Bustamante MMC, Townsend AR. 2003. Scale dependence of biophysical structure in deforested areas bordering the Tapajos National Forest, Central Amazon. Remote Sens. Environ. 87:507-20
    • (2003) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.87 , pp. 507-520
    • Asner, G.P.1    Mmc, B.2    Townsend, A.R.3
  • 111
    • 0027492563 scopus 로고
    • Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests
    • Kauffman JB, Sanford RL Jr.,Cummings DL, Salcedo IH, Sampaio EVSB. 1993. Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests. Ecology 74:140-51
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 140-151
    • Kauffman, J.B.1    Sanford Jr., R.L.2    Cummings, D.L.3    Salcedo, I.H.4    Evsb, S.5
  • 112
    • 0034081905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and cations in soil as a result of fire and water erosion in a Mediterranean landscape
    • Gimeno-Garcia E, Andreu V, Rubio J. 2000. Changes in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and cations in soil as a result of fire and water erosion in a Mediterranean landscape. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 51:201-10
    • (2000) Eur. J. Soil Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 201-210
    • Gimeno-Garcia, E.1    Andreu, V.2    Rubio, J.3
  • 113
    • 0027788802 scopus 로고
    • The effects of fire on water-quality, dissolved nutrient losses and the export of particulate matter from dry heathland catchments
    • Belillus CM, Roda F. 1993. The effects of fire on water-quality, dissolved nutrient losses and the export of particulate matter from dry heathland catchments. J. Hydrol. 150:1-17
    • (1993) J. Hydrol. , vol.150 , pp. 1-17
    • Belillus, C.M.1    Roda, F.2
  • 114
    • 0034668264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil N dynamics associated with deforestation, biomass burning, and pasture conversion in a Mexican tropical dry forest
    • Ellingson LJ, Kauffman JB, Cummings DL, Sanford RL Jr., Jaramillo VJ. 2000. Soil N dynamics associated with deforestation, biomass burning, and pasture conversion in a Mexican tropical dry forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 137:41-51
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.137 , pp. 41-51
    • Ellingson, L.J.1    Kauffman, J.B.2    Cummings, D.L.3    Sanford Jr., R.L.4    Jaramillo, V.J.5
  • 115
    • 0032745650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient dynamics of rangeland burns in southeast Arizona
    • Emmerich WE. 1999. Nutrient dynamics of rangeland burns in southeast Arizona. J. Range Manag. 52:606-14
    • (1999) J. Range Manag. , vol.52 , pp. 606-614
    • Emmerich, W.E.1
  • 118
    • 0031392264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of selective logging and forest conservation for subsistence agriculture and pastures on terrestrial nutrient dynamics in the Amazon
    • Fernandes ECM, Biot Y, Castilla C, Canto AC, Matos JC, et al. 1997. The impact of selective logging and forest conservation for subsistence agriculture and pastures on terrestrial nutrient dynamics in the Amazon. Ciencia e Cultura: J. Braz. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 49:37-47
    • (1997) Ciencia E Cultura: J. Braz. Assoc. Adv. Sci. , vol.49 , pp. 37-47
    • Ecm, F.1    Biot, Y.2    Castilla, C.3    Canto, A.C.4    Matos, J.C.5
  • 119
    • 0036178467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature
    • Murty D, Kirschbaum MUF, McMurtrie RE, McGilvray A. 2002. Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Glob. Change Biol. 8:105-23
    • (2002) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 105-123
    • Murty, D.1    Muf, K.2    McMurtrie, R.E.3    McGilvray, A.4
  • 120
    • 0031884240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire in the Brazilian Amazon 2. Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures
    • Kauffman JB, Cummings DL, Ward DE. 1998. Fire in the Brazilian Amazon 2. Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures. Oecologia 113:415-27
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.113 , pp. 415-427
    • Kauffman, J.B.1    Cummings, D.L.2    Ward, D.E.3
  • 121
    • 10444249631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient limitation of biomass growth in a tropical secondary forest: Early results of a nitrogen and phosphorus amendment experiment
    • In press
    • Davidson EA, de Carvalho CJR, Vieira ICG, Figueiredo RO, Moutinho P, et al. 2004. Nutrient limitation of biomass growth in a tropical secondary forest: early results of a nitrogen and phosphorus amendment experiment. Ecol. Appl. In press
    • (2004) Ecol. Appl.
    • Davidson, E.A.1    De Cjr, C.2    Icg, V.3    Figueiredo, R.O.4    Moutinho, P.5
  • 122
    • 85047678365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the organic phosphorus status of an oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna using 31P NMR spectroscopy
    • Guggenberger G, Haumaier L, Thomas RJ, Zech W. 1996. Assessing the organic phosphorus status of an oxisol under tropical pastures following native savanna using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Biol. Fertil. Soils 23:332-39
    • (1996) Biol. Fertil. Soils , vol.23 , pp. 332-339
    • Guggenberger, G.1    Haumaier, L.2    Thomas, R.J.3    Zech, W.4
  • 124
    • 33646510724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexpected changes in soil phosphorus dynamics along pasture chronosequences in the humid tropics
    • Townsend AR, Asner GP, Cleveland CC, Lefer ME, Bustamante MMC. 2002. Unexpected changes in soil phosphorus dynamics along pasture chronosequences in the humid tropics. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D20):8067-76
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D20 , pp. 8067-8076
    • Townsend, A.R.1    Asner, G.P.2    Cleveland, C.C.3    Lefer, M.E.4    Mmc, B.5
  • 125
    • 0033387177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrometry of pasture condition and biogeochemistry in the central Amazon
    • Asner GP, Townsend AR, Bustamante MMC. 1999. Spectrometry of pasture condition and biogeochemistry in the central Amazon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26:2769-72
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 2769-2772
    • Asner, G.P.1    Townsend, A.R.2    Bustamante, M.M.C.3
  • 126
    • 0033009131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of secondary vegetation in eastern Amazonia to relaxed nutrient availability constraints
    • Gehring C, Denich M, Kanashiro M, Vlek PLG. 1999. Response of secondary vegetation in eastern Amazonia to relaxed nutrient availability constraints. Biogeochemistry 45:223-41
    • (1999) Biogeochemistry , vol.45 , pp. 223-241
    • Gehring, C.1    Denich, M.2    Kanashiro, M.3    Plg, V.4
  • 127
    • 0031391364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils
    • Davidson EA, Kingerlee W. 1997. A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 48:37-50
    • (1997) Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. , vol.48 , pp. 37-50
    • Davidson, E.A.1    Kingerlee, W.2
  • 128
    • 0028583438 scopus 로고
    • Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica
    • Keller M, Reiners WA. 1994. Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 8:399-409
    • (1994) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.8 , pp. 399-409
    • Keller, M.1    Reiners, W.A.2
  • 130
    • 0025626194 scopus 로고
    • Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
    • Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO. 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250:1669-78
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1669-1678
    • Crutzen, P.J.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 131
    • 0034952153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest-grassland continuum
    • Reich PB, Peterson DW, Wedin DA, Wrage K. 2001. Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest-grassland continuum. Ecology 82:1703-19
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1703-1719
    • Reich, P.B.1    Peterson, D.W.2    Wedin, D.A.3    Wrage, K.4
  • 132
    • 0034016254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogenic and pyrogenic emissions from Africa and their impact on the global atmosphere
    • Scholes M, Andreae MO. 2000. Biogenic and pyrogenic emissions from Africa and their impact on the global atmosphere. Ambio 29:23-29
    • (2000) Ambio , vol.29 , pp. 23-29
    • Scholes, M.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 134
    • 36448997049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia
    • Artaxo P, Martins JV, Yamasoe MA, Procopio AS, Pauliquevis TM, et al. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of aerosols in the wet and dry seasons in Rondonia, Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. 107:8081-95
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 8081-8095
    • Artaxo, P.1    Martins, J.V.2    Yamasoe, M.A.3    Procopio, A.S.4    Pauliquevis, T.M.5
  • 135
    • 0030618083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and roles in atmospheric chemistry
    • Andreae MO, Crutzen PJ. 1997. Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and roles in atmospheric chemistry. Science 276:1052-57
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 1052-1057
    • Andreae, M.O.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 137
    • 0037096839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrology of altered tropical forest
    • Giambelluca TW. 2002. Hydrology of altered tropical forest. Hydrol. Process. 16:1665-69
    • (2002) Hydrol. Process , vol.16 , pp. 1665-1669
    • Giambelluca, T.W.1
  • 138
    • 0031459395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of transpiration to forest ambient vapour based on isotopic measurements
    • Moreira MZ, Sternberg LDL, Martinelli LA, Victoria RL, Barbosa EM, et al. 1997. Contribution of transpiration to forest ambient vapour based on isotopic measurements. Glob. Change Biol. 3:439-50
    • (1997) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 439-450
    • Moreira, M.Z.1    Ldl, S.2    Martinelli, L.A.3    Victoria, R.L.4    Barbosa, E.M.5
  • 140
    • 0345447003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, southeastern Amazonia
    • Costa MH, Botta A, Cardille JA. 2003. Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, southeastern Amazonia. J. Hydrol. 283:206-17
    • (2003) J. Hydrol , vol.283 , pp. 206-217
    • Costa, M.H.1    Botta, A.2    Cardille, J.A.3
  • 142
    • 0003265211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest hydrology
    • ed. JC Evans. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific
    • Bruijnzeel LA. 2001. Forest hydrology. In The Forests Handbook, ed. JC Evans, pp. 56-78. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific
    • (2001) The Forests Handbook , pp. 56-78
    • Bruijnzeel, L.A.1
  • 143
    • 0001730153 scopus 로고
    • Amazon deforestation and regional climate change
    • Nobre CA, Sellers PJ, Shukla J. 1991. Amazon deforestation and regional climate change. J. Clim. 4:957-88
    • (1991) J. Clim. , vol.4 , pp. 957-988
    • Nobre, C.A.1    Sellers, P.J.2    Shukla, J.3
  • 144
    • 33646520104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere-atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region
    • Silva Dias MAF, Rutledge S, Kabat P, Silva Dias PL, Nobre C, et al. 2002. Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere-atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region. J. Geophy. Res. 107:8072-92
    • (2002) J. Geophy. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 8072-8092
    • Maf, S.D.1    Rutledge, S.2    Kabat, P.3    Silva Dias, P.L.4    Nobre, C.5
  • 145
    • 0037902940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation
    • Werth D, Avissar R. 2002. The local and global effects of Amazon deforestation. J. Geophys. Res. 107:8087-95
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 8087-8095
    • Werth, D.1    Avissar, R.2
  • 146
    • 0033625905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Amazonian deforestation on the Northern Hemisphere circulation and climate
    • Gedney N, Valdes PJ. 2000. The effect of Amazonian deforestation on the Northern Hemisphere circulation and climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27:2052-56
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 2052-2056
    • Gedney, N.1    Valdes, P.J.2
  • 147
    • 0029434523 scopus 로고
    • Human impacts on the grasslands of southeastern Arizona
    • ed. MP McClaran, TR Van Devender. Tucson, AZ: Univ. Ariz. Press
    • Bahre CJ. 1995. Human impacts on the grasslands of southeastern Arizona. In The Desert Grassland, ed. MP McClaran, TR Van Devender, pp. 230-64. Tucson, AZ: Univ. Ariz. Press
    • (1995) The Desert Grassland , pp. 230-264
    • Bahre, C.J.1
  • 148
    • 0035035156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño as a window of opportunity for the restoration of degraded arid ecosystems
    • Holmgren M, Scheffer M. 2001. El Niño as a window of opportunity for the restoration of degraded arid ecosystems. Ecosystems 4:151-59
    • (2001) Ecosystems , vol.4 , pp. 151-159
    • Holmgren, M.1    Scheffer, M.2
  • 149
    • 0034735662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between fire, grazing and climate change at Wind Cave National Park, SD
    • Bachelet D, Lenihan JM, Daly C, Neilson RP. 2000. Interactions between fire, grazing and climate change at Wind Cave National Park, SD. Ecol. Model. 134:229-44
    • (2000) Ecol. Model. , vol.134 , pp. 229-244
    • Bachelet, D.1    Lenihan, J.M.2    Daly, C.3    Neilson, R.P.4
  • 152
    • 0344148020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Options to address livestock-environment interactions
    • Steinfeld H, de Haan C, Blackburn H. 1997. Options to address livestock-environment interactions. World Animal Rev. 88:15-20
    • (1997) World Animal Rev. , vol.88 , pp. 15-20
    • Steinfeld, H.1    De Haan, C.2    Blackburn, H.3
  • 153
    • 84862479080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Food Agric. Organ. 2002. http://www.agrifood-forum.net/practices/sector/livestock/21systems.asp
    • (2002)
  • 157
    • 0032478711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of environmenlal, agro nomic, and economic aspects of fertilizer management
    • Matson PA, Naylor R, Ortiz-Monasterio I. 1998. Integration of environmenlal, agro nomic, and economic aspects of fertilizer management. Science 280:112-14
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 112-114
    • Matson, P.A.1    Naylor, R.2    Ortiz-Monasterio, I.3
  • 158
    • 0028973709 scopus 로고
    • Climate studies in Israel - A review
    • Goldreich Y. 1995. Climate studies in Israel - a review. Atmos. Environ. 29:467-78
    • (1995) Atmos. Environ. , vol.29 , pp. 467-478
    • Goldreich, Y.1
  • 160
    • 0033301771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992
    • Ramankutty N, Foley JA. 1999. Estimating historical changes in global land cover: croplands from 1700 to 1992. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 13:997-1027
    • (1999) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.13 , pp. 997-1027
    • Ramankutty, N.1    Foley, J.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.