Oral microbiota and cancer

Journal of Oral Microbiology

Volumn 2, Issue 2010, 2010, Pages

  Meurman, Jukka H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cancer; Carcinogenesis; Oral bacteria; Oral microbiota

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958188667     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20002297     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5195     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Herrera V, Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric adenocarcinoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15: 971-6.
2. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007; 449: 804-10.
3. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009; 457: 480-4.
4. Preza D, Olsen I, Willumsen T, Grinde B, Paster BJ. Diversity and site-specificity of the oral microflora in the elderly. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: 1033-40.
5. Fischetti VA. Novel method to control pathogenic bacteria on human mucous membranes. Ann NYAcad Sci 2003; 987: 207-14.
6. Tachibana M, Yoshida A, Ansai T, Takata Y, Akifusa S, Fukuhara M, et al. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria on the tongue dorsum of elderly people. Gerodontology 2006; 23: 123-6.
7. Brook I. The role of bacterial interference in otitis, sinusitis and tonsillitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 33: 139-46.
8. Gendron R, Grenier D, Maheu-Robert L. The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections. Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 897-906.
9. Desai HG, Gill HH, Shankaran K, Mehta PR, Prabhu SR. Dental plaque: a permanent reservoir of Helicobacter pylori? Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1205-8.
10. Komiyama K, Tynan JJ, Habbick BF, Duncan DE, Liepert DJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the oral cavity and sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 59: 590-4.
11. Scannapieco FA. Position paper of The American Academy of Periodontology: periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998; 69: 841-50.
12. Slots J, Rams TE. New views on periodontal microbiota in special patient categories. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 411-20.
13. Meurman JH, Uittamo J. Oral micro-organisms in the etiology of cancer. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66: 321-6.
14. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420: 860-7.
15. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008; 454: 436-4.
16. Fantini MC, Pallone F. Cytokines: from gut inflammation to colorectal cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2008; 9: 375-80.
17. Allavena P, Garlanda C, Borrello MG, Sica A, Mantovani A. Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18: 3-10.
18. Parsonnet J. Microbes and malignancy. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999. p. 3-15.
19. Butel JS. Viral carcinogenesis: revelation of molecular mechanisms and etiology of human disease. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 405-26.
20. Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 2000; 248: 171-83.
21. Megraud F, Brassens-Rabbe MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ. Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1870-3.
22. Martin D, Gutkind JS. Human tumor-associated viruses and new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27: 31-42.
23. Grinde B, Olsen I. The role of viruses in oral disease. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2: 2127. DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.2127.
24. Watabe K, Nishi M, Miyake H, Hirata K. Lifestyle and gastric cancer: a case-control study. Oncol Rep 1998; 5: 1191-4.
25. Demirer T, Icli F, Uzunalimoglu O, Kucuk O. Diet and stomach cancer incidence. A case-control study in Turkey. Cancer 1990; 65: 2344-8.
26. Wolff G, Lauter J. On epidemiology of gastric cancer (author's transl). Arch Geschwulstforsch 1976; 46: 1-14.
27. Abnet CC, Qiao YL, Mark SD, Dong ZW, Taylor PR, Dawsey SM. Prospective study of tooth loss and incident esophageal and gastric cancers in China. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 847-54.
28. Hujoel PP, Drangsholt M, Spiekerman C, Weiss NS. An exploration of the periodontitis-cancer association. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13: 312-6.
29. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Dodd KW, Blaser MJ, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Albanes D. Tooth loss, pancreatic cancer, and Helicobacter pylori. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 176-81.
30. Michaud DS, Joshipura K, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS. A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 171-5.
31. Lin CY, Chao PC, Hong GJ, Tsai YT, Lee CY, Tsai CS. Infective endocarditis from Streptococcus viridans associated with colonic carcinoma: a case report. J Card Surg 2008; 23: 263-5.
32. Siegert CE, Overbosch D. Carcinoma of the colon presenting as Streptococcus sanguis bacteremia. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1528-9.
33. Michaud DS, Liu Y, Meyer M, Giovannucci E, Joshipura K. Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk in male health professionals: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 550-8.
34. Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Reid ME, Marshall JR, Hyland A, Loree T, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 450-4.
35. Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Hyland A, Marshall JR, Stoler D, Reid ME, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2406-12.
36. Abnet CC, Kamangar F, Islami F, Nasrollahzadeh D, Brennan P, Aghcheli K, et al. Tooth loss and lack of regular oral hygiene are associated with higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3062-8.
37. Holmes L, desVignes-Kendrik M, Slomka J, Mahabir S, Beeravolu S, Emani SR. Is dental care utilization associated with oral cavity cancer in a large sample of community-based United States residents? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37: 134-42.
38. Rautemaa R, Hietanen J, Niissalo S, Pirinen S, Perheentupa J. Oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma - a complication or component of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED, APS-I). Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 607-13.
39. Rosa DD, Pasqualotto AC, Denning DW. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and oesophageal cancer. Med Mycol 2008; 46: 85-91.
40. Söder B, Klinge B, Söder P-Ö. Periodontitis and premature death: a 16-year longitudinal study in a Swedish urban population. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42: 361-6.
41. Hooper SJ, Wilson MJ, Crean SJ. Exploring the link between microorganisms and oral cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck 2009; 31: 1228-39.
42. Migliorati CA. Periodontal disease and cancer. Periodontal diseases and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 510-2.
43. Meyer MS, Joshipura K, Giovannucci E, Michaud DS. A review of the relationship between tooth loss, periodontal disease, and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 895-907.
44. Meurman JH. Infectious and dietary risk factors of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 411-3.
45. Meurman JH, Sanz M, Janket SJ. Oral health, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004; 15: 403-13.
46. Lax AJ, Thomas W. How bacteria could cause cancer: one step at a time. Trends Microbiol 2002; 10: 293-9.
47. Katz J, Wallet S, Cha S. Periodontal disease and the oralsystemic connection: "Is it all the RAGE?". Quintessence Int 2010; 41: 229-37.
48. Lalla E, Lamster IB, Stern DM, Schmidt AM. Receptor for advanced glycation end products, inflammation, and accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes: mechanisms and insights into therapeutic modalities. Ann Periodontol 2001; 6: 113-8.
49. Janket SJ, Jones JA, Meurman JH, Baird AE, Van Dyke TE. Oral infection, hyperglycemia, and endothelial dysfunction. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 105: 173-9.
50. Sheu BC, Chang WC, Cheng CY, Lin HH, Chang DY, Huang SC. Cytokine regulation networks in the cancer microenvironment. Front Biosci 2008; 13: 6255-68.
51. Bloching M, Reich W, Schubert J, Grummt T, Sandner A. The influence of oral hygiene on salivary quality in the Ames Test, as a marker for genotoxic effects. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 933-9.
52. Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ. Role of areca nut in betel quidassociated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives. Oral Oncol 2001; 37: 477-92.
53. Homann N, Tillonen J, Salaspuro M. Microbially produced acetaldehyde from ethanol may increase the risk of colon cancer via folate deficiency. Int J Cancer 2000: 86: 169-73.
54. Homann N, Tillonen J, Meurman JH, Rintamäki H, Lindqvist C, Rautio M, et al. Increased salivary acetaldehyde levels in heavy drinkers and smokers: a microbiological approach to oral cavity cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 663-8.
55. Kurkivuori J, Salaspuro V, Kaihovaara P, Kari K, Rautemaa R, Grönroos L, et al. Acetaldehyde production from ethanol by oral streptococci. Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 181-6.
56. Uittamo J, Siikala E, Kaihovaara P, Salaspuro M, Rautemaa R. Chronic candidosis and oral cancer in APECED-patients: production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde from glucose and ethanol by Candida albicans. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 754-6.
57. Nieminen MT, Uittamo J, Salaspuro M, Rautemaa R. Acetaldehyde production from ethanol and glucose by non-Candida albicans yeasts in vitro. Oral Oncol 2009; 45: e245-8.
58. Marichalar-Mendia X, Rodriguez-Tojo MJ, Acha-Sagredo A, Rey-Barja N, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Oral cancer and polymorphism of ethanol metabolising genes. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 9-13.
59. Cancela Mde C, Ramadas K, Fayette JM, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Chapuis F, et al. Alcohol intake and oral cavity cancer risk among men in a prospective study in Kerala, India. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37: 342-9.
60. Morse DE, Psoter WJ, Cleveland D, Cohen D, Mohit-Tabatabai M, Kosis DL, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral cancer and oral epithelial dysplasia. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18: 919-29.
61. Salaspuro V, Salaspuro M. Synergistic effect of alcohol drinking and smoking on in vivo acetaldehyde concentration in saliva. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 480-3.
62. NarikiyoM, Tanabe C, Yamada Y, Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Kato H, et al. Frequent and preferential infection of Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus anginosus in esophageal cancers. Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 569-74.
63. Shiga K, Tateda M, Saijo S, Hori T, Sato I, Tateno H, et al. Presence of streptococcus infection in extra-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its implication in carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep 2001; 8: 245-8.
64. Sasaki M, Yamaura C, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Tajika S, Kodama Y, Ohya T, et al. Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route. Oral Dis 2005; 11: 151-6.
65. Mager DL, Haffajee AD, Devlin PM, Norris CM, Posner MR, Goodson JM. The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancerfree and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J Translational Med 2009; 3: 27. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-27.
66. Liao PH, Chang YC, Huang MF, Tai KW, Chou MY. Mutation of p53 gene codon 63 in saliva as a molecular marker for oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2000; 36: 272-6.
67. Kim MM, Clinger JD, Masayesva BG, Ha PK, Zahurak ML, Westra WH, et al. Mitochondrial DNA quantity increases with histopathologic grade in premalignant and malignant head and neck lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 8512-5.
68. Vieira J, O'Hearn P, Kimball L, Chandran B, Corey L. Activation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) lytic replication by human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2001; 75: 1378-86.
69. Maticic M, Poljak M, Kramar B, Tomazic J, Vidmar L, Zakotnik B, et al. Proviral HIV-1 DNA in gingival crevicular fluid of HIV-1-infected patients in various stages of HIV disease. J Dent Res 2000; 79: 1496-501.
70. Seoane Lestón J, Diz Dios P. Diagnostic clinical aids in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 418-22.
71. Wu JY, Yi C, Chung HR, Wang DJ, Chang WC, Lee SY, et al. Potential biomarkers in saliva for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 226-31.
72. Keijser BJ, Zaura E, Huse SM, van der Vossen JM, Schuren FH, Montijn RC, et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of the oral microflora of healthy adults. J Dent Res 2008; 87: 1016-20.
73. KuoWP. Overview of bioinformatics and its application to oral genomics. Adv Dent Res 2003; 17: 89-94.
74. Kuo WP, Mendez E, Chen C, Whipple ME, Farell G, Agoff N, et al. Functional relationships between gene pairs in oral squamous cell carcinoma. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003: 371-5.
75. Fábián TK, Fejérdy P, Csermely P. Salivary genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics: the emerging concept of the oral ecosystem and their use in the early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Curr Genomics 2008; 9: 11-21.
76. Rautemaa R, Rusanen P, Richardson M, Meurman JH. Optimal sampling site for mucosal candidosis in oral cancer patients is the labial sulcus. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55: 1447-51.
77. Rusanen P, Siikala E, Uittamo J, Richardson M, Rautemaa R. A novel method for sampling the microbiota from the oral mucosa. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 13: 243-6.
78. Sixou JL, De Medeiros-Batista O, Gandemer V, Bonnaure-Mallet M. The effect of chemotherapy on the supragingival plaque of pediatric cancer patients. Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 476-83.
79. Almståhl A, Wikström M, Fagerberg-Mohlin B. Microflora in oral ecosystems in subjects with radiation-induced hyposalivation. Oral Dis 2008; 14: 541-9.
80. Tong HC, Gao XJ, Dong XZ. Non-mutants streptococci in patients receiving radiotherapy in the head and neck area. Caries Res 2003; 37: 261-6.
81. Leung WK, Jin LJ, Samaranayake LP, Chiu GK. Subgingival microbiota of shallow periodontal pockets in individuals after head and neck irradiation. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998; 13: 1-10.
82. Lucas VS, Beighton D, Roberts GJ, Challacombe SJ. Changes in the oral streptococcal flora of children undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Infect 1997; 35: 135-41.
83. Dens FL, Boute P, Vinckier F, Declerck D. Salivary caries risk factors in long-term event-free survivors of pediatric malignant diseases. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996; 20: 241-5.
84. Peterson DE, Minah GE, Reynolds MA, Weikel DS, Overholser CD, DePaola LG, et al. Effect of granulocytopenia on oral microbial relationships in patients with acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990; 70: 720-3.
85. Pompei R, Ingianni A, Cagetti MG, Rizzo A, Cotti S. Evaluation of the opportunistic microbial flora and of some antimicrobial factors in the oral cavity of leukaemic patients. Microbios 1993; 75: 149-57.
86. Reynolds MA, Minah GE, Peterson DE, Weikel DS, Williams LT, Overholser CD, et al. Periodontal disease and oral microbial successions during myelosuppressive cancer chemotherapy. J Clin Periodontol 1989; 16: 185-9.
87. Sixou JL, Aubry-Leuliette A, De Medeiros-Battista O, Lejeune S, Jolivet-Gougeon A, Solhi-Pinsard H, et al. Capnocytophaga in the dental plaque of immunocompromised children with cancer. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16: 75-80.
88. Meurman JH, Grönroos L. Oral and dental health care of oral cancer patients: hyposalivation, caries and infections. Oral Oncol 2010; 46: 464-7.
89. Meurman JH, Pyrhönen S, Teerenhovi L, Lindqvist C. Oral sources of septicaemia in patients with malignancies. Oral Oncol 1997; 33: 389-97.
90. Tomás I, Alvarez M, Limeres J, Tomás M, Medina J, Otero JL, et al. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on the risk of postextraction bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 577-82.
91. Sorensen JB, Skovsgaard T, Bork E, Damstrup L, Ingeberg S. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of chlorhexidine prophylaxis for 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapyinduced oral mucositis with nonblinded randomized comparison to oral cooling (cryotherapy) in gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer 2008; 112: 1600-6.
92. Madan PD, Sequeira PS, Shenoy K, Shetty J. The effect of three mouthwashes on radiation-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck malignancies: a randomized control trial. J Cancer Res Ther 2008; 4: 3-8.
93. Wahlin YB. Effects of chlorhexidine mouthrinse on oral health in patients with acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989; 68: 279-87.
94. Antunes HS, Ferreira EM, de Faria LM, Schirmer M, Rodrigues PC, Small IA, et al. Streptococcal bacteraemia in patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: the role of tooth brushing and use of chlorhexidine. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010; 15: e303-9.
95. Langslet A, Olsen I, Lie SO, Lokken P. Chlorhexidine treatment of oral candidiasis in seriously diseased children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1974; 63: 809-11.
96. Laine P, Meurman JH, Murtomaa H, Lindqvist C, Torkko H, Pyrhönen S, et al. One-year trial of the effect of rinsing with an amine fluoride-stannous-fluoride-containing mouthwash on gingival index scores and salivary microbial counts in lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs. J Clin Periodontol 1993; 20: 628-34.
97. Meurman JH, Laine P, Murtomaa H, Lindqvist C, Torkko H, Teerenhovi L, et al. Effect of antiseptic mouthwashes on some clinical and microbiological findings in the mouths of lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 587-91.
98. Stokman MA, Spijkervet FK, Boezen HM, Schouten JP, Roodenburg JL, de Vries EG. Preventive intervention possibilities in radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: results of meta-analyses. J Dent Res 2006; 85: 690-700.
99. Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD000978.
100. Sjögren P, Nilsson E, Forsell M, Johansson O, Hoogstraate J. A systematic review of the preventive effect of oral hygiene on pneumonia and respiratory tract infection in elderly people in hospitals and nursing homes: effect estimates and methodo logical quality of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 2124-30.
101. Akutsu Y, Matsubara H, Okazumi S, Shimada H, Shuto K, Shiratori T, et al. Impact of preoperative dental plaque culture for predicting postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients. Dig Surg 2008; 25: 93-7.
102. Chandu A, Stulner C, Bridgeman AM, Smith AC. Maintenance of mouth hygiene in patients with oral cancer in the immediate post-operative period. Aust Dent J 2002; 47: 170-3.
103. Salaspuro V, Hietala J, Kaihovaara P, Pihlajarinne L, Marvola M, Salaspuro M. Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow-release buccal tablet of L-cysteine. Int J Cancer 2002; 97: 361-4.
104. Salaspuro V. Pharmacological treatments and strategies for reducing oral and intestinal acetaldehyde. Novartis Found Symp 2007; 285: 145-53. (Discussion 153-7, 198-9)
105. De Vries N, De Flora S. N-acetyl-L-cysteine. J Cell Biochem 1993; 17: 270-7.
106. Van Schooten FJ, Besaratinia A, De Flora S, D'Agostini F, Izzotti A, Camoirano A, et al. Effects of oral administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine: a multi-biomarker study in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 167-75.
107. Salaspuro VJ, Hietala JM, Marvola ML, Salaspuro MP. Eliminating carcinogenic acetaldehyde by cysteine from saliva during smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 146-9.
108. Morini M, Cai T, Aluigi MG, Noonan DM, Masiello L, De Flora S, et al. The role of the thiol N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Markers 1999; 14: 268-71.
109. King K, Jones DH, Daltrey DC, Cunliffe WJ. A double-blind study of the effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on acne, sebum excretion rate and microbial population. Br J Dermatol 1982; 107: 583-90.
110. Krinsky NI. Antioxidant functions of carotenoids. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 7: 617-35.
111. Tengerdy RP. The role of vitamin E in immune response and disease resistance. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 587: 24-33.
112. Liede K, Hietanen J, Saxen L, Haukka J, Timonen T, Häyrinen-Immonen R, et al. Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers. Oral Dis 1998; 4: 78-83.
113. Liede KE, Alfthan G, Hietanen JH, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Beta-carotene concentration in buccal mucosal cells with and without dysplastic oral leukoplakia after long-term beta-carotene supplementation in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 872-6.
114. Lai PK, Roy J. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11: 1451-60.
115. Taylor PW, Hamilton-Miller JM, Stapleton PD. Antimicrobial properties of green tea catechins. Food Sci Technol Bull 2005; 2: 71-81.
116. Miller EG, Peacock JJ, Bourland TC, Taylor SE, Wright JM, Patil BS, et al. Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by citrus flavonoids. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60: 69-74.
117. Ide R, Fujino Y, Hoshiyama Y, Mizoue T, Kubo T, Pham TM, et al. A prospective study of green tea consumption and oral cancer incidence in Japan. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 821-6.
118. Meurman JH, Stamatova I. Probiotics: contributions to oral health. Oral Dis 2007; 13: 443-51.
119. Stamatova I, Meurman JH. Probiotics: health benefits in the mouth. Am J Dent 2009; 22: 329-38.
120. Kumar M, Kumar A, Nagpal R, Mohania D, Behare P, Verma V, et al. Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61: 473-96.
121. Maria-Aggeliki KS, Nikolaos KL, George KM, Vassilis KE. The potential clinical impact of probiotic treatment for the prevention and/or anti-inflammatory therapeutic effect against radiation induced intestinal mucositis. A review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2009; 3: 195-200.