Pain pathways and acute pain processing

Acute Pain Management

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 3-20

  Vadivelu, Nalini ^a   Whitney, Christian J ^a   Sinatra, Raymond S ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956353871     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511576706.002     Document Type: Chapter

References (119)

1. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal Plasticity: Increasing the Gain in Pain. Science. 2000; 288: 1765-1769.
2. Cherny NI, Thaler HT, Friedlander-Klar H, et al. Opioid responsiveness of cancer pain syndromes caused by neuropathic or nociceptive mechanisms: a combined analysis of controlled, singledose studies. Neurology. 1994; 44 (5): 857-861.
3. Woolf CJ, King AE. Subthreshold components of the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of dorsal horn neurons in the rat lumbar spinal cord. J Neurophysiol. 1989; 62 (4): 907-916.
4. Andersson GB. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9178): 581-585.
5. Smith BH, Elliott AM, Chambers WA, Smith WC, Hannaford PC, Penny K. The impact of chronic pain in the community. Fam Pract. 2001; 18 (3): 292-299.
6. Mannion RJ, Costigan M, Decosterd I, et al. Neurotrophins: peripherally and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulusinduced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96 (16): 9385-9390.
7. Keay KA, Clement CI, Owler B, Depaulis A, Bandler R. Convergence of deep somatic and visceral nociceptive information onto a discrete ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray region. Neuroscience. 1994; 61 (4): 727-732.
8. Donelson R, Silva G, Murphy K. Centralization phenomenon: its usefulness in evaluating and treating referred pain. Spine. 1990; 15 (3): 211-213.
9. Treede RD, Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN. Peripheral and central mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol. 1992; 38 (4): 397-421.
10. Lourie H, King RB. Sensory and neurohistological correlates of cutaneous hyperpathia. Arch Neurol. 1966; 14 (3): 313-320.
11. Chaplan SR, Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL. Efficacy of spinal NMDA receptor antagonism in formalin hyperalgesia and nerve injury evoked allodynia in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997; 280 (2): 829-938.
12. Chen J, Luo C, Li H, Chen H. Primary hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli following subcutaneous bee venom injection into the plantar surface of hindpaw in the conscious rat: a comparative study with the formalin test. Pain. 1999; 83 (1): 67-76.
13. Ziegler EA, Magerl W, Meyer RA, Treede RD. Secondary hyperalgesia to punctate mechanical stimuli: central sensitization to A-fibre nociceptor input. Brain. 1999; 122 (Pt 12): 2245-2257.
14. Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. Lancet. 1999; 353 (9168): 1959-1964.
15. Wong TM, Leung HB, Wong WC. Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic measurement of cervical spine in cervical myelopathic patients. J Orthopaed Surg (Hong Kong). 2004; 12 (2): 239-242.
16. Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M, Janig W. Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Pain. 2001; 93 (3): 279-293.
17. Sandroni P, Low PA, Ferrer T, Opfer-Gehrking TL, Willner CL, Wilson PR. Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I): prospective study and laboratory evaluation. Clin J Pain. 1998; 14 (4): 282-289.
18. McGrath PA. Psychological aspects of pain perception. Arch Oral Biol. 1994; 39 Suppl: 55S-62S.
19. Duncan G. Mind-body dualism and the biopsychosocial model of pain: what did Descartes really say? J Med Philos. 2000; 25 (4): 485-513.
20. Sabatowski R, Schafer D, Kasper SM, Brunsch H, Radbruch L. Pain treatment: a historical overview. Curr Pharmaceutl Des. 2004; 10 (7): 701-716.
21. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. New York, NY: Science. 1965; 150 (699): 971-979.
22. Ataka T, Kumamoto E, Shimoji K, Yoshimura M. Baclofen inhibits more effectively C-afferent than Adelta-afferent glutamatergic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices. Pain. 2000; 86 (3): 273-282.
23. Basbaum AI. A new way to lose your nerve: science of aging knowledge environment: SAGE KE. 2004 Apr 14; 2004 (15): pe15.
24. Mendell LM, Wall PD. Responses of single dorsal cord cells to peripheral cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Nature. 1965; 206: 97-99.
25. Kehlet H. Surgical stress: the role of pain and analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 1989; 63 (2): 189-195.
26. Vane JR, Botting RM. New insights into the mode of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflamm Res. 1995; 44 (1): 1-10.
27. Ji RR, Woolf CJ. Neuronal plasticity and signal transduction in nociceptive neurons: implications for the initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. Neurobiol. Dis. 2001; 8 (1): 1-10.
28. Ito S, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Minami T. Central and peripheral roles of prostaglandins in pain and their interactions with novel neuropeptides nociceptin and nocistatin. Neurosci Res. 2001; 41 (4): 299-332.
29. Funk CD. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science. 2001; 294 (5548): 1871-1875.
30. Millan MJ. Serotonin and pain: evidence that activation of 5-HT1A receptors does not elicit antinociception against noxious thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli in mice. Pain. 1994; 58 (1): 45-61.
31. Wang H, Kohno T, Amaya F, et al. Bradykinin produces pain hypersensitivity by potentiating spinal cord glutamatergic synaptic transmission. J Neurosci. 2005; 25 (35): 7986-7992.
32. Mobarakeh JI, Sakurada S, et al. Role of histamine H (1) receptor in pain perception: a study of the receptor gene knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000; 391 (1-2): 81-89.
33. Sasaki M, Obata H, Kawahara K, Saito S, Goto F. Peripheral 5-HT2A receptor antagonism attenuates primary thermal hyperalgesia and secondary mechanical allodynia after thermal injury in rats. Pain. 2006; 122 (1-2): 130-136.
34. Bennett AD, Chastain KM, Hulsebosch CE. Alleviation of mechanical and thermal allodynia by CGRP (8-37) in a rodent model of chronic central pain. Pain. 2000; 86 (1-2): 163-175.
35. Liu H, Mantyh PW, Basbaum AI. NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature. 1997; 386 (6626): 721-724.
36. Noble F, Derrien M, Roques BP. Modulation of opioid antinociception by CCK at the supraspinal level: evidence of regulatory mechanisms between CCK and enkephalin systems in the control of pain. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 109 (4): 1064-1070.
37. McCarthy PW, Lawson SN. Cell type and conduction velocity of rat primary sensory neuronswith calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunoreactivity. Neuroscience. 1990; 34 (3): 623-632.
38. Evans BN, Rosenblatt MI, Mnayer LO, Oliver KR, Dickerson IM. CGRP-RCP, a novel protein required for signal transduction at calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275 (40): 31438-31443.
39. Ahmadi S, Lippross S, Neuhuber WL, Zeilhofer HU. PGE (2) selectively blocks inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission onto rat superficial dorsal horn neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2002; 5 (1): 34-40.
40. Tzabazis AZ, Pirc G, Votta-Velis E, Wilson SP, Laurito CE, Yeomans DC. Antihyperalgesic effect of a recombinant herpes virus encoding antisense for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106 (6): 1196-1203.
41. Julius D, Basbaum AI. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature. 2001 13; 413 (6852): 203-210.
42. Bessler H, Shavit Y, Mayburd E, Smirnov G, Beilin B. Postoperative pain, morphine consumption, and genetic polymorphism of IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett. 2006; 404 (1-2): 154-158.
43. Beilin B, Bessler H, Mayburd E, et al. Effects of preemptive analgesia on pain and cytokine production in the postoperative period. Anesthesiology. 2003; 98 (1): 151-155.
44. Beilin B, Shavit Y, Trabekin E, et al. The effects of postoperative pain management on immune response to surgery. Anesth Analges. 2003; 97 (3): 822-827.
45. Winter J, Bevan S, Campbell EA. Capsaicin and pain mechanisms. Br J Anaesth. 1995; 75 (2): 157-168.
46. Djouhri L, Koutsikou S, Fang X, McMullan S, Lawson SN. Spontaneous pain, both neuropathic and inflammatory, is related to frequency of spontaneous firing in intact C-fiber nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2006; 26 (4): 1281-1292.
47. Hogan QH, Abram SE. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis: a review. Anesthesiology. 1997; 86 (1): 216-241.
48. Malinow R, Malenka RC. AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity. Ann Rev Neurosci. 2002; 25: 103-126.
49. Woolf CJ. An overview of the mechanisms of hyperalgesia. Pulm Pharmacol. 1995; 8 (4-5): 161-167.
50. Mannion RJ, Woolf CJ. Pain mechanisms and management: a central perspective. Clin J Pain. 2000; 16 (3 Suppl): S144-S156.
51. Sivilotti LG, Thompson SW, Woolf CJ. Rate of rise of the cumulative depolarization evoked by repetitive stimulation of smallcaliber afferents is a predictor of action potential windup in rat spinal neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 1993; 69 (5): 1621-1631.
52. Patel J, Zinkand WC, Thompson C, Keith R, Salama A. Role of glycine in the N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cytotoxicity. J Neurochem. 1990; 54 (3): 849-854.
53. Porreca F, Ossipov MH, Gebhart GF. Chronic pain and medullary descending facilitation. Trends Neurosci. 2002; 25 (6): 319-325.
54. Ikeda H, Heinke B, Ruscheweyh R, Sandkuhler J. Synaptic plasticity in spinal lamina I projection neurons that mediate hyperalgesia. Science. 2003 21; 299 (5610): 1237-1240.
55. Derjean D, Bertrand S, LeMasson G, Landry M, Morisset V, Nagy F. Dynamic balance of metabotropic inputs causes dorsal horn neurons to switch functional states. Nat Neurosci. 2003; 6 (3): 274-281.
56. Waldhoer M, Bartlett SE, Whistler JL. Opioid receptors. Ann Rev Biochem. 2004; 73: 953-990.
57. Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, et al. Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1994; 45 (2): 330-334.
58. Margas W, Zubkoff I, Schuler HG, Janicki PK, Ruiz-Velasco V. Modulation of Ca2+ channels by heterologously expressed wildtype and mutant human micro-opioid receptors (hMORs) containing the A118G single-nucleotide polymorphism. J Neurophysiol. 2007; 97 (2): 1058-1067.
59. Stamer UM, Bayerer B, Stuber F. Genetics and variability in opioid response. Eur J Pain. 2005; 9 (2): 101-104.
60. Pasternak GW. Multiple opiate receptors: deja vu all over again. Neuropharmacology. 2004; 47 (Suppl 1): 312-323.
61. Sonohata M, Furue H, Katafuchi T, et al. Actions of noradrenaline on substantia gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord revealed by in vivo patch recording. J Physiol. 2004; 555 (2): 515-526.
62. LaMotte RH, Thalhammer JG, Robinson CJ. Peripheral neural correlates of magnitude of cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia: a comparison of neural events in monkey with sensory judgments in human. J Neurophysiol. 1983; 50 (1): 1-26.
63. Bushnell MC, Duncan GH. Sensory and affective aspects of pain perception: is medial thalamus restricted to emotional issues? Exp Brain Res. 1989; 78 (2): 415-418.
64. Peyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain: a review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000; 30 (5): 263-288.
65. Coghill RC, Sang CN, Berman KF, Bennett GJ, Iadarola MJ. Global cerebral blood flow decreases during pain. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab. 1998; 18 (2): 141-147.
66. Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded inhumananterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 1997; 277 (5328): 968-971.
67. Craig AD, Reiman EM, Evans A, Bushnell MC. Functional imaging of an illusion of pain. Nature. 1996; 384 (6606): 258-260.
68. Talbot JD, Marrett S, Evans AC, Meyer E, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH. Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science. 1991; 251 (4999): 1355-1358.
69. Davis KD, Taylor SJ, Crawley AP, Wood ML, Mikulis DJ. Functional MRI of pain-and attention-related activations inthe human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1997; 77 (6): 3370-3380.
70. Craig AD. Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing. Ann Rev Neurosci. 2003; 26: 1-30.
71. Zubieta JK, Smith YR, Bueller JA, et al. Regionalmu opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Science. 2001; 293 (5528): 311-315.
72. Grachev ID, Fredrickson BE, Apkarian AV. Abnormal brain chemistry in chronic back pain: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Pain. 2000; 89 (1): 7-18.
73. Besson JM. The neurobiology of pain. Lancet. 1999; 353 (9164): 1610-1615.
74. Vanegas H, Schaible HG. Descending control of persistent pain: inhibitory or facilitatory? Brain Res. 2004; 46 (3): 295-309.
75. Rygh LJ, Svendsen F, Fiska A, Haugan F, Hole K, Tjolsen A. Long-term potentiation in spinal nociceptive systems: how acute pain may become chronic. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005; 30 (10): 959-964.
76. Zeilhofer HU. Synaptic modulation in pain pathways. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2005; 154: 73-100.
77. Yu XM, Askalan R, Keil GJ, 2nd, Salter MW. NMDA channel regulation by channel-associated protein tyrosine kinase Src. Science. 1997; 275 (5300): 674-678.
78. Woolf CJ, Wall PD. Relative effectiveness of C primary afferent fibers of different origins in evoking a prolonged facilitation of the flexor reflex in the rat. J Neurosci. 1986; 6 (5): 1433-1442.
79. Staud R, Cannon RC, Mauderli AP, Robinson ME, Price DD, Vierck CJ, Jr. Temporal summation of pain from mechanical stimulation of muscle tissue in normal controls and subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2003; 102 (1-2): 87-95.
80. Herrero JF, Laird JM, Lopez-Garcia JA. Wind-up of spinal cord neurones and pain sensation: much ado about something? Prog Neurobiol. 2000; 61 (2): 169-203.
81. Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 1983; 306 (5944): 686-688.
82. Tan SE, Wenthold RJ, Soderling TR. Phosphorylation of AMPA type glutamate receptors by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci. 1994; 14 (3 Pt 1): 1123-1129.
83. Ji RR, Baba H, Brenner GJ, Woolf CJ. Nociceptive-specific activation of ERK in spinal neurons contributes to pain hypersensitivity. Nat Neurosci. 1999; 2 (12): 1114-1119.
84. Fang L, Wu J, Lin Q, Willis WD. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to spinal cord central sensitization. J Neurosci. 2002; 22 (10): 4196-4204.
85. Rothman SM, Olney JW. Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor-still lethal after eight years. Trends Neurosci. 1995; 18 (2): 57-58.
86. Lipton SA, Nicotera P. Calcium, free radicals and excitotoxins in neuronal apoptosis. Cell Calcium. 1998; 23 (2-3): 165-171.
87. Dolan S, Nolan AM. Biphasic modulation of nociceptive processing by the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A signalling pathway in sheep spinal cord. Neurosci Lett. 2001; 309 (3): 157-160.
88. Hardingham GE, Fukunaga Y, Bading H. ExtrasynapticNMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways. Nat Neurosci. 2002; 5 (5): 405-414.
89. Engblom D, Ek M, Saha S, Ericsson-Dahlstrand A, Jakobsson PJ, Blomqvist A. Prostaglandins as inflammatory messengers across the blood-brain barrier. J Mol Med. 2002; 80 (1): 5-15.
90. Samad TA, Sapirstein A, Woolf CJ. Prostanoids and pain: unraveling mechanisms and revealing therapeutic targets. Trends Mol Med. 2002; 8 (8): 390-396.
91. Harvey RJ, Depner UB, Wassle H, et al. GlyR alpha3: an essential target for spinal PGE2-mediated inflammatory pain sensitization. Science. 2004; 304 (5672): 884-887.
92. Zeilhofer HU, Brune K. Analgesic strategies beyond the inhibition of cyclooxygenases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006; 27 (9): 467-474.
93. Broom DC, Samad TA, Kohno T, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G, Woolf CJ. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in the spared nerve injurymodel of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience. 2004; 124 (4): 891-900.
94. Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A, et al. Interleukin-1betamediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 2001; 410 (6827): 471-475.
95. Koppert W, Wehrfritz A, Korber N, et al. The cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibitors parecoxib and paracetamol reduce central hyperalgesia in humans. Pain. 2004; 108 (1-2): 148-153.
96. LaBuda CJ, Koblish M, Tuthill P, Dolle RE, Little PJ. Antinociceptive activity of the selective iNOS inhibitor AR-C102222 in rodent models of inflammatory, neuropathic and post-operative pain. Eur J Pain. 2006; 10 (6): 505-512.
97. Ding JD, Weinberg RJ. Localization of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the superficial dorsal horn. Journal Comp Neurol. 2006; 495 (6): 668-678.
98. Ikeda H, Kusudo K, Murase K. Nitric oxide-dependent long-term potentiation revealed by real-time imaging of nitric oxide production and neuronal excitation in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord slices. Eur J Neurosci. 2006; 23 (7): 1939-1943.
99. Wang Z, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, et al. Pronociceptive actions of dynorphin maintain chronic neuropathic pain. J Neurosci. 2001; 21 (5): 1779-1786.
100. Wang ZQ, Porreca F, Cuzzocrea S, et al. A newly identified role for superoxide in inflammatory pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004; 309 (3): 869-878.
101. Muscoli C, Mollace V, Wheatley J, et al. Superoxide-mediated nitration of spinal manganese superoxide dismutase: a novel pathway in N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated hyperalgesia. Pain. 2004; 111 (1-2): 96-103.
102. Urban MO, Gebhart GF. Central mechanisms in pain. Med Clin North Am. 1999; 83 (3): 585-596.
103. Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB. Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nature. 2005; 6 (7): 521-532.
104. McLean Bolton M, Pittman AJ, Lo DC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor differentially regulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampal cultures. J Neurosci. 2000; 20 (9): 3221-3232.
105. Coull JA, Beggs S, Boudreau D, et al. BDNF frommicroglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain. Nature. 2005; 438 (7070): 1017-1021.
106. Torsney C, MacDermott AB. Neuroscience: a painful factor. Nature. 2005; 438 (7070): 923-925.
107. Scholz J, Broom DC, Youn DH, et al. Blocking caspase activity prevents transsynaptic neuronal apoptosis and the loss of inhibition in lamina II of the dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroscience. 2005; 25 (32): 7317-7323.
108. Woolf CJ, American College of P, American Physiological S. Pain: moving fromsymptomcontrol towardmechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Ann Int Med. 2004; 140 (6): 441-451.
109. Takasu K, Honda M, Ono H, Tanabe M. Spinal alpha (2)-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and the NO release cascade mediate supraspinally produced effectiveness of gabapentin at decreasing mechanical hypersensitivity in mice after partial nerve injury. Br J Pharmacol. 2006; 148 (2): 233-244.
110. Vadivelu N, Sinatra R. Recent advances in elucidating pain mechanisms. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2005; 18 (5): 540-547.
111. Vera-Portocarrero LP, Xie JY, Kowal J, Ossipov MH, King T, Porreca F. Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains visceral pain in rats with experimental pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130 (7): 2155-2164.
112. Hosl K, Reinold H, Harvey RJ, Muller U, Narumiya S, Zeilhofer HU. Spinal prostaglandin E receptors of the EP2 subtype and the glycine receptor alpha3 subunit, which mediate central inflammatory hyperalgesia, do not contribute to pain after peripheral nerve injury or formalin injection. Pain. 2006; 126 (1-3): 46-53.
113. Eglen RM, Hunter JC, Dray A. Ions in the fire: recent ion-channel research and approaches to pain therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999; 20 (8): 337-342.
114. Francis DA, Christopher AT, Beasley BD. Conservative treatment of peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2006; 23 (3): 509-530.
115. Jung AC, Staiger T, Sullivan M. The efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the management of chronic pain. J Gen Intern Med. 1997; 12 (6): 384-389.
116. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Tuman KJ, et al. Effects of perioperative administration of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor on pain management and recovery of function after knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003; 290 (18): 2411-2418.
117. Ploner M, Schmitz F, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A. Parallel activation of primary and secondary somatosensory cortices in human pain processing. J Neurophysiol. 1999; 81 (6): 3100-3104.
118. Torsney C, MacDermott AB. Disinhibition opens the gate to pathological pain signaling in superficial neurokinin 1 receptorexpressing neurons in rat spinal cord. J Neurosci. 2006 8; 26 (6): 1833-1843.
119. Fassoulaki A, Triga A, Melemeni A, Sarantopoulos C. Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin and local anesthetics prevents acute and chronic pain after breast surgery for cancer. Anesth Analg. 2005; 101 (5): 1427-1432.