Thrombopoietin and hematopoietic stem cells

Cell Cycle

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1582-1589

  De Graaf, Carolyn A ^a,b   Metcalf, Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic stem cell; Jak2; Mpl; MPLW515K; MPLW515L; Thrombopoietin; TPO

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 1; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; JANUS KINASE 2; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P27; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT THROMBOPOIETIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; STAT5 PROTEIN; STEM CELL FACTOR; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING; THROMBOSPONDIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

BONE MARROW CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; DOWN REGULATION; HEMATOPOIESIS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; MEGAKARYOCYTE; MYELOID METAPLASIA; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS; THROMBOCYTOSIS;

EID: 79956007874     PISSN: 15384101     EISSN: 15514005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.10.15619     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Debili N, Wendling F, Cosman D, Titeux M, Florindo C, Dusanter-Fourt I, et al. The Mpl receptor is expressed in the megakaryocytic lineage from late progenitors to platelets. Blood 1995; 85:391-401.
2. Forsberg EC, Prohaska SS, Katzman S, Heffner GC, Stuart JM, Weissman IL. Differential expression of novel potential regulators in hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:28.
3. Methia N, Louache F, Vainchenker W, Wendling F. Oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to the proto-oncogene c-mpl specifically inhibit in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis. Blood 1993; 82:1395-401. (Pubitemid 23263953)
4. Gurney AL, Carver-Moore K, de Sauvage FJ, Moore MW. Thrombocytopenia in c-mpl-deficient mice. Science 1994; 265:1445-7. (Pubitemid 24306797)
5. Alexander WS, Roberts AW, Nicola NA, Li R, Metcalf D. Deficiencies in progenitor cells of multiple hematopoietic lineages and defective megakaryocytopoiesis in mice lacking the thrombopoietic receptor c-Mpl. Blood 1996; 87:2162-70.
6. de Sauvage FJ, Carver-Moore K, Luoh SM, Ryan A, Dowd M, Eaton DL, et al. Physiological regulation of early and late stages of megakaryocytopoiesis by thrombopoietin. J Exp Med 1996; 183:651-6. (Pubitemid 26059523)
7. Kaushansky K, Lok S, Holly RD, Broudy VC, Lin N, Bailey MC, et al. Promotion of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion and differentiation by the c-Mpl ligand thrombopoietin. Nature 1994; 369:568-71. (Pubitemid 24192526)
8. Ito T, Ishida Y, Kashiwagi R, Kuriya S. Recombinant human c-Mpl ligand is not a direct stimulator of proplatelet formation in mature human megakaryocytes. Br J Haematol 1996; 94:387-90. (Pubitemid 26248001)
9. Bunting S, Widmer R, Lipari T, Rangell L, Steinmetz H, Carver-Moore K, et al. Normal platelets and megakaryocytes are produced in vivo in the absence of thrombopoietin. Blood 1997; 90:3423-9. (Pubitemid 27473411)
10. Carver-Moore K, Broxmeyer HE, Luoh SM, Cooper S, Peng J, Burstein SA, et al. Low levels of erythroid and myeloid progenitors in thrombopoietin-and c-mpl-deficient mice. Blood 1996; 88:803-8. (Pubitemid 26333299)
11. Kimura S, Roberts AW, Metcalf D, Alexander WS. Hematopoietic stem cell deficiencies in mice lacking c-Mpl, the receptor for thrombopoietin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:1195-200. (Pubitemid 28124935)
12. Abkowitz JL, Chen J. Studies of c-Mpl function distinguish the replication of hematopoietic stem cells from the expansion of differentiating clones. Blood 2007; 109:5186-90. (Pubitemid 46890535)
13. Fox N, Priestley G, Papayannopoulou T, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin expands hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:389-94. (Pubitemid 34847971)
14. Heckl D, Wicke DC, Brugman MH, Meyer J, Schambach A, Büsche G, et al. Lentiviral gene transfer regenerates hematopoietic stem cells in a mouse model for Mpl-deficient aplastic anemia. Blood 2011; 117:3737-3747; PMID: 21289307.
15. Qian H, Buza-Vidas N, Hyland CD, Jensen CT, Antonchuk J, Månsson R, et al. Critical role of thrombopoietin in maintaining adult quiescent hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2007; 1:671-84. (Pubitemid 350215331)
16. Yoshihara H, Arai F, Hosokawa K, Hagiwara T, Takubo K, Nakamura Y, et al. Thrombopoietin/MPL signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and interaction with the osteoblastic niche. Cell Stem Cell 2007; 1:685-97. (Pubitemid 350215333)
17. Morrison SJ, Wright DE, Weissman IL. Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces hematopoietic stem cells to proliferate prior to mobilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:1908-13. (Pubitemid 27113935)
18. Wright DE, Cheshier SH, Wagers AJ, Randall TD, Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor causes selective mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the blood after M phase of the cell cycle. Blood 2001; 97:2278-85. (Pubitemid 32291472)
19. Neben S, Marcus K, Mauch P. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell subpopulations from the marrow to the blood of mice following cyclophosphamide and/or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1993; 81:1960-7. (Pubitemid 23101614)
20. Lapidot T, Petit I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: the roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines and stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:973-81. (Pubitemid 35286613)
21. Passegué E, Wagers AJ, Giuriato S, Anderson WC, Weissman IL. Global analysis of proliferation and cell cycle gene expression in the regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fates. J Exp Med 2005; 202:1599-611. (Pubitemid 41746605)
22. Mascarenhas MI, Parker A, Dzierzak E, Ottersbach K. Identification of novel regulators of hematopoietic stem cell development through refinement of stem cell localization and expression profiling. Blood 2009; 114:4645-53.
23. Thorsteinsdottir U, Sauvageau G, Humphries RK. Enhanced in vivo regenerative potential of HOXB4-transduced hematopoietic stem cells with regulation of their pool size. Blood 1999; 94:2605-12. (Pubitemid 29477289)
24. Lawrence HJ, Helgason CD, Sauvageau G, Fong S, Izon DJ, Humphries RK, et al. Mice bearing a targeted interruption of the homeobox gene HOXA9 have defects in myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid hematopoiesis. Blood 1997; 89:1922-30. (Pubitemid 27132106)
25. Kirito K, Fox N, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin stimulates Hoxb4 expression: an explanation for the favorable effects of TPO on hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2003; 102:3172-8. (Pubitemid 37314753)
26. Kirito K, Fox N, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin induces HOXA9 nuclear transport in immature hematopoietic cells: Potential mechanism by which the hormone favorably affects hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6751-62. (Pubitemid 38944354)
27. Ballmaier M, Germeshausen M, Schulze H, Cherkaoui K, Lang S, Gaudig A, et al. c-mpl mutations are the cause of congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Blood 2001; 97:139-46. (Pubitemid 32061253)
28. Ihara K, Ishii E, Eguchi M, Takada H, Suminoe A, Good RA, et al. Identification of mutations in the c-mpl gene in congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:3132-6. (Pubitemid 29148856)
29. Ballmaier M, Germeshausen M, Krukemeier S, Welte K. Thrombopoietin is essential for the maintenance of normal hematopoiesis in humans: Development of aplastic anemia in patients with congenital amega-karyocytic thrombocytopenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 996:17-25. (Pubitemid 36706582)
30. Li L, Xie T. Stem cell niche: Structure and function. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2005; 21:605-31. (Pubitemid 41740648)
31. Adams GB, Scadden DT. The hematopoietic stem cell in its place. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:333-7.
32. Wilson A, Laurenti E, Trumpp A. Balancing dormant and self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:461-8.
33. Arai F, Hirao A, Ohmura M, Sato H, Matsuoka S, Takubo K, et al. Tie2/angiopoietin-1 signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell quiescence in the bone marrow niche. Cell 2004; 118:149-61. (Pubitemid 38962572)
34. Petit-Cocault L, Volle-Challier C, Fleury M, Peault B, Souyri M. Dual role of Mpl receptor during the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis. Development 2007; 134:3031-40. (Pubitemid 47386914)
35. Solar GP, Kerr WG, Zeigler FC, Hess D, Donahue C, de Sauvage FJ, et al. Role of c-mpl in early hematopoiesis. Blood 1998; 92:4-10. (Pubitemid 28303168)
36. Sorrentino BP. Clinical strategies for expansion of haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:878-88. (Pubitemid 39490763)
37. Piacibello W, Sanavio F, Garetto L, Severino A, Bergandi D, Ferrario J, et al. Extensive amplification and self-renewal of human primitive hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood. Blood 1997; 89:2644-53. (Pubitemid 27172548)
38. Sitnicka E, Lin N, Priestley GV, Fox N, Broudy VC, Wolf NS, et al. The effect of thrombopoietin on the proliferation and differentiation of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 1996; 87:4998-5005. (Pubitemid 26189841)
39. Ohmizono Y, Sakabe H, Kimura T, Tanimukai S, Matsumura T, Miyazaki H, et al. Thrombopoietin augments ex vivo expansion of human cord blood-derived hematopoietic progenitors in combination with stem cell factor and flt3 ligand. Leukemia 1997; 11:524-30. (Pubitemid 27173940)
40. Pineault N, Cortin V, Boyer L, Garnier A, Robert A, Thérien C, et al. Individual and synergistic cytokine effects controlling the expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and megakaryocyte progenitors in culture. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:467-80.
41. Nishino T, Miyaji K, Ishiwata N, Arai K, Yui M, Asai Y, et al. Ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells by a small-molecule agonist of c-MPL. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:1364-77.
42. Kuter DJ, Beeler DL, Rosenberg RD. The purification of megapoietin: a physiological regulator of megakaryocyte growth and platelet production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:11104-8. (Pubitemid 24349634)
43. Shinjo K, Takeshita A, Nakamura S, Naitoh K, Yanagi M, Tobita T, et al. Serum thrombopoietin levels in patients correlate inversely with platelet counts during chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Leukemia 1998; 12:295-300. (Pubitemid 28138212)
44. Kuter DJ, Rosenberg RD. The reciprocal relationship of thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand) to changes in the platelet mass during busulfan-induced thrombocytopenia in the rabbit. Blood 1995; 85:2720-30.
45. Qian S, Fu F, Li W, Chen Q, de Sauvage FJ. Primary role of the liver in thrombopoietin production shown by tissue-specific knockout. Blood 1998; 92:2189-91. (Pubitemid 28446716)
46. Sungaran R, Chisholm OT, Markovic B, Khachigian LM, Tanaka Y, Chong BH. The role of platelet alpha-granular proteins in the regulation of thrombopoietin messenger RNA expression in human bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 2000; 95:3094-101. (Pubitemid 30321159)
47. Lok S, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Kuijper JL, Lofton-Day CE, Oort PJ, et al. Cloning and expression of murine thrombopoietin cDNA and stimulation of platelet production in vivo. Nature 1994; 369:565-8. (Pubitemid 24192525)
48. Goldberg MA, Gaut CC, Bunn HF. Erythropoietin mRNA levels are governed by both the rate of gene transcription and posttranscriptional events. Blood 1991; 77:271-7.
49. Beru N, McDonald J, Lacombe C, Goldwasser E. Expression of the erythropoietin gene. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:2571-5.
50. Bondurant MC, Koury MJ. Anemia induces accumulation of erythropoietin mRNA in the kidney and liver. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:2731-3.
51. Stoffel R, Wiestner A, Skoda RC. Thrombopoietin in thrombocytopenic mice: Evidence against regulation at the mRNA level and for a direct regulatory role of platelets. Blood 1996; 87:567-73. (Pubitemid 26030312)
52. Buza-Vidas N, Antonchuk J, Qian H, Månsson R, Luc S, Zandi S, et al. Cytokines regulate postnatal hematopoietic stem cell expansion: Opposing roles of thrombopoietin and LNK. Genes Dev 2006; 20:2018-23. (Pubitemid 44157453)
53. Geddis AE, Fox NE, Kaushansky K. The Mpl receptor expressed on endothelial cells does not contribute significantly to the regulation of circulating thrombopoietin levels. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:82-6. (Pubitemid 43069604)
54. -/- mouse produces partial correction of the stem cell-repopulating defect and paradoxical thrombocytosis. Blood 2009; 113:1778-85.
55. Hitchcock IS, Chen MM, King JR, Kaushansky K. YRRL motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of the thrombopoietin receptor regulate receptor internalization and degradation. Blood 2008; 112:2222-31.
56. Saur SJ, Sangkhae V, Geddis AE, Kaushansky K, Hitchcock IS. Ubiquitination and degradation of the thrombopoietin receptor c-Mpl. Blood 2009; 115:1254-63.
57. Murphy MA, Schnall RG, Venter DJ, Barnett L, Bertoncello I, Thien CB, et al. Tissue hyperplasia and enhanced T-cell signalling via ZAP-70 in c-Cbl-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:4872-82. (Pubitemid 28343071)
58. McCarty JM, Sprugel KH, Fox NE, Sabath DE, Kaushansky K. Murine thrombopoietin mRNA levels are modulated by platelet count. Blood 1995; 86:3668-75.
59. Carpinelli MR, Hilton DJ, Metcalf D, Antonchuk JL, Hyland CD, Mifsud SL, et al. Suppressor screen in Mpl-/- mice: c-Myb mutation causes supraphysiological production of platelets in the absence of thrombopoietin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:6553-8. (Pubitemid 38586012)
60. de Graaf CA, Kauppi M, Baldwin T, D Hyland C, Metcalf D, Willson TA, et al. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells by their mature progeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107:21689-94.
61. Kubota Y, Osawa M, Jakt LM, Yoshikawa K, Nishikawa S. Necdin restricts proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells during hematopoietic regeneration. Blood 2009; 114:4383-92.
62. Umemoto T, Yamato M, Nishida K, Yang J, Tano Y, Okano T. p57Kip2 is expressed in quiescent mouse bone marrow side population cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:14-21. (Pubitemid 41393752)
63. Du Q, Zhang Y, Tian XX, Li Y, Fang WG. MAGE-D1 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2009; 22:659-65.
64. Vigon I, Mornon JP, Cocault L, Mitjavila MT, Tambourin P, Gisselbrecht S, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of MPL, the human homolog of the v-mpl oncogene: Identification of a member of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:5640-4.
65. Tortolani PJ, Johnston JA, Bacon CM, McVicar DW, Shimosaka A, Linnekin D, et al. Thrombopoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Janus kinase, JAK2. Blood 1995; 85:3444-51.
66. Sattler M, Durstin MA, Frank DA, Okuda K, Kaushansky K, Salgia R, et al. The thrombopoietin receptor c-MPL activates JAK2 and TYK2 tyrosine kinases. Exp Hematol 1995; 23:1040-8.
67. Drachman JG, Griffin JD, Kaushansky K. The c-Mpl ligand (thrombopoietin) stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2, Shc and c-Mpl. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:4979-82.
68. Parganas E, Wang D, Stravopodis D, Topham DJ, Marine JC, Teglund S, et al. Jak2 is essential for signaling through a variety of cytokine receptors. Cell 1998; 93:385-95. (Pubitemid 28232083)
69. Drachman JG, Millett KM, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin signal transduction requires functional JAK2, not TYK2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:13480-4.
70. Drachman JG, Sabath DF, Fox NE, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin signal transduction in purified murine megakaryocytes. Blood 1997; 89:483-92. (Pubitemid 27051683)
71. Murray PJ. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: Input and output integration. J Immunol 2007; 178:2623-9. (Pubitemid 46333135)
72. Levy DE, Kessler DS, Pine R, Darnell JE Jr. Cytoplasmic activation of ISGF3, the positive regulator of interferon-alpha-stimulated transcription, reconstituted in vitro. Genes Dev 1989; 3:1362-71.
73. Li WX. Canonical and non-canonical JAK-STAT signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:545-51.
74. Miyakawa Y, Oda A, Druker BJ, Miyazaki H, Handa M, Ohashi H, et al. Thrombopoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 in human blood platelets. Blood 1996; 87:439-46. (Pubitemid 26030298)
75. Bacon CM, Tortolani PJ, Shimosaka A, Rees RC, Longo DL, O'Shea JJ. Thrombopoietin (TPO) induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT5 and STAT3. FEBS Lett 1995; 370:63-8.
76. L expression in Bcr-Abl-transformed cells. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 2000; 3:299-305.
77. Matsumura I, Ishikawa J, Nakajima K, Oritani K, Tomiyama Y, Miyagawa J, et al. Thrombopoietin-induced differentiation of a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line, CMK, involves transcriptional activation of p21(WAF1/Cip1) by STAT5. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:2933-43. (Pubitemid 27175177)
78. de Koning JP, Ward AC, Caldenhoven E, de Groot RP, Lowenberg B, Touw IP. STAT3beta does not interfere with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced neutrophilic differentiation. Hematol J 2000; 1:220-5.
79. Starr R, Willson TA, Viney EM, Murray LJ, Rayner JR, Jenkins BJ, et al. A family of cytokine-inducible inhibitors of signalling. Nature 1997; 387:917-21. (Pubitemid 27289594)
80. Okabe S, Tauchi T, Morita H, Ohashi H, Yoshimura A, Ohyashiki K. Thrombopoietin induces an SH2-containing protein, CIS1, which binds to Mpl: Involvement of the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:1542-7. (Pubitemid 29458429)
81. Wang Q, Miyakawa Y, Fox N, Kaushansky K. Interferon-alpha directly represses megakaryopoiesis by inhibiting thrombopoietin-induced signaling through induction of SOCS-1. Blood 2000; 96:2093-9.
82. Chaligné R, Tonetti C, Besancenot R, Marty C, Kiladjian JJ, Socié G, et al. SOCS3 inhibits TPO-stimulated, but not spontaneous, megakaryocytic growth in primary myelofibrosis. Leukemia 2009; 23:1186-90.
83. Bersenev A, Wu C, Balcerek J, Tong W. Lnk controls mouse hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and quiescence through direct interactions with JAK2. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2832-44.
84. Geddis AE, Fox NE, Kaushansky K. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase is necessary but not sufficient for thrombopoietin-induced proliferation in engineered Mpl-bearing cell lines as well as in primary megakaryocytic progenitors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:34473-9.
85. Nakao T, Geddis AE, Fox NE, Kaushansky K. PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a pathway contributes to thrombopoietin-induced proliferation of primary megakaryocytes in vitro and in vivo via modulation of p27(Kip1). Cell Cycle 2008; 7:257-66. (Pubitemid 351366527)
86. Rojnuckarin P, Drachman JG, Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in normal megakaryocytes: Role in endomitosis. Blood 1999; 94:1273-82. (Pubitemid 29380408)
87. Nagata Y, Todokoro K. Thrombopoietin induces activation of at least two distinct signaling pathways. FEBS Lett 1995; 377:497-501. (Pubitemid 26027165)
88. Yamada M, Komatsu N, Okada K, Kato T, Miyazaki H, Miura Y. Thrombopoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in a human thrombopoietin-dependent cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217:230-7. (Pubitemid 26004784)
89. Majka M, Ratajczak J, Villaire G, Kubiczek K, Marquez LA, Janowska-Wieczorek A, et al. Thrombopoietin, but not cytokines binding to gp130 protein-coupled receptors, activates MAPKp42/44, AKT and STAT proteins in normal human CD34+ cells, megakaryocytes and platelets. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:751-60. (Pubitemid 34831696)
90. Luoh SM, Stefanich E, Solar G, Steinmetz H, Lipari T, Pestina TI, et al. Role of the distal half of the c-Mpl intracellular domain in control of platelet production by thrombopoietin in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:507-15. (Pubitemid 30023092)
91. Tong W, Ibarra YM, Lodish HF. Signals emanating from the membrane proximal region of the thrombopoietin receptor (mpl) support hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1447-55. (Pubitemid 47302583)
92. Pardanani AD, Levine RL, Lasho T, Pikman Y, Mesa RA, Wadleigh M, et al. MPL515 mutations in myeloproliferative and other myeloid disorders: A study of 1,182 patients. Blood 2006; 108:3472-6.
93. Pikman Y, Lee BH, Mercher T, McDowell E, Ebert BL, Gozo M, et al. MPLW515L is a novel somatic activating mutation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. PLoS Med 2006; 3:270.
94. Beer PA, Campbell PJ, Scott LM, Bench AJ, Erber WN, Bareford D, et al. MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: Analysis of the PT-1 cohort. Blood 2008; 112:141-9.
95. Vannucchi AM, Antonioli E, Guglielmelli P, Pancrazzi A, Guerini V, Barosi G, et al. Characteristics and clinical correlates of MPL 515W>L/K mutation in essential thrombocythemia. Blood 2008; 112:844-7.
96. James C, Ugo V, Le Couédic JP, Staerk J, Delhommeau F, Lacout C, et al. A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera. Nature 2005; 434:1144-8. (Pubitemid 40663494)
97. Levine RL, Wadleigh M, Cools J, Ebert BL, Wernig G, Huntly BJ, et al. Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:387-97. (Pubitemid 40544655)
98. Levine RL, Belisle C, Wadleigh M, Zahrieh D, Lee S, Chagnon P, et al. X-inactivation-based clonality analysis and quantitative JAK2V617F assessment reveal a strong association between clonality and JAK2V617F in PV but not ET/MMM, and identifies a subset of JAK2V617F-negative ET and MMM patients with clonal hematopoiesis. Blood 2006; 107:4139-41. (Pubitemid 43726824)
99. 1/S-phase transition. Leukemia 2008; 22:1557-66.
100. Pardanani A, Lasho TL, Finke C, Mesa RA, Hogan WJ, Ketterling RP, et al. Extending Jak2V617F and MplW515 mutation analysis to single hematopoietic colonies and B and T lymphocytes. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2358-62. (Pubitemid 47480495)
101. Chaligné R, James C, Tonetti C, Besancenot R, Le Couédic JP, Fava F, et al. Evidence for MPL W515L/K mutations in hematopoietic stem cells in primitive myelofibrosis. Blood 2007; 110:3735-43. (Pubitemid 350159644)
102. Moliterno AR, Hankins WD, Spivak JL. Impaired expression of the thrombopoietin receptor by platelets from patients with polycythemia vera. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:572-80. (Pubitemid 28114645)
103. Moliterno AR, Williams DM, Rogers O, Spivak JL. Molecular mimicry in the chronic myeloproliferative disorders: Reciprocity between quantitative JAK2 V617F and Mpl expression. Blood 2006; 108:3913-5. (Pubitemid 44864576)
104. Girardot M, Pecquet C, Boukour S, Knoops L, Ferrant A, Vainchenker W, et al. miR-28 is a thrombopoietin receptor targeting microRNA detected in a fraction of myeloproliferative neoplasm patient platelets. Blood 2010; 116:437-45.
105. Basser RL, Rasko JE, Clarke K, Cebon J, Green MD, Hussein S, et al. Thrombopoietic effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) in patients with advanced cancer. Lancet 1996; 348:1279-81. (Pubitemid 26377240)
106. Fanucchi M, Glaspy J, Crawford J, Garst J, Figlin R, Sheridan W, et al. Effects of polyethylene glycol-conjugated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor on platelet counts after chemotherapy for lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:404-9. (Pubitemid 27081903)
107. Nomura S, Dan K, Hotta T, Fujimura K, Ikeda Y. Effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2002; 100:728-30. (Pubitemid 34761148)
108. Kuter DJ, Goodnough LT, Romo J, DiPersio J, Peterson R, Tomita D, et al. Thrombopoietin therapy increases platelet yields in healthy platelet donors. Blood 2001; 98:1339-45.
109. Li J, Yang C, Xia Y, Bertino A, Glaspy J, Roberts M, et al. Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin. Blood 2001; 98:3241-8.
110. Basser RL, O'Flaherty E, Green M, Edmonds M, Nichol J, Menchaca DM, et al. Development of pancytopenia with neutralizing antibodies to thrombopoietin after multicycle chemotherapy supported by megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Blood 2002; 99:2599-602. (Pubitemid 34525451)
111. Kuter DJ. New thrombopoietic growth factors. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009; 9:347-56.
112. Cheng G, Saleh MN, Marcher C, Vasey S, Mayer B, Aivado M, et al. Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): A 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet 2011; 377:393-402.
113. Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, George JN, McMillan R, Aledort LM, Conklin GT, et al. AMG 531, a thrombopoiesis-stimulating protein, for chronic ITP. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1672-81. (Pubitemid 44583957)
114. Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Lyons RM, Pullarkat V, Gernsheimer TB, Senecal FM, et al. Efficacy of romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371:395-403. (Pubitemid 351181334)