The primary photophysics of the Avena sativa phototropin 1 LOV2 domain observed with time-resolved emission spectroscopy

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 534-541

  Van Stokkum, Ivo H M ^a   Gauden, Magdalena ^a   Crosson, Sean ^b   Van Grondelle, Rienk ^a   Moffat, Keith ^b,c   Kennis, John T M ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYSTEINE; FLAVINE MONONUCLEOTIDE; FLAVOPROTEIN; PHOTOTROPIN; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; COLD; LIGHT; LUMINESCENCE; METABOLISM; OAT; PH; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PROTEIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE; SPECTROFLUOROMETRY; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

AVENA SATIVA; COLD TEMPERATURE; CYSTEINE; FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE; FLAVOPROTEINS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LIGHT; LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOTROPINS; PLANT PROTEINS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; SPECTROMETRY, FLUORESCENCE;

AVENA SATIVA;

EID: 79955481155     PISSN: 00318655     EISSN: 17511097     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00903.x     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Briggs, W. R., T. S. Tseng, H. Y. Cho, T. E. Swartz, S. Sullivan, R. A. Bogomolni, E. Kaiserli, and, J. M. Christie, (2007) Phototropins and their LOV domains: Versatile plant blue-light receptors. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 49, 4-10. (Pubitemid 46055968)
2. Kami, C., S. Lorrain, P. Hornitschek, and, C. Fankhauser, (2010) Light-regulated plant growth and development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 91, 29-66.
3. Moglich, A., X. J. Yang, R. A. Ayers, and, K. Moffat, (2010) Structure and function of plant photoreceptors. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61, 21-47.
4. Christie, J. M., M. Salomon, K. Nozue, M. Wada, and, W. R. Briggs, (1999) LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) domains of the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin (nph1): Binding sites for the chromophore flavin mononucleotide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8779-8783. (Pubitemid 29354868)
5. Salomon, M., J. M. Christie, E. Knieb, U. Lempert, and, W. R. Briggs, (2000) Photochemical and mutational analysis of the FMN-binding domains of the plant blue light receptor, phototropin. Biochemistry 39, 9401-9410. (Pubitemid 30626330)
6. Crosson, S., and, K. Moffat, (2001) Structure of a flavin-binding plant photoreceptor domain: Insights into light mediated signal transduction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2995-3000. (Pubitemid 32220788)
7. Moglich, A., R. A. Ayers, and, K. Moffat, (2009) Structure and signaling mechanism of Per-ARNT-Sim domains. Structure 17, 1282-1294.
8. Huang, K. Y., T. Merkle, and, C. F. Beck, (2002) Isolation and characterization of a Chlamydomonas gene that encodes a putative blue-light photoreceptor of the phototropin family. Physiol. Plant. 115, 613-622.
9. Huang, K. Y., and, C. F. Beck, (2003) Photoropin is the blue-light receptor that controls multiple steps in the sexual life cycle of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6269-6274. (Pubitemid 36576965)
10. Losi, A., E. Polverini, B. Quest, and, W. Gartner, (2002) First evidence for phototropin-related blue-light receptors in prokaryotes. Biophys. J. 82, 2627-2634. (Pubitemid 34441300)
11. Crosson, S., S. Rajagopal, and, K. Moffat, (2003) The LOV domain family: Photoresponsive signaling modules coupled to diverse output domains. Biochemistry 42, 2-10. (Pubitemid 36083846)
12. Purcell, E. B., D. Siegal-Gaskins, D. C. Rawling, A. Fiebig, and, S. Crosson, (2007) A photosensory two-component system regulates bacterial cell attachment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 18241-18246. (Pubitemid 350210851)
13. Purcell, E. B., and, S. Crosson, (2008) Photoregulation in prokaryotes. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 11, 168-178.
14. Swartz, T. E., T. S. Tseng, M. A. Frederickson, G. Paris, D. J. Comerci, G. Rajashekara, J. G. Kim, M. B. Mudgett, G. A. Splitter, R. A. Ugalde, F. A. Goldbaum, W. R. Briggs, and, R. A. Bogomolni, (2007) Blue-light-activated histidine kinases: Two-component sensors in bacteria. Science 317, 1090-1093. (Pubitemid 47330194)
15. Losi, A., and, W. Gartner, (2008) Bacterial bilin- and flavin-binding photoreceptors. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 7, 1168-1178.
16. Krauss, U., B. Q. Minh, A. Losi, W. Gartner, T. Eggert, A. von Haeseler, and, K. E. Jaeger, (2009) Distribution and phylogeny of light-oxygen-voltage- blue-light-signaling proteins in the three kingdoms of life. J. Bacteriol. 191, 7234-7242.
17. He, Q. Y., P. Cheng, Y. H. Yang, L. X. Wang, K. H. Gardner, and, Y. Liu, (2002) White collar-1, a DNA binding transcription factor and a light sensor. Science 297, 840-843. (Pubitemid 34839634)
18. Imaizumi, T., H. G. Tran, T. E. Swartz, W. R. Briggs, and, S. A. Kay, (2003) FKF1 is essential for photoperiodic-specific light signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature 426, 302-306. (Pubitemid 37463150)
19. Drepper, T., T. Eggert, F. Circolone, A. Heck, U. Krauss, J. K. Guterl, M. Wendorff, A. Losi, W. Gartner, and, K. E. Jaeger, (2007) Reporter proteins for in vivo fluorescence without oxygen. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 443-445. (Pubitemid 46572852)
20. Chapman, S., C. Faulkner, E. Kaiserli, C. Garcia-Mata, E. I. Savenkov, A. G. Roberts, K. J. Oparka, and, J. M. Christie, (2008) The photoreversible fluorescent protein iLOV outperforms GFP as a reporter of plant virus infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 20038-20043.
21. Strickland, D., K. Moffat, and, T. R. Sosnick, (2008) Light-activated DNA binding in a designed allosteric protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 10709-10714.
22. Moglich, A., R. A. Ayers, and, K. Moffat, (2009) Design and signaling mechanism of light-regulated histidine kinases. J. Mol. Biol. 385, 1433-1444.
23. Wu, Y. I., D. Frey, O. I. Lungu, A. Jaehrig, I. Schlichting, B. Kuhlman, and, K. M. Hahn, (2009) A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac controls the motility of living cells. Nature 461, U104-U111.
24. Schroder-Lang, S., M. Schwarzel, R. Seifert, T. Strunker, S. Kateriya, J. Looser, M. Watanabe, U. B. Kaupp, P. Hegemann, and, G. Nagel, (2007) Fast manipulation of cellular cAMP level by light in vivo. Nat. Methods 4, 39-42. (Pubitemid 46029473)
25. Shu, X. K., A. Royant, M. Z. Lin, T. A. Aguilera, V. Lev-Ram, P. A. Steinbach, and, R. Y. Tsien, (2009) Mammalian expression of infrared fluorescent proteins engineered from a bacterial phytochrome. Science 324, 804-807.
26. Toh, K. C., E. A. Stojkovic, I. H. M. van Stokkum, K. Moffat, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2010) Proton-transfer and hydrogen-bond interactions determine fluorescence quantum yield and photochemical efficiency of bacteriophytochrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 9170-9175.
27. Swartz, T. E., S. B. Corchnoy, J. M. Christie, J. W. Lewis, I. Szundi, W. R. Briggs, and, R. A. Bogomolni, (2001) The photocycle of a flavin-binding domain of the blue light photoreceptor phototropin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 36493-36500.
28. Kottke, T., J. Heberle, D. Hehn, B. Dick, and, P. Hegemann, (2003) Phot-LOV1: Photocycle of a blue-light receptor domain from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys. J. 84, 1192-1201. (Pubitemid 36133440)
29. Salomon, M., W. Eisenreich, H. Durr, E. Schleicher, E. Knieb, V. Massey, W. Rudiger, F. Muller, A. Bacher, and, G. Richter, (2001) An optomechanical transducer in the blue light receptor phototropin from Avena sativa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 12357-12361. (Pubitemid 33019950)
30. Crosson, S., and, K. Moffat, (2002) Photoexcited structure of a plant photoreceptor domain reveals a light-driven molecular switch. Plant Cell 14, 1067-1075. (Pubitemid 34609217)
31. Swartz, T. E., P. J. Wenzel, S. B. Corchnoy, W. R. Briggs, and, R. A. Bogomolni, (2002) Vibration spectroscopy reveals light-induced chromophore and protein structural changes in the LOV2 domain of the plant blue-light receptor phototropin 1. Biochemistry 41, 7183-7189. (Pubitemid 34602433)
32. Fedorov, R., I. Schlichting, E. Hartmann, T. Domratcheva, M. Fuhrmann, and, P. Hegemann, (2003) Crystal structures and molecular mechanism of a light-induced signaling switch: The Phot-LOV1 domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biophys. J. 84, 2474-2482. (Pubitemid 36373569)
33. Alexandre, M. T. A., J. C. Arents, R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2007) A base-catalyzed mechanism for dark state recovery in the Avena sativa phototropin-1 LOV2 domain. Biochemistry 46, 3129-3137. (Pubitemid 46449135)
34. Zoltowski, B. D., B. Vaccaro, and, B. R. Crane, (2009) Mechanism-based tuning of a LOV domain photoreceptor. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5, 827-834.
35. Kawaguchi, Y., Y. Nakasone, K. Zikihara, S. Tokutomi, and, M. Terazima, (2010) When is the helix conformation restored after the reverse reaction of phototropin? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 8838.
36. Kennis, J. T. M., N. H. M. van Stokkum, S. Crosson, M. Gauden, K. Moffat, and, R. van Grondelle, (2004) The LOV2 domain of phototropin: A reversible photochromic switch. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 4512-4513. (Pubitemid 38469088)
37. Harper, S. M., L. C. Neil, and, K. H. Gardner, (2003) Structural basis of a phototropin light switch. Science 301, 1541-1544. (Pubitemid 37128547)
38. Yamamoto, A., T. Iwata, Y. Sato, D. Matsuoka, S. Tokutomi, and, H. Kandori, (2009) Light signal transduction pathway from flavin chromophore to the J alpha helix of Arabidopsis phototropin1. Biophys. J. 96, 2771-2778.
39. Alexandre, M. T. A., R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2009) Conformational heterogeneity and propagation of structural changes in the LOV2/J alpha domain from Avena sativa phototropin 1 as recorded by temperature-dependent FTIR spectroscopy. Biophys. J. 97, 238-247.
40. Harper, S. M., J. M. Christie, and, K. H. Gardner, (2004) Disruption of the LOV-J alpha helix interaction activates phototropin kinase activity. Biochemistry 43, 16184-16192. (Pubitemid 40041031)
41. Guo, H. M., T. Kottke, P. Hegemann, and, B. Dick, (2005) The Phot LOV2 domain and its interaction with LOV1. Biophys. J. 89, 402-412. (Pubitemid 41098295)
42. Corchnoy, S. B., T. E. Swartz, J. W. Lewis, I. Szundi, W. R. Briggs, and, R. A. Bogomolni, (2003) Intramolecular proton transfers and structural changes during the photocycle of the LOV2 domain of phototropin 1. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 724-731. (Pubitemid 36790742)
43. Kennis, J. T. M., S. Crosson, M. Gauden, I. H. M. van Stokkum, K. Moffat, and, R. van Grondelle, (2003) Primary reactions of the LOV2 domain of phototropin, a plant blue-light photoreceptor. Biochemistry 42, 3385-3392. (Pubitemid 36368631)
44. Schuttrigkeit, T. A., C. K. Kompa, M. Salomon, W. Rudiger, and, M. E. Michel-Beyerle, (2003) Primary photophysics of the FMN binding LOV2 domain of the plant blue light receptor phototropin of Avena sativa. Chem. Phys. 294, 501-508.
45. Alexandre, M. T. A., T. Domratcheva, C. Bonetti, L. van Wilderen, R. van Grondelle, M. L. Groot, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2009) Primary reactions of the LOV2 domain of phototropin studied with ultrafast mid-infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Biophys. J. 97, 227-237.
46. Song, P. S., (1968) On basicity of excited state of flavins. Photochem. Photobiol. 7, 311-313.
47. Kay, C. W. M., E. Schleicher, A. Kuppig, H. Hofner, W. Rudiger, M. Schleicher, M. Fischer, A. Bacher, S. Weber, and, G. Richter, (2003) Blue light perception in plants-Detection and characterization of a light-induced neutral flavin radical in a C450A mutant of phototropin. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 10973-10982. (Pubitemid 36792645)
48. Bittl, R., C. W. M. Kay, S. Weber, and, P. Hegemann, (2003) Characterization of a flavin radical product in a C57M mutant of a LOV1 domain by electron paramagnetic resonance. Biochemistry 42, 8506-8512. (Pubitemid 36875417)
49. Kottke, T., B. Dick, R. Fedorov, I. Schlichting, R. Deutzmann, and, P. Hegemann, (2003) Irreversible photoreduction of flavin in a mutated Phot-LOV1 domain. Biochemistry 42, 9854-9862. (Pubitemid 37012861)
50. Schleicher, E., R. M. Kowalczyk, C. W. M. Kay, P. Hegemann, A. Bacher, M. Fischer, R. Bittl, G. Richter, and, S. Weber, (2004) On the reaction mechanism of adduct formation in LOV domains of the plant blue-light receptor phototropin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11067-11076. (Pubitemid 39180592)
51. Dittrich, M., P. L. Freddolino, and, K. Schulten, (2005) When light falls in LOV: A quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study of photoexcitation in Phot-LOV1 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 13006-13013. (Pubitemid 40999828)
52. Domratcheva, T., R. Fedorov, and, I. Schlichting, (2006) Analysis of the primary photocycle reactions occurring in the light, oxygen, and voltage blue-light receptor by multiconfigurational quantum-chemical methods. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2, 1565-1574.
53. Pfeifer, A., T. Majerus, K. Zikihara, D. Matsuoka, S. Tokutomi, J. Heberle, and, T. Kottke, (2009) Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared study on photoadduct formation and secondary structural Changes within the phototropin LOV domain. Biophys. J. 96, 1462-1470.
54. Sato, Y., T. Iwata, S. Tokutomi, and, H. Kandori, (2005) Reactive cysteine is protonated in the triplet excited state of the LOV2 domain in Adiantum phytochrome3. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 1088-1089. (Pubitemid 40228668)
55. Gauden, M., S. Crosson, I. H. M. van Stokkum, R. van Grondelle, K. Moffat, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2004) Low-temperature and time-resolved spectroscopic characterization of the LOV2 domain of Avena sativa phototropin. In Femtosecond Laser Applications in Biology (Edited by, S. Avrillier, and, J. M. Tualle,), pp. 97-104. SPIE, Bellingham. (Pubitemid 40108650)
56. Gobets, B., I. H. M. van Stokkum, M. Rogner, J. Kruip, E. Schlodder, N. V. Karapetyan, J. P. Dekker, and, R. van Grondelle, (2001) Time-resolved fluorescence emission measurements of photosystem I particles of various cyanobacteria: A unified compartmental model. Biophys. J. 81, 407-424. (Pubitemid 32605980)
57. Gobets, B., J. T. M. Kennis, J. A. Ihalainen, M. Brazzoli, R. Croce, L. H. M. van Stokkum, R. Bassi, J. P. Dekker, H. van Amerongen, G. R. Fleming, and, R. van Grondelle, (2001) Excitation energy transfer in dimeric light harvesting complex I: A combined streak-camera/fluorescence upconversion study. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 10132-10139. (Pubitemid 35338629)
58. van Stokkum, I. H. M., D. S. Larsen, and, R. van Grondelle, (2004) Global and target analysis of time-resolved spectra. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. 1657, 82-104. (Pubitemid 38952870)
59. van Stokkum, I. H. M., B. van Oort, F. van Mourik, B. Gobets, and, H. van Amerongen, (2008) (Sub)-picosecond spectral evolution of fluorescence studied with a synchroscan streak-camera system and target analysis. In Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis Vol. II (Edited by, T. J. Aartsma, and, J. Matysik,), pp. 223-240. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
60. Kennis, J. T. M., and, M. T. A. Alexandre, (2006) Mechanisms of light activation in flavin-binding photoreceptors. In Flavins: Photochemistry and Photobiology (Edited by, E. Silva, and, A. M. Edwards,), pp. 287-319. The Royal Society for Chemistry Publishing, Cambridge.
61. Visser, A., A. vanHoek, N. V. Visser, Y. Lee, and, S. Ghisla, (1997) Time-resolved fluorescence study of the dissociation of FMN from the yellow fluorescence protein from Vibrio fischeri. Photochem. Photobiol. 65, 570-575. (Pubitemid 27158999)
62. Holzer, W., A. Penzkofer, M. Fuhrmann, and, P. Hegemann, (2002) Spectroscopic characterization of flavin mononucleotide bound to the LOV1 domain of Phot1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 479-487.
63. Alexandre, M. T. A., R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, B. Robert, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2008) Perturbation of the ground-state electronic structure of FMN by the conserved cysteine in phototropin LOV2 domains. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 6693-6702.
64. Holzer, W., A. Penzkofer, and, P. Hegemann, (2005) Absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of the LOV2-His domain of phot from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Chem. Phys. 308, 79-91.
65. Holzer, W., A. Penzkofer, T. Susdorf, M. Alvarez, S. D. M. Islam, and, P. Hegemann, (2004) Absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of the LOV2-domain of phot from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii fused to a maltose binding protein. Chem. Phys. 302, 105-118.
66. Alexandre, M. T. A., E. B. Purcell, R. van Grondelle, B. Robert, J. T. M. Kennis, and, S. Crosson, (2010) Electronic and protein structural dynamics of a photosensory histidine kinase. Biochemistry 49, 4752-4759.
67. Brazard, J., A. Usman, F. Lacombat, C. Ley, M. M. Martin, P. Plaza, L. Mony, M. Heijde, G. Zabulon, and, C. Bowler, (2010) Spectro-temporal characterization of the photoactivation mechanism of two new oxidized cryptochrome/photolyase photoreceptors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 4935-4945.
68. Gauden, M., I. H. M. van Stokkum, J. M. Key, D. C. Luhrs, R. Van Grondelle, P. Hegemann, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2006) Hydrogen-bond switching through a radical pair mechanism in a flavin-binding photoreceptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10895-10900. (Pubitemid 44150534)
69. Gauden, M., J. S. Grinstead, W. Laan, H. M. van Stokkum, M. Avila-Perez, K. C. Toh, R. Boelens, R. Kaptein, R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2007) On the role of aromatic side chains in the photoactivation of BLUF domains. Biochemistry 46, 7405-7415. (Pubitemid 46986367)
70. Bonetti, C., T. Mathes, I. H. M. van Stokkum, K. M. Mullen, M. L. Groot, R. van Grondelle, P. Hegemann, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2008) Hydrogen bond switching among flavin and amino acid side chains in the BLUF photoreceptor observed by ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. Biophys. J. 95, 4790-4802.
71. Bonetti, C., M. Stierl, T. Mathes, I. H. M. van Stokkum, K. M. Mullen, T. A. Cohen-Stuart, R. van Grondelle, P. Hegemann, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2009) The role of key amino acids in the photoactivation pathway of the synechocystis Slr1694 BLUF domain. Biochemistry 48, 11458-11469.
72. Kennis, J. T. M., and, M. L. Groot, (2007) Ultrafast spectroscopy of biological photoreceptors. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 17, 623-630.
73. Dragnea, V., M. Waegele, S. Balascuta, C. Bauer, and, B. Dragnea, (2005) Time-resolved spectroscopic studies of the AppA blue-light receptor BLUF domain from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Biochemistry 44, 15978-15985. (Pubitemid 41785795)
74. Zirak, P., A. Penzkofer, T. Schiereis, P. Hegemann, A. Jung, and, I. Schlichting, (2005) Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of BLUF domain of AppA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Chem. Phys. 315, 142-154. (Pubitemid 41058926)
75. Shibata, Y., Y. Murai, Y. Satoh, Y. Fukushima, K. Kajima, M. Ikeuchi, and, S. Itoh, (2009) Acceleration of electron-transfer-induced fluorescence quenching upon conversion to the signaling state in the blue-light receptor, TePixD, from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 8192-8198.
76. Toh, K. C., I. H. M. van Stokkum, J. Hendriks, M. T. A. Alexandre, J. C. Arents, M. A. Perez, R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2008) On the signaling mechanism and the absence of photoreversibility in the AppA BLUF domain. Biophys. J. 95, 312-321.
77. Gauden, M., S. Yeremenko, W. Laan, I. H. M. van Stokkum, J. A. Ihalainen, R. van Grondelle, K. J. Hellingwerf, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2005) Photocycle of the flavin-binding photoreceptor AppA, a bacterial transcriptional antirepressor of photosynthesis genes. Biochemistry 44, 3653-3662. (Pubitemid 40358018)
78. Halavaty, A. S., and, K. Moffat, (2007) N- and C-terminal flanking regions modulate light-induced signal transduction in the LOV2 domain of the blue light sensor phototropin 1 from Avena sativa. Biochemistry 46, 14001-14009. (Pubitemid 350250297)
79. Moglich, A., and, K. Moffat, (2007) Structural basis for light-dependent signaling in the dimeric LOV domain of the photosensor YtvA. J. Mol. Biol. 373, 112-126. (Pubitemid 47390713)
80. Zoltowski, B. D., C. Schwerdtfeger, J. Widom, J. J. Loros, A. M. Bilwes, J. C. Dunlap, and, B. R. Crane, (2007) Conformational switching in the fungal light sensor vivid. Science 316, 1054-1057. (Pubitemid 46799496)
81. Bednarz, T., A. Losi, W. Gartner, P. Hegemann, and, J. Heberle, (2004) Functional variations among LOV domains as revealed by FT-IR difference spectroscopy. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 3, 575-579. (Pubitemid 38968070)
82. Sato, Y., M. Nabeno, T. Iwata, S. Tokutomi, M. Sakurai, and, H. Kandori, (2007) Heterogeneous environment of the S-H group of cys966 near the flavin chromophore in the LOV2 domain of Adiantum neochrome 1. Biochemistry 46, 10258-10265. (Pubitemid 350067619)
83. Drossler, P., W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, and, P. Hegemann, (2002) pH dependence of the absorption and emission behaviour of riboflavin in aqueous solution. Chem. Phys. 282, 429-439.
84. Tyagi, A., and, A. Penzkofer, (2010) pH dependence of the absorption and emission behaviour of lumiflavin in aqueous solution. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, Chem. 215, 108-117.
85. Sun, M., T. A. Moore, and, P. S. Song, (1972) Molecular luminescence studies of flavins. I. The excited states of flavins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94, 1730-1740.
86. Losi, A., B. Quest, and, W. Gartner, (2003) Listening to the blue: The time-resolved thermodynamics of the bacterial blue-light receptor YtvA and its isolated LOV domain. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2, 759-766. (Pubitemid 41662962)
87. Homoelle, B. J., M. D. Edington, W. M. Diffey, and, W. F. Beck, (1998) Stimulated photon-echo and transient-grating studies of protein-matrix solvation dynamics and interexciton-state radiationless decay in alpha phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 3044-3052. (Pubitemid 128576619)
88. Kennis, J. T. M., D. S. Larsen, K. Ohta, M. T. Facciotti, R. M. Glaeser, and, G. R. Fleming, (2002) Ultrafast protein dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin probed by photon echo and transient absorption spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 6067-6080. (Pubitemid 35281854)
89. van Stokkum, I. H. M., B. Gobets, T. Gensch, F. van Mourik, K. J. Hellingwerf, R. van Grondelle, and, J. T. M. Kennis, (2006) (Sub)-picosecond spectral evolution of fluorescence in photoactive proteins studied with a synchroscan streak camera system. Photochem. Photobiol. 82, 380-388.
90. Laan, W., M. Gauden, S. Yeremenko, R. van Grondelle, J. T. M. Kennis, and, K. J. Hellingwerf, (2006) On the mechanism of activation of the BLUF domain of AppA. Biochemistry 45, 51-60. (Pubitemid 43054082)