Limitations of cigarette machine smoking regimens

Toxicology Letters

Volumn 203, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 20-27

  Roemer, E ^a   Carchman, R A ^b  

^a PHILIP MORRIS PRODUCTS S A   (Switzerland)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette; Smoke chemistry; Smoking regimen; Smoking topography; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE; NICOTINE; TAR;

AIR QUALITY CONTROL; ARTICLE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; INTENSE SMOKING REGIMEN; INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; US FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION;

BODY BURDEN; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOXICITY TESTS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION;

EID: 79954996155     PISSN: 03784274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.02.014     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adam T., Mitschke S., Streibel T., Baker R.R., Zimmermann R. Puff-by-puff resolved characterisation of cigarette mainstream smoke by single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS): comparison of the 2R4F research cigarette and pure Burley, Virginia, Oriental and Maryland tobacco cigarettes. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 572:219-229.
2. Adam T., McAughey J., Mocker C., McGrath C., Zimmermann R. Influence of filter ventilation on the chemical composition of cigarette mainstream smoke. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 657:36-44.
3. Baker R.R. The development and significance of standards for smoking-machine methodology. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2002, 20:23-41.
4. Bates C., McNeill A., Jarvis M., Gray N. The future of tobacco product regulation and labeling in Europe: implications for the forthcoming European Union directive. Tob. Control 1999, 8:225-235.
5. Benowitz N.L. Compensatory smoking of low yield cigarettes. Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. NIH Publication No. 02-5074 2001, 39-64. US National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda. D.R. Shopland, D.M. Burns, N.L. Benowitz, R.H. Amacher (Eds.).
6. Bialous S.A., Yach D. Whose standard is it, anyway? How the tobacco industry determines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for tobacco and tobacco products. Tob. Control 2001, 10:96-104.
7. Borgerding M., Klus H. Analysis of complex mixtures-cigarette smoke. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2005, 57:43-73.
8. Borland R., Fong G.T., Yong H.-H., Cummings K.M., Hammond D., King B., Siahpush M., McNeill A., Hastings G., O'Connor R.J., Elton-Marshall T., Zanna M.P. What happened to smokers' beliefs about light cigarettes when "light/mild" brand descriptors were banned in the UK? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob. Control 2008, 17:256-262.
9. Bradford J.A., Harlan W.R., Hammer H.R. Nature of cigarette smoke. Technic of experimental smoking. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1936, 28:836-839.
10. Bridges R.B., J.W.Combs J.G., Humble J., Turbek A., Rehm S.R., Haley N.J. Puffing topography as a determinant of smoke exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1990, 37:29-39.
11. Burns D.M., Dybing E., Gray N., Hecht S., Anderson C., Sanner T., O'Connor R., Djordjevic M., Dresler C., Hainaut P., Jarvis M., Opperhuizen A., Straif K. Mandated lowering of toxicants in cigarette smoke: a description of the World Health Organization TobReg proposal. Tob. Control 2008, 17:132-141.
12. Byrd G.D., Davis R.A., Caldwell W.S., Robinson J.H., deBethizy J.D. A further study of FTC yield and nicotine absorption in smokers. Pharmacology 1998, 139:291-299.
13. Chen P.X., Moldoveanu S.C. Mainstream smoke chemical analyses for 2R4F Kentucky reference cigarette. Beitraege Tabakforsch Intl. 2003, 20:448-458.
14. Chepiga T.A., Morton M.J., Murphy P.A., Avalos J.T., Bombick B.R., Doolittle D.J., Borgerding M.F., Swauger J.E. A comparison of the mainstream smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with two Kentucky reference cigarettes (K1R4F and K1R5F). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000, 38:949-962.
15. Cohen J.B. Smoker's knowledge and understanding of advertised tar numbers: health policy implications. Am. J. Public Health 1996, 86:18-24.
16. CORESTA Recommended Method No. 10: Machine smoking of cigarettes, determination of crude and dry smoke condensate. CORESTA Inf. Bull. 1969, 1:24-33.
17. Counts M.E., Morton M.J., Laffoon S.W., Cox R.H., Lipowicz P.J. Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 41:185-227.
18. Cummings K.M., Hyland A., Bansal M.A., Giovino G.A. What do Marlboro Lights smokers know about low-tar cigarettes?. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2004, 6(3):S323-S332.
19. DeBardeleben M.Z., Wickham J.E., Kuhn W.F. The determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke from an historical perspective. Recent Advantages Tob. Sci. 1991, 17:115-148.
20. Ding Y.S., Zhang L., Jain R.B., Jain N., Wang R.Y., Ashley D.L., Watson C.H. Levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from different tobacco varieties. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17:3366-3371.
21. Dixon M., Borgerding M.F. Recent advantages in the application and understanding of alternative smoking regimens. Recent Advantages Tob. Sci. 2006, 32:3-83.
22. Djordjevic M.V., Fan J., Hoffmann D. Self-regulation of smoking intensity. Smoke yields of the low-nicotine, low-'tar' cigarettes. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16:2015-2021.
23. European Communities, EC, European Communities, 2001: Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi=OJ%3AL%3A%202001 %3A194%3A0026%3A0034%3AEN%3A%20PD.F.
24. Federal Register, August 1, 1967. Cigarettes: Testing for tar and nicotine content. Vol. 32, no. 147, p. 11178.
25. FTC, US Federal Trade Commission, 1967. News Release: FTC to begin cigarette testing. Available at: http://philipmorrisinternational.com/global/downloads/SH/11967_FTC_press .pdf.
26. FTC, US Federal Trade Commission, 2008. Rescission of FTC Guidance Concerning the Cambridge Filter Method. FDA, Billing Code: 6750-01S. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/2008/11/P944509cambridgefiltermethodfrn.pdf.
27. Gori G.B. Consumer perception of cigarette yields: is the message relevant?. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1990, 12:64-68.
28. Gori G.B., Lynch C.J. Smoker intake from cigarettes in the 1-mg federal trade commission tar class. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1983, 3:110-120.
29. Gori G.B., Lynch C.J. Analytical cigarette yields as predictors of smoke bioavailability. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1985, 5:314-326.
30. Guo, X., Verkler, T.L., Chen, Y., Richter, P.A., Polzin, G.M., Moore, M.M., Mei, N. Mutagenicity of 11 cigarette smoke condensates in two versions of the mouse lymphoma assay. Mutagenesis, in press, doi:10.1093/mutage/geq083.
31. Hagedorn H.W., Scherer G., Engl J., Riedel K., Cheung F., Errington G., Shepperd J., McEwan M. Urinary excretion of phenoloc polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in nonsmokers and in smokers of cigarettes with different ISO tar yields. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2009, 33:301-309.
32. Hammond D., Fong G.T., Cummings K.M., Hyland A. Smoking topography, brand switching, and nicotine delivery: results from an in vivo study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:1370-1375.
33. Hammond D., Fong G.T., Cummings K.M., O'Connor R.J., Giovino G.A., McNeill A. Cigarette yields and human exposure: a comparison of alternative testing regimens. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006, 15:1495-1501.
34. Hatsukami D.K., Pickens R.W., Svvikis D.S., Hughes J.R. Smoking topography and nicotine blood levels. Addict. Behav. 1988, 13:91-95.
35. Hatsukami D.K., Le C.T., Zhang Y., Joseph A.M., Mooney M.E., Carmella S.G., Hecht S.S. Toxicant exposure in cigarette reducers versus light smokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006, 15:2355-2358.
36. Health Canada Test Method T-115-determination of tar, water, nicotine and carbon monoxide in mainstream. Tobacco Smoke 1999, 12-31.
37. Hearn B.A., Ding Y.S., Vaughan C., Zhang L., Polzin G., Caudill S.P., Watson C.H., Ashley D.L. Semi-volatiles in mainstream smoke delivery from select charcoal-filtered cigarette brand variants. Tobacco Control 2010, 19:223-230.
38. Hecht S.S., Murphy S.E., Carmella S.G., Li S., Jensen J., Le C., Joseph A.M., Hatsukami D.K. Similar uptake of lung carcinogens by smokers of regular, light, and ultralight cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:693-698.
39. Hoffmann I., Hoffmann D. The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. Tobacco, Science, Policy and Public Health 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Great Britain. P. Boyle, N. Gray, J. Henningfield, J. Seffrin, W. Zatonski (Eds.).
40. ISO, International Standard Organization, 1977. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine-definitions and standard conditions.
41. Joseph A.M., Hecht S.S., Murphy S.E., Carmella S.G., Le C.T., Zhang Y., Han S., Hatsukami D.K. Relationships between cigarette consumption and biomarkers of tobacco toxin exposure. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:2963-2968.
42. Jarvis M.J., Boreham R., Primatesta P., Feyerabend C., Bryant A. Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001, 93:134-138.
43. Kassel J.D., Greenstein J.E., Evatt D.P., Wardle M.C., Yates M.C., Veilleux J.C., Eissenberg T. Smoking topography in response to denicotinized and high-yield nicotine cigarettes in adolescent smokers. J. Adolesc. Health 2007, 40:54-60.
44. Kozlowski L.T., Goldberg M.E., Yost B.A., White E.L., Sweeney C.T., Pillitteri J.L. Smokers' misperceptions of light and ultra-light cigarettes may keep them smoking. Am. J. Prev. Med. 1998, 15:9-16.
45. Kozlowski L.T., O'Connor R.J. Official cigarette tar tests are misleading: use a two-stage, compensating test. Lancet 2000, 355:2159-2161.
46. Laugesen M., Fowles J. Marlboro UltraSmooth: a potentially reduced exposure cigarette?. Tob. Control 2006, 15:430-435.
47. Massachusetts General Laws Annotated 1997. Section 307B 105, Code of Massachusetts Regulations 660.000 et seq (Chapter 94).
48. Norman A. Cigarette design and materials. Tobacco: Production, Chemistry and Technology 1999, 353-387. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. D.L. Layten, M.T. Nielsen (Eds.).
49. Okuwa K., Tanaka M., Fukano Y., Nara H., Nishijima Y., Nishino T. In vitro micronucleus assay for cigarette smoke using a whole smoke exposure system: a comparison of smoking regimens. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2010, 62:433-440.
50. Purkis S.W., Mueller C., Intorp M., Seidel H. The influence of cigarette designs and smoking regimens on vapour phase yields. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24:33-46.
51. Rees V.W., Wayne G.F., Connolly G.N. Puffing style and human exposure minimally altered by switching to a carbon-filtered cigarette. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17:2995-3003.
52. Rickert W.S., Trivedi A.H., Momin R.A., Wright W.G., Lauterbach J.H. Effect of smoking conditions and methods of collection on the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 96:285-293.
53. Roemer E., Stabbert R., Rustemeier K., Veltel D.J., Meisgen T.J., Reininghaus W., Carchman R.A., Gaworsky C.L., Podraza K.F. Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions. Toxicology 2004, 195:31-52.
54. Roemer E., Ottmueller T.H., Zenzen V., Wittke S., Radtke F., Blanco I., Carchman R.A. Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and tumorigenicity of mainstream smoke from three reference cigarettes machine-smoked to the same yields of total particulate matter per cigarette. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47:1810-1818.
55. Roemer E., Wittke S., Trelles Sticken E., Piade J.J., Bonk T., Schorp M.K. The addition of cocoa, glycerol, and saccharose to the tobacco of cigarettes: implications for smoke chemistry, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and further endpoints. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24:117-138.
56. Rosa M.R., Pacifici R., Altieri I., Pichini S., Ottaviani G., Zuccaro P. How the steady-state cotinine concentration in cigarette smokers is directly related to nicotine intake. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1992, 52:324-329.
57. Scherer G., Engl J., Urban M., Gilch G., Janket D., Riedel K. Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 47:171-183.
58. Schorp M.K. Summary of literature data on smoking topography. A Review of Human Smoking Behaviour Data and Recommendations for a New ISO Standard for the Machine Smoking of Cigarettes. Report of the AD HOC WG9 Smoking Behaviour Review Team to ISO/TC 126 WG 9 2005, Available at: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mgt27a00.
59. Schramke H., Meisgen T.J., Tewes F.J., Roemer E. The mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay for the assessment and comparison of the mutagenic activity of cigarette mainstream smoke particulate phase. Toxicology 2006, 227:193-210.
60. St Charles F.K., Kabbani A.A., Borgerding M.F. Estimating tar and nicotine exposure: human smoking versus machine generated smoke yields. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2010, 56:100-110.
61. St.Charles, F.K., Cook, C.J., Clayton, P.M., 2011. The linear relationship between cigarette tar and nicotine yields: regulatory implications for smoke constituent ratios. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., in press, doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.001.
62. Steele R.H., Payne V.M., Fulp C.W., Rees D.C., Lee C.K., Doolittle D.J. A comparison of the mutagenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensates from a representative sample of the U.S. cigarette market with a Kentucky reference cigarette (K1R4F). Mutat. Res. 1995, 342:179-190.
63. Strasser A.A., Pickworth W.B., Patterson F., Lerman C. Smoking topography predicts abstinence following treatment with nicotine replacement therapy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13:1800-1804.
64. TPSAC, Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee Summary Minutes for June 8-9, 2010 Meeting of the Tobacco Product Constituents Subcommittee of the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration 2010, Available at. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMateria ls/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM222975.pdf.
65. Ueda K., Kawachi I., Nakamura M., Nogami H., Shirokawa N., Masui S., Okayama A., Oshima A. Cigarette nicotine yields and nicotine intake among Japanese male workers. Tob. Control 2002, 11:55-60.
66. US Consumer Products Safety Commission in Consultation with the US Department of Health and Human Services, 1993. US Consumer Products Safety Commission in Consultation with the US Department of Health and Human Services. Toxicity Testing Plan 5.
67. WHO, World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative SACTob Conclusions on Health Claims Derived from ISO Method to Measure Cigarette Yield 2004, WHO, Geneva.
68. WHO, World Health Organization The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Report of a WHO Study Group (WHO Technical Report Series 945) 2007, WHO, Geneva, pp. 83-85.
69. WHO, World Health Organization The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Second Report of a WHO Study Group (WHO Technical Report Series 951) 2008, WHO, Geneva, pp. 269-272.
70. WHO, World Health Organization The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Second Report of a WHO Study Group (WHO Technical Report Series 951) 2008, WHO, Geneva, p. 277.