메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 100-110

Estimating tar and nicotine exposure: Human smoking versus machine generated smoke yields

Author keywords

Filter analysis; Mouth exposure; Nicotine; Smoking behavior; Tar; Tobacco smoke

Indexed keywords

CIGARETTE SMOKE; MENTHOL; NICOTINE; TAR; TOBACCO SMOKE;

EID: 75549086656     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.08.011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0030912322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics notes: units of analysis
    • Altman D.G., Bland J.M. Statistics notes: units of analysis. BMJ 1997, 314:1874.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.314 , pp. 1874
    • Altman, D.G.1    Bland, J.M.2
  • 2
    • 75549085858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ANVISA. Resolution RDC No. 14 of January 17, 2003, Article 5 in (Portuguese) Federal Official Gazette No. 14 of January 20, 2003, Section 1.
    • ANVISA, 2003. Resolution RDC No. 14 of January 17, 2003, Article 5 in (Portuguese) Federal Official Gazette No. 14 of January 20, 2003, Section 1. p. 38.
    • (2003) , pp. 38
  • 3
    • 21244460472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of inhalation volume and breath-hold duration on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on subsequent plasma nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking
    • Armitage A.K., Dixon M., Frost B.E., Mariner D.C., Sinclair N.M. The effect of inhalation volume and breath-hold duration on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on subsequent plasma nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2004, 21(4):240-249.
    • (2004) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 240-249
    • Armitage, A.K.1    Dixon, M.2    Frost, B.E.3    Mariner, D.C.4    Sinclair, N.M.5
  • 4
    • 0014954985 scopus 로고
    • Puffing frequency and nicotine intake in cigarette smokers
    • Ashton H., Watson D.W. Puffing frequency and nicotine intake in cigarette smokers. Br. Med. J. 1970, 3(5724):679-681.
    • (1970) Br. Med. J. , vol.3 , Issue.5724 , pp. 679-681
    • Ashton, H.1    Watson, D.W.2
  • 5
    • 0018750871 scopus 로고
    • Self-titration by cigarette smokers
    • Ashton H., Stepney R., Thompson J.W. Self-titration by cigarette smokers. Br. Med. J. 1979, 2(6186):357-360.
    • (1979) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , Issue.6186 , pp. 357-360
    • Ashton, H.1    Stepney, R.2    Thompson, J.W.3
  • 6
    • 0004514796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence and consequences of filter vent blocking amongst British smokers
    • Baker R.R., Dixon M., Hill C. The incidence and consequences of filter vent blocking amongst British smokers. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1998, 18(2):71-83.
    • (1998) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 71-83
    • Baker, R.R.1    Dixon, M.2    Hill, C.3
  • 7
    • 0021270837 scopus 로고
    • Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking
    • Data from Fig. 4
    • Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1984, 35(4):499-504. Data from Fig. 4.
    • (1984) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 499-504
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob, P.2
  • 8
    • 0027476650 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers
    • Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Nicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1993, 53(3):316-323.
    • (1993) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 316-323
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob, P.2
  • 9
    • 0027987497 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual isotope method
    • Benowitz N.L., Jacob P. Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual isotope method. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1994, 56(5):483-493.
    • (1994) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 483-493
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob, P.2
  • 10
    • 0023715754 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum
    • Benowitz N.L., Porchet H., Sheiner L., Jacob P. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1988, 44(1):23-28.
    • (1988) Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-28
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Porchet, H.2    Sheiner, L.3    Jacob, P.4
  • 11
    • 0027958225 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine metabolic profile in man: comparison of cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine
    • Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Fong I., Gupta S. Nicotine metabolic profile in man: comparison of cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 268(1):296-303.
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.268 , Issue.1 , pp. 296-303
    • Benowitz, N.L.1    Jacob, P.2    Fong, I.3    Gupta, S.4
  • 14
    • 75549084575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canada. Tobacco reporting regulations. T-11.5/SOR/2000-272.
    • Canada, 2000. Tobacco reporting regulations. T-11.5/SOR/2000-272.
    • (2000)
  • 15
    • 75549091276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Tobacco disclosure act. General laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 94, Section 307B, 105 CMR 660.000. Cigarette and smokeless tobacco products: reports of added constituents and nicotine ratings.
    • Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1997. Tobacco disclosure act. General laws of Massachusetts, Chapter 94, Section 307B, 105 CMR 660.000. Cigarette and smokeless tobacco products: reports of added constituents and nicotine ratings.
    • (1997)
  • 16
    • 0343974188 scopus 로고
    • The determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke from a historical perspective
    • DeBardeleben M.Z., Wickham J.E., Kuhn W.F. The determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke from a historical perspective. Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 1991, 17:115-148.
    • (1991) Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 115-148
    • DeBardeleben, M.Z.1    Wickham, J.E.2    Kuhn, W.F.3
  • 17
    • 33750924237 scopus 로고
    • The efficiencies of cellulose acetate filters
    • Dwyer R.W., Abel S.G. The efficiencies of cellulose acetate filters. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1986, 13(5):243-253.
    • (1986) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 243-253
    • Dwyer, R.W.1    Abel, S.G.2
  • 18
    • 0010274332 scopus 로고
    • Cigarettes: testing for tar and nicotine content
    • Federal Trade Commission
    • Federal Trade Commission, 1967a. Cigarettes: testing for tar and nicotine content. Fed. Regist. 32, 11178.
    • (1967) Fed. Regist. , vol.32 , pp. 11178
  • 19
    • 75549091070 scopus 로고
    • FTC to begin cigarette testing
    • Federal Trade Commission. News Release of the Federal Trade Commission, 1 August, Washington, DC.
    • Federal Trade Commission, 1967b. FTC to begin cigarette testing. News Release of the Federal Trade Commission, 1 August, Washington, DC.
    • (1967)
  • 20
    • 75549083398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rescission of FTC guidance concerning the Cambridge filter method
    • Federal Trade Commission
    • Federal Trade Commission, 2008. Rescission of FTC guidance concerning the Cambridge filter method. Fed. Regist. 73, 74500.
    • (2008) Fed. Regist , vol.73 , pp. 74500
  • 21
    • 84907120408 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the nicotine exposure of individual smokers. I. Changes in mouth level exposure to nicotine on switching to lower nicotine cigarettes
    • Forbes W.F., Robinson J.C., Hanley J.A., Colburn H.N. Studies on the nicotine exposure of individual smokers. I. Changes in mouth level exposure to nicotine on switching to lower nicotine cigarettes. Int. J. Addict. 1976, 11(6):933-950.
    • (1976) Int. J. Addict. , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 933-950
    • Forbes, W.F.1    Robinson, J.C.2    Hanley, J.A.3    Colburn, H.N.4
  • 23
    • 0020967286 scopus 로고
    • Smoker intake from cigarettes in the 1-mg Federal Trade Commission tar class
    • Gori G.B., Lynch C.J. Smoker intake from cigarettes in the 1-mg Federal Trade Commission tar class. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1983, 3(2):110-120.
    • (1983) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 110-120
    • Gori, G.B.1    Lynch, C.J.2
  • 24
    • 0022370841 scopus 로고
    • Analytical cigarette yields as predictors of smoke bioavailability
    • Data from Fig. 4
    • Gori G.B., Lynch C.J. Analytical cigarette yields as predictors of smoke bioavailability. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1985, 5(3):314-326. Data from Fig. 4.
    • (1985) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 314-326
    • Gori, G.B.1    Lynch, C.J.2
  • 25
    • 0022995033 scopus 로고
    • Mouth versus deep airway absorption of nicotine in cigarette smokers
    • Gori G.B., Benowitz N.L., Lynch C.J. Mouth versus deep airway absorption of nicotine in cigarette smokers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 25(6):1181-1186.
    • (1986) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 1181-1186
    • Gori, G.B.1    Benowitz, N.L.2    Lynch, C.J.3
  • 26
    • 75549083899 scopus 로고
    • Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health. Fourth report of the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
    • Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health, 1988. Fourth report of the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
    • (1988)
  • 28
    • 0035900925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey
    • Jarvis M.J., Boreham R., Primatesta P., Feyerabend C., Bryant A. Nicotine yield from machine-smoked cigarettes and nicotine intakes in smokers: evidence from a representative population survey. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001, 93(2):134-138.
    • (2001) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 134-138
    • Jarvis, M.J.1    Boreham, R.2    Primatesta, P.3    Feyerabend, C.4    Bryant, A.5
  • 30
    • 47949122669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled exposure study in adult smokers of full flavor Marlboro cigarettes switching to Marlboro Lights or Marlboro Ultra Lights cigarettes
    • Mendes P., Kapur S., Wang J., Feng S., Roethig H. A randomized, controlled exposure study in adult smokers of full flavor Marlboro cigarettes switching to Marlboro Lights or Marlboro Ultra Lights cigarettes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51(3):295-305.
    • (2008) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 295-305
    • Mendes, P.1    Kapur, S.2    Wang, J.3    Feng, S.4    Roethig, H.5
  • 31
    • 33947181972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the chemical composition of the particulate phase of inhaled and exhaled cigarette mainstream smoke
    • Moldoveanu S.C., St.Charles F.K. Differences in the chemical composition of the particulate phase of inhaled and exhaled cigarette mainstream smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2007, 22(4):290-302.
    • (2007) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 290-302
    • Moldoveanu, S.C.1    St.Charles, F.K.2
  • 33
    • 0004490275 scopus 로고
    • The effect of tip dilution on the filtration efficiency of upstream and downstream segments of cigarette filters
    • Norman V., Ihrig A.M., Shoffner R.A., Ireland M.S. The effect of tip dilution on the filtration efficiency of upstream and downstream segments of cigarette filters. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1984, 12(4):178-185.
    • (1984) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 178-185
    • Norman, V.1    Ihrig, A.M.2    Shoffner, R.A.3    Ireland, M.S.4
  • 34
    • 33751071123 scopus 로고
    • Filtration of cigarette smoke: relative contributions of inertial impaction, diffusional deposition, and direct interception
    • Overton J.R. Filtration of cigarette smoke: relative contributions of inertial impaction, diffusional deposition, and direct interception. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1973, 7(3):117-120.
    • (1973) Beitr. Tabakforsch. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 117-120
    • Overton, J.R.1
  • 35
    • 0029986809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the relationship between usual brand nicotine yield, blood cotinine concentration and the nicotine compensation hypothesis
    • Pritchard W.S., Robinson J.H. Examining the relationship between usual brand nicotine yield, blood cotinine concentration and the nicotine compensation hypothesis. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1996, 124(3):282-284.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.124 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-284
    • Pritchard, W.S.1    Robinson, J.H.2
  • 36
    • 0021132112 scopus 로고
    • Switching to low tar cigarettes: are the tar league tables relevant?
    • Rawbone R.G. Switching to low tar cigarettes: are the tar league tables relevant?. Thorax 1984, 39(9):657-662.
    • (1984) Thorax , vol.39 , Issue.9 , pp. 657-662
    • Rawbone, R.G.1
  • 37
    • 0019427686 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the hazards of less hazardous cigarettes. II. Study of cigarette yields of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide in relation to levels of cotinine, carboxyhemoglobin, and thiocyanate in smokers
    • Rickert W.S., Robinson J.C. Estimating the hazards of less hazardous cigarettes. II. Study of cigarette yields of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide in relation to levels of cotinine, carboxyhemoglobin, and thiocyanate in smokers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981, 7(3-4):391-403.
    • (1981) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , vol.7 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 391-403
    • Rickert, W.S.1    Robinson, J.C.2
  • 39
    • 0032801604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking behavior and compensation: a review of the literature
    • Scherer G. Smoking behavior and compensation: a review of the literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1999, 145(1):1-20.
    • (1999) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.145 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-20
    • Scherer, G.1
  • 40
    • 33750907508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of methods for determining consumer smoked cigarette yields from cigarette filter analysis
    • Shepperd C.J., St.Charles F.K., Lien M., Dixon M. Validation of methods for determining consumer smoked cigarette yields from cigarette filter analysis. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2006, 22:176-184.
    • (2006) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int.
    • Shepperd, C.J.1    St.Charles, F.K.2    Lien, M.3    Dixon, M.4
  • 41
    • 33750926465 scopus 로고
    • Spectrophotometric determination of filtration of cigarette filters
    • Sloan C.H., Curran J.G. Spectrophotometric determination of filtration of cigarette filters. Tob. Sci. 1981, 25:57-60.
    • (1981) Tob. Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 57-60
    • Sloan, C.H.1    Curran, J.G.2
  • 43
    • 75549090917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking behavior: how close to the tipping do consumers actually smoke?
    • St.Charles F.K., Kabbani A.A., Ogden M. Smoking behavior: how close to the tipping do consumers actually smoke?. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2005, 8:433-438.
    • (2005) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. , vol.8 , pp. 433-438
    • St.Charles, F.K.1    Kabbani, A.A.2    Ogden, M.3
  • 44
    • 33751100912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of nicotine dose estimates in smokers between filter analysis, salivary cotinine, and urinary excretion of nicotine metabolites
    • St.Charles F.K., Krautter G.R., Dixon M., Mariner D.C. A comparison of nicotine dose estimates in smokers between filter analysis, salivary cotinine, and urinary excretion of nicotine metabolites. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2006, 189:345-354.
    • (2006) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.189 , pp. 345-354
    • St.Charles, F.K.1    Krautter, G.R.2    Dixon, M.3    Mariner, D.C.4
  • 45
    • 75549086558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State of Texas. Health and Safety Code, Subtitle H, Chapter 161, Subchapter P, Disclosure of ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco products.
    • State of Texas, 1997. Health and Safety Code, Subtitle H, Chapter 161, Subchapter P, Disclosure of ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco products.
    • (1997)
  • 46
    • 0009584387 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the extent of compensatory smoking
    • Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, N. Wald, P. Froggatt (Eds.)
    • Stephen A., Frost C., Thompson S., Wald N. Estimating the extent of compensatory smoking. Nicotine Smoking and the Low Tar Programme 1989, 100-115. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford. N. Wald, P. Froggatt (Eds.).
    • (1989) Nicotine Smoking and the Low Tar Programme , pp. 100-115
    • Stephen, A.1    Frost, C.2    Thompson, S.3    Wald, N.4
  • 47
    • 0346422483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake
    • Watson C., McCraw J., Polzin G., Ashley D. Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(1):248-253.
    • (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 248-253
    • Watson, C.1    McCraw, J.2    Polzin, G.3    Ashley, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.