Analysis of complex mixtures - Cigarette smoke

Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology

Volumn 57, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 43-73

  Borgerding, Michael ^a   Klus, Hubert ^b  

^a R J REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY   (United States)

^b St Poelten Wagram   (Austria)

Author keywords

Alternative smoke generation methods; Chemical composition; Hoffmann analyte analysis; Mainstream cigarette smoke; Sidestream smoke

Indexed keywords

AMIDE; ARGON; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; CIGARETTE SMOKE; FREE RADICAL; HYDROGEN; IMIDE; LACTAM DERIVATIVE; NICOTINE; NITROGEN; NITROGEN OXIDE; NITROPHENOL; NITROSAMINE; OXYGEN; TAR; TOBACCO SMOKE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; WATER;

ACCURACY; AIR MONITORING; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTIFACT; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONCENTRATION PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GAS; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH HAZARD; HOFFMANN ANALYTE ANALYSIS; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARD; UNITED STATES; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 21244481615     PISSN: 09402993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.05.010     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. J.D. Adams, K.D. Brunnemann, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, LXXV. Rapid method for the analysis of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines by gas-liquid chromatography with a thermal energy analyzer J Chromatogr 256 1983 347 351
2. J.D. Adams, E.J. LaVoie, A. Shigematsu, P. Owens, and D. Hoffmann Quinoline and methylquinolines in cigarette smoke: comparative data and the effect of filtration J Anal Toxicol 7 1983 293 296
3. Appleton S, Krautter GR, Lauterbach JH, St. Charles, FK. Influence of puff volume, puff frequency and vent-blocking on the mutagenicity of mainstream smoke condensate. Paper presented at 57th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Norfolk,VA, 2003 [Abstract 45].
4. A.K. Armitage, M. Dixon, B.E. Frost, D.C. Mariner, and N.M. Sinclair The effect of inhalation volume and breath-hold duration on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on subsequent plasma nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21 2004 240 249
5. Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing. Tobacco - Australian cigarette emissions data, 2001. Available from: http://www.health. gov.au/pubhlth/strateg/drugs/tobacco/emis_data.htm.
6. Ayya N, St. Charles FK, Hilton DC, Reeves N, Dixon M. Measurement of puffing behavior in lights and ultra smokers with ventilation holes partially and fully blocked. Paper presented at 51st Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 1997 [Abstract 14].
7. C.A. Bache, D.J. Lisk, G.J. Doss, D. Hoffmann, and J.D. Adams Cadmium and nickel in mainstream particulates of cigarettes containing tobacco grown on a low-cadmium soil-sludge mixture J Toxicol Environ Health 16 1985 547 552
8. R.R. Baker Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during smoking cycle High Temp Sci 7 1975 236 247
9. R.R. Baker Variation of the gas formation regions within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 1981 1 17
10. R.R. Baker Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette Prog Energy Combust Sci 7 1981 135 153
11. R.R. Baker The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms Rec Adv Tob Sci 10 1984 88 150
12. R.R. Baker Some burning problems in tobacco science Proceedings of the International Conference on Physical and Chemical Processes occurring in a Burning Cigarette 1987 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Winston-Salem, NC 1 61
13. R.R. Baker Smoke chemistry D.L. Davis M.T. Nielson Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology 1999 Blackwell Science 398 439
14. R.R. Baker, and K.D. Kilburn The distribution of gases within the combustion coal of a cigarette Beitr Tabakforsch 7 1973 79 87
15. R.R. Baker, and L.S. Lewis A review of the incidence and consequences of cigarette filter vent blocking among smokers Beitr Tabakforsch Int 19 2001 209 228
16. R.R. Baker, and C.J. Proctor The origins and properties of environmental tobacco smoke Environ Int 16 1990 231 235
17. R.R. Baker, and D.P. Robinson Tobacco combustion - the last ten years Rec Adv Tob Sci 16 1990 3 71
18. R.R. Baker, J.R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I. Flavourings and additives Food Chem Toxicol 42S 2004 S3 S37
19. R.R. Baker, J.R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II. Casing ingredients Food Chem Toxicol 42S 2004 S39 S52
20. C.L. Benner, J.M. Bayona, and F.M. Caka Chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke. 2. Particulate-phase compounds Environ Sci Technol 23 1989 688 699
21. H.R. Bentley, and J.G. Burgan Cigarette smoke condensate: preparation and routine laboratory estimation 2nd ed 1961 Tobacco Manufactures' Standing Committee London W.1, 1-14
22. D.M. Bernstein A review of the influence of particle size, puff volume and inhalation pattern on the deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the respiratory tract Inhal Toxicol 16 2004 673 689
23. R.L. Blakley, D.D. Henry, and C.J. Smith Lack of correlation between cigarette mainstream smoke particulate phase radicals and hydroquinone yield Food Chem Toxicol 39 2001 401 406
24. Bodnar JA, Collins TJ, DeBusk SM, Borgerding MF. Estimation of 'tar' and nicotine yields from individual cigarettes based on filter analysis after smoking. Poster presented at 58th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004 [Poster 8].
25. Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA. Unpublished results, 2005.
26. Borgerding MF, Winkler LS. Effect of alternative puffing regimens on relative cigarette performance. Paper presented at 49th Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Lexington, KY, 1995 [Abstract 47].
27. Borgerding MF, Dunn RS, Thome FA, et al. An improved method for the determination of selected carbonyl compound in smoke. Paper presented at 38th Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1984 [Abstract 50].
28. Borgerding MF, Braxton PE, Cohen N, Kaiserman MJ, Massey SR, Rickert WS, Thomas DRE. Benchmarking the Canadian cigarette market - A practical approach to proposed regulations. Paper presented at 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1999 [Abstract 15].
29. Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA, Wingate DE, (Compilers), Taylor CR, Reid JR, Sudholz MA, Podraza KF, Borgerding MF, Hsu FS, Whidby JF (Principal Investigators). The 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study, Final Report, 2000a.
30. Borgerding MF, Cohen N, Massey SR, Thomas DRE, in consultation with Kaiserman, MJ, Rickert WS. The 1999 Canadian Benchmark Study, 2000b.
31. Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA, Collins TJ, Morgan WT, DeBusk SM, Robinson JH, Heavner DL, Ogden MW. Multiple measures of variability (Part 2): A study of smoker yields based on cigarette filter analysis after smoking. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 2004 [Abstract SS03].
32. C.L. Brown The Design of Cigarettes Third Edition 1990 Hoechst Celanese Corp. Charlotte, NC
33. C.L. Browne, C.H. Keith, and R.E. Allen The effect of filter ventilation on the yield and composition of mainstream and sidestream smokes Beitr Tabakforsch Int 10 1980 81 90
34. K.D. Brunnemann, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXIV. A quantitative method for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette and cigar smoke J Chromatogr Sci 12 1974 70 75
35. K.D. Brunnemann, and D. Hoffmann Analytical studies on N-nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke Rec Adv Tob Sci 17 1991 71 112
36. K.D. Brunnemann, H.-C. Lee, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XLVII. On the quantitative analysis of catechols and their reduction Anal Lett 9 1976 939 955
37. K.D. Brunnemann, L. Yu, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XLIX. Gas chromatographic determination of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogens in tobacco smoke J Anal Toxicol 1 1977 38 42
38. K.D. Brunnemann, M.R. Kagan, J.E. Cox, and D. Hoffmann Analysis of 1,3-butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection Carcinogenesis 11 1990 1863 1868
39. Burns DM. Assessing changes in topography (inhalation profile) and biological effects of tobacco smoke in humans. In: Toxicity testing plan, vol. 5. Toxicity testing plan for low ignition-potential cigarettes, 1993. Available at: http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/Foia00/os/testing1.pdf and http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/Foia00/os/testing2.pdf.
40. Butler JT, Holmes JC, Harrow LS. A study of variables in analytical smoking methodology. Part I. Smoking collection assembly variables. Paper presented at 13th Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Lexington, KY, 1959a [Abstract 5].
41. Butler JT, Holmes JC, Harrow LS. A study of variables in analytical smoking technology. Part II. Effects of puff volume, frequency, and duration. Paper presented at 13th Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Lexington, KY, 1959b [Abstract 6].
42. D.M. Byrd III, K.D. Lewis, P.M. Nixon, and R.S. Feldman The "toxins-in-smoke" hypothesis The LSRO report on review of ingredients added to cigarettes: Phase two: Scientific criteria for the evaluation of ingredients added to cigarettes 2004 Life Sciences Research Office 12 13
43. W.S. Caldwell, and J.M. Conner Artifact formation during smoke trapping: an improved method for the determination of N-nitrosamines in cigarette smoke J Assoc Off Anal Chem 73 1990 783 789
44. Canada. Canada Government Tobacco Act: Tobacco Reporting Regulations, SOR/2000-273. Registration June 26, 2000. Part 3: Emissions from designated tobacco products, 2000a Available from: http://www.cctc.ca/cctclawweb.nsf
45. Canada. Tobacco Reporting Regulations. SOR/2000-273, Canada Gazette Part II, 2000b Available at: http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partII/2000/20000719/html/ sor273-e.html
46. Canada. Tobacco Reporting Regulations. Schedule 2. Official methods for the collection of emission data on mainstream smoke. SOR/2000-273, 2000c Available at: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/T-11.5/SOR-2000-273/fulltoc.html
47. E.L. Carmines Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1. Cigarette design, testing approach and review of results Food Chem Toxicol 40 2002 77 91
48. P. Ceschini, and A. Lafaye Evolution of the gas-vapour phase and the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke in a single puff Beitr Tabakforsch 8 1976 378 381
49. St. Charles FK. A robust method for determining consumer smoked cigarette yields from filter analytical data. Paper presented at 55th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Greensboro, NC, 2001 [Abstract 92].
50. St. Charles FK, Lien M. Consumer smoked cigarette yields of reduced toxin lights cigarettes compared to other lights brands. Paper presented at 58th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004 [Abstract 39].
51. St. Charles FK, Cowart ML, Kabbani AA. Estimation of consumer smoked cigarette yields for a wide range of cigarette designs. Paper presented at 56th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Lexington, KY, 2002 [Abstract 28].
52. St. Charles FK, Krautter G, Appleton S, Mariner D. A comparison of human nicotine dose estimates from filter analysis with nicotine metabolites analysis. Paper presented at 58th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004 [Abstract 55].
53. T.A. Chepiga, M.J. Morton, P.A. Murphy, J.T. Avalos, B.R. Bombick, D.J. Doolittle, M.F. Borgerding, and J.E. Swauger A comparison of the mainstream smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with the two Kentucky reference cigarette (K1R4F and K1R5F) Food Chem Toxicol 38 2000 949 962
54. O.T. Chortyk, and W.J. Chamberlain A study of the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke from low tar cigarettes Arch Environ Health 45 1990 237 244
55. D.F. Church, and W.A. Pryor Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications Environ Health Persp 64 1985 111 126
56. L.D. Claxton, R.S. Morin, T.J. Huges, and L. Lewtas A genotoxic assessment of environmental tobacco smoke using bacterial bioassays Mut Res 222 1989 81 99
57. Coleman WM, Stafford LD, Perfetti PF, Perfetti TA, Martin P. The characteristics of whole smoke from cigarettes containing only one type of tobacco. ACD94 016, 1994. Available (in part) at: http://www.rjrtdocs.com, 517312294.
58. CORESTA. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette mainstream smoke-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. CORESTA recommended method No. 58, 2004. Available at: http://www.coresta.org.
59. M.E. Counts, F.S. Hsu, S.W. Laffoon, R.W. Dwyer, and R.H. Cox Mainstream smoke constituent yields and predicting relationships from a worldwide market sample of cigarette brands: ISO smoking conditions Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 39 2003 111 134
60. R. Cueto, and W.A. Pryor Cigarette smoke chemistry: conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide and reactions of nitrogen oxides with other smoke components as studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Vibr Spectr 7 1994 97 111
61. K.G. Darrall Smoking machine parameters and cigarette smoke yields Sci Total Environ 74 1988 263 278
62. J.N. Diana, and A. Vaught Research cigarettes 1990 University of Kentucky Printing Services Lexington, KY
63. Dixon M, Sheppard J, St. Charles FK. Validation of cigarette filter analysis methodologies used for the estimation of cigarette smoke yields to smokers. Poster presented at 58th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004 [Poster 6].
64. M. Dong, I. Schmeltz, E. Jacobs, and D. Hoffmann Aza-arenes in tobacco smoke J Anal Toxicol 2 1978 21 25
65. M.F. Dube, and C.R. Green Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes Rec Adv Tob Sci 8 1982 42 102
66. Eatough D, Benner C, Mooney R, Bartholomew D, Steiner D, Hansen L, Lamb J, Lewis E, Eatough N. Gas and particle phase nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke. In: Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, Vol. 5, (Paper 86-68.5) Air and Water Management Association, Pittsburg, PA, 1986.
67. D.J. Eatough, C.L. Benner, and J.M. Bayona Chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke. 1. Gas-phase acids and bases Environ Sci Technol 23 1989 679 687
68. D.J. Eatough, L.D. Hansen, and E.A. Lewis The chemical characterization of environmental tobacco smoke D.J. Ecobiochon J.M. Wu Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University, 1989 1990 Lexington Books Massachusetts 3 39
69. H.J. Eberhardt, and G. Scherer Human smoking behavior in comparison with machine smoking methods: A summary of the five papers presented at the 1995 meeting of the CORESTA smoke and technology groups in Vienna Beitr Tabakforsch 16 1995 131 140
70. A. Egerton Sir, K. Gugan, and F.J. Weinberg The mechanism of smouldering in cigarettes Combust Flame 7 1963 63 78
71. K. El-Bayoumy, M. O'Donnell, S.S. Hecht, and D. Hoffmann On the analysis of 1-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene in cigarette smoke Carcinogenisis 6 1985 505 507
72. Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. EPA /600/6-90/006F, Washington, DC, 1992.
73. Eudy LW, Thome FA, Heavner DL, Green CR, Ingebrethsen BJ. Studies on the vapor-particulate distribution of environmental nicotine by selective trapping and detection methods. In: Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, Vol. 2, (Paper 86-38.7) Air and Water Management Association, Pittsburg, PA, 1986.
74. P. Fisher Cigarette manufacture - Tobacco blending D.L. Davis M.T. Nielson Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology 1999 Blackwell Science 346 352
75. J.W.D. Foy, B.R. Bombick, D.W. Bombick, D.J. Dolittle, A.T. Mosberg, and J.E. Swauger A comparison of in vitro toxicities of cigarette smoke condensate from Eclipse cigarettes and four commercially available ultra low-"tar" cigarettes Food Chem Toxicol 42 2004 243 249
76. J.M. Gonzales, and J. Sarabia An interesting compound of the sidestream tobacco smoke: Hexamethylenetetraamine Proceedings of CORESTA Congress, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 1992 Smoke Group Papers 127 141
77. C.R. Green, and A. Rodgman The Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: a half century forum for advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products Rec Adv Tob Sci 22 1996 131 304
78. E. Gregg, C. Hill, M. Hollywood, M. Kearney, K. McAdam, D. McLaughlin, S. Purkis, and M. Williams The UK smoke constituents testing study. Summary of results and comparison with other studies Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21 2004 117 138
79. M.R. Guerin Environmental tobacco smoke L.D. Hansen D.J. Eatough Organic chemistry of the atmosphere 1991 CRC Press BACO Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston, London 79 119
80. M.R. Guerin, and A.R. Jenkins Environmental tobacco smoke Rec Adv Tob Sci 18 1992 95 114
81. M.R. Guerin, R.A. Jenkins, and B.A. Tomkins The chemistry of environmental tobacco smoke: composition and measurement 1992 Lewis Publisher Chelsea, Michigan
82. W.H. Gutenmann, D.J. Lisk, B.S. Shane, D. Hoffmann, and J.D. Adams Selenium in mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes containing fly ash-grown tobacco Drug Chem Toxicol 10 1987 181 187
83. S.K. Hammond, B.P. Leaderer, A.C. Soche, and M. Schenker Collection and analysis of nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke Atmos Environ 21 1987 457 462
84. Health Canada. Proposed tobacco (reporting) regulations. Health Protection Branch Information Letter No. 819, 1998.
85. S.S. Hecht, W.E. Bondinell, and D. Hoffmann Chrysene and methylchrysenes: presence in tobacco smoke and carcinogenicity J Nat Cancer Inst 53 1974 1121 1133
86. S.S. Hecht, J.D. Adams, and D. Hoffmann Tobacco specific nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke H. Egan R. Preussmann I.K. O'Neill Environmental carcinogens, selected methods of analysis - N-nitroso compounds 1983 IARC Publication No 45 Lyon, France 93 101
87. R.A. Heckman, and F.W. Best An investigation of the lipophilic bases of cigarette smoke Tob Int 25 1981 33 39
88. R.A. Heckman, M.F. Dube, D. Lymn, and J.M. Rivers The role of tobacco leaf precursors in cigarette flavor Rec Adv Tob Sci 7 1981 107 152
89. Higgins CE, Griest WH, Guerin MR. Methodology for the sampling and analysis of sidestream smokes. Paper presented at 38th Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1984 [Abstract 39].
90. Hobbs ME. Some physico-chemical aspects of tobacco smoke generation. CORESTA/Tobacco Chemical Research Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, Collection of Invited Papers, 1972. p. 53-75.
91. Hoffmann D. Analysis of toxic smoke constituents. In: Toxicity testing plan, Vol. 5. Toxicity testing plan for low ignition-potential cigarettes, 1993. Available at: http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/FOIA/Foia00/os/testing2.pdf.
92. D. Hoffmann, and I. Hoffmann The changing cigarette, 1950-1995 J Tox Environ Health 50 1997 307 364
93. D. Hoffmann I. Hoffmann Letters to the editor: Tobacco smoke components Beitr Tabakforsch Int 18 1998 49 52
94. D. Hoffmann, and G. Rathkamp Quantitative determination of nitrobenzenes in cigarette smoke Anal Chem 42 1970 1643 1647
95. D. Hoffmann, Y. Masuda, and E.L. Wynder Alpha-naphthylamine and beta-naphthylamine in cigarette smoke Nature 221 1969 254 256
96. D. Hoffmann, G. Rathkamp, and Y.Y. Liu Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXVI. On the isolation and identification of volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines and hydrazines in cigarette smoke P. Bogovski E.A. Walker N-Nitroso compounds in the environment 1974 World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publication No. 9 159 165
97. D. Hoffmann, C. Patrianakos, K.D. Brunnemann, and G.B. Gori Chromatographic determination of vinyl chloride in tobacco smoke Anal Chem 48 1976 47 50
98. D. Hoffmann, K.D. Brunnemann, and K.S. Webb Volatile nitrosamines in tobacco and mainstream and sidestream smoke and indoor environments H. Egan R. Preussmann I.K. O'Neill Environmental carcinogens, selected methods of analysis 1983 IARC Scientific Publication No 45 Lyon, France
99. J.C. Holmes, J.E. Hardcastle, and R.I. Mitchell The determination of particle size and electric charge distribution in cigarette smoke Tob Sci 3 1959 148 153
100. B.J. Ingebrethsen Aerosol studies of cigarette smoke Rec Advan Tob Sci 12 1986 54 142
101. Institute of Medicine K. Stratton P. Shetty R. Wallace S. Bonsurant Clearing the smoke - addressing the science base for tobacco harm reduction 2001 National Academic Press Washington, DC 283 308
102. Institute of Medicine K. Stratton P. Shetty R. Wallace S. Bonsurant Clearing the smoke - addressing the science base for tobacco harm reduction 2001 National Academic Press Washington, DC 180 200
103. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Chemistry and analysis of tobacco smoke IARC Monograph on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 38, Tobacco Smoking 1985 IARC Lyon 83 126
104. International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Chemistry and analysis of tobacco smoke IARC Monograph on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 38, Tobacco smoking 1986 IARC, Lyon France 83 126
105. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 4387, first ed. Cigarettes-Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine, 1987.
106. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 3402, fourth ed. Tobacco and tobacco products - Atmosphere for conditioning and testing, 1991a.
107. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 4387, second ed. Cigarettes-Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine, 1991b.
108. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 5725-1, first ed. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 1: General principles and definitions, 1994.
109. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 8454, second ed. Cigarettes - Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke - NDIR method, 1995.
110. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 10362, second ed. Cigarettes - Determination of water in smoke condensates - Part 1. Gas-chromatographic method, 1999.
111. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 4387, third ed. Cigarettes - Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine, 2000a.
112. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 3308, fourth ed. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine - Definitions and standard conditions, 2000b.
113. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 10315, second ed. Cigarettes-Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates - Gas-chromatographic method, 2000c.
114. International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standard 8243, third ed. Cigarettes - Sampling, 2003.
115. Y. Ishizu, K. Otha, and T. Okada The effect of moisture on the growth of cigarette smoke particles J Aerosol Sci 8 1977 251 267
116. ISO/TC 126. Resolution No 260-Establishment of working group ISO/TC 126/WG 9-Smoking methods for cigarettes. TC 126, Tobacco and Tobacco Products, International Organization for Standardization, 2004.
117. R.W. Jenkins Jr., R.T. Bass, R.A. Newman, and M.K. Chavis Cigarette smoke formation studies. Part 5. The effect of cigarette periphery on mainstream smoke formation Beitr Tabakforsch 9 1977 126 130
118. Jenkins RA, Pair DD, Guerin MR. Deliveries of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of selected US cigarettes smoked under "more relevant" smoking parameters. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Project Topical Report No. 120. Unpublished report. Oak Ridge, TN, 1982.
119. W.R. Johnson, R.W. Hale, and J.W. Nedlock The distribution of products between mainstream and sidestream smoke Tob Sci 17 1973 141 144
120. R.A.W. Johnstone, and R.J. Plimmer The chemical constituents of tobacco and tobacco smoke Chem Rev 59 1959 885 936
121. Kaiserman MJ. The Canadian benchmark: myths and realities. Paper presented at 12th World Conference on Tobacco Or Health, Helsinki, Finland, 2003. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/tobacco/research/helsinki/ pdfs/benchmark-e.pdf.
122. C.H. Keith Particle size studies on tobacco smoke Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 1982 123 131
123. H. Klus Distribution of mainstream and sidestream smoke components Rec Adv Tob Sci 16 1990 189 232
124. Klus H, Kuhn H. The determination of nitro-phenols in cigarette smoke condensate. Paper presented at the CORESTA Smoke Study Group Meeting, Nizza, France, 1973.
125. H. Klus, and H. Kuhn Die Bestimmung von Nitrophenolen im Tabakrauchkondensat Fachl Mitt Austria Tabakwerke AG 15 1974 275 288
126. H. Klus, and H. Kuhn Distribution of various tobacco smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke (a survey) Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 1982 229 265
127. L.T. Kozlowski Physical indicators of actual tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes NIDA Res Monogr 48 1983 50 61
128. L.T. Kozlowski, W.S. Rickert, M.A. Pope, J.C. Robinson, and R.C. Frecker Estimating the yield to smokers of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from the 'lowest yield' ventilated filter-cigarettes Br J Addict 77 1982 159 165
129. K.W. Lee, and H. Chen Coagulation rate of polydisperse particles Aerosol Sci Technol 3 1984 327 334
130. G. Löfroth, and G. Lazaridis Environmental tobacco smoke: Comparative characterization by mutagenicity assays of sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke Environ Mutagen 8 1986 693 704
131. Marchand V, Delarue B, Chabrillat N, Tessier C, Hee J. Assessment of smokers' tar and nicotine yields under natural conditions. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2000a [Abstract ST-25].
132. Marchand V, Delarue B, Chabrillat N, Tessier C, Hee J. Assessment of smokers' tar and nicotine yields under natural conditions. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2000b [Abstract ST25].
133. Mariner D, McEwan M, St. Charles FK, Krautter G, Appleton S. Dose-response relationships for urinary biomarkers of selected tobacco smoke constituents. Paper presented at 58th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, 2004 [Abstract 56].
134. Massachusetts. Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Products: Reports of Added Constituents and Nicotine Ratings. Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) 660.000, et seq, 1997.
135. Massachusetts General Law. Manufacture of tobacco products; annual reports including added constituents and nicotine yield ratings; disclosure; exclusions. MGL Chapter 94, Section 307B, 1996. Available at: http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/94-307b.htm.
136. D.D. McRae The physical and chemical nature of tobacco smoke Rec Adv Tob Sci 16 1990 233 323
137. E. Mohtashamipur, A. Mohtashamipur, P.G. Germann, H. Ernst, K. Norpoth, and U. Mohr Comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke condensates on the mouse skin J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 116 1990 604 608
138. E. Mothasamipur, T. Steinforth, and K. Norpoth Comparative bone marrow clastogenicity of cigarette sidestream, mainstream and recombined smoke condensates in mice Mutagenesis 3 1988 419 422
139. M. Muramatsu Studies on transport phenomena in naturally smouldering cigarettes Sci Papers Central Res Nst Japan Tob Salt Mon Corp 123 1981 9 77
140. A. Nagao, K. Miura, S. Kitao, and M. Horio Measurement of airflow outside a burning cigarette during a puff using particle image velocimetry Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21 2004 216 222
141. National Cancer Institute. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of US Cigarettes; Report of the NCI Expert Committee. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph no. 7. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, NIH Pub. No. 96-4028, 1996.
142. G. Neurath, M. Dünger, and F.G. Pein Interaction of nitrogen oxides, oxygen and amines in gaseous mixtures E.A. Walker P. Bogovski L. Griciute W. Davis Environmental N-nitroso compounds - analysis and formation 1976 IARC Scientific Publication No 14 Lyon 215 225
143. M.P. Newell, R.A. Heckman, R.F. Moates, C.R. Green, F.W. Best, and J.N. Schumacher Isolation and identification of new components in the ether-soluble portion of cigarette smoke condensate Tob Sci 22 1978 6 11
144. V. Norman An overview of the vapor phase, semivolatile and novolatile components of cigarette smoke Rec Advan Tob Sci 3 1977 28 58
145. A. Norman Cigarette design and materials D.L. Davis M.T. Nielson Tobacco. Production, chemistry and technology 1999 Blackwell Science 353 387
146. V. Norman, and C.H. Keith Charged particles in cigarette smoke Tob Sci 9 1965 75 79
147. M.W. Ogden, K.C. Maiolo, and P.R. Nelson Artifacts in determining the vapor-particulate phase distribution of environmental tobacco smoke nicotine Environ Technol 14 1993 779 785
148. T. Okada, Y. Ishizu, and K. Matsunuma Determination of particle size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by a light scattering method Beitr Tabakforsch 9 1977 153 160
149. T. Okada, K. Itoh, and S. Kitani Determination of size distribution of small aerosol particles by light scattering method J Colloid Interf Sci 37 1971 340 436
150. C. Patrianakos, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LXIV. On the analysis of aromatic amines in cigarette smoke J Anal Toxicol 3 1979 150 154
151. B. Pfyl The determination of nicotine in tobacco smoke II Z Unters Lebensm 6 1933 501 509
152. H.C. Pillsbury, C.C. Bright, K.J. O'Connor, and F.W. Irish Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke J Assoc Off Anal Chem 52 1969 458 462
153. C.J. Proctor, C. Martin, J.L. Beven, and H.F. Dymond The evaluation of an apparatus designed for the collection of sidestream tobacco smoke Analyst 113 1988 1509 1513
154. W.A. Pryor, D.G. Prier, and D.F. Church Electron spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream smoke: nature of free radicals in gas phase smoke and cigarette tar Environ Health Persp 47 1983 345 355
155. x/olefin reactions: a mechanism for the production of he apparently long-lived radicals in the gas phase cigarette smoke J Am Chem Soc 106 1984 5073 5079
156. S.W. Purkis, C.A. Hill, and I.A. Bailey Current measurement reliability of selected smoke analytes Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20 2003 314 324
157. H.R. Randolph A gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in an isopropyl alcohol extract of smoke particulate matter Tob Sci 18 1974 133 135
158. Reeves N, Dixon M, Ayya N, Hilton DC, St. Charles FK. Measurement of puffing behaviour in lights and ultra lights smokers with ventilation holes partially and fully blocked. Paper presented at CORESTA Joint Meeting of the Smoke and Technology Groups, Hamburg, Germany, (Abstract ST-8), 1997.
159. Rickert WS, Wright WG. Canadian mandated analytes from the Kentucky reference cigarette. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress New Orleans, LA, USA, 2002. (Abstract ST26) available at www.coresta.org.
160. Rickert WS, Wright WG. Measured cigarette filter colour (CIELab) after smoking as a predictor of mouth level exposure to selected Hoffmann analytes. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress, Kyoto, Japan, (Abstract SS05), 2004.
161. W.S. Rickert, J.C. Robinson, J.C. Young, N.E. Collinshaw, and D.F. Bray A comparison of the yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of 36 brands of Canadian cigarettes tested under three conditions Prev Med 12 1983 682 694
162. Rickert WS, Trivedi AH, Wright WG. Specific activity (mutagenicity) of crude tobacco smoke condensates (CSC) in relation to method of collection, smoking condition and cigarette type. Paper presented at 56th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Lexington, KY, 2002 [Abstract 30].
163. Rickert WS, Trivedi AH, Wright WG. Relative cytotoxicity of tobacco smoke vapour and particulate phases when cigarettes are smoked under ISO and Canadian intense conditions. Paper presented at 57th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Norfolk, VA, 2003 [Abstract 15].
164. Rickert WS. Smoking under realistic conditions: development of minimum and maximum values for toxic constituents in tobacco smoke. Project report: DSS file no. 35SS.H4078-5-C105. Labstat Inc., Kitchener Ontario, Canada, 1996.
165. D.L. Roberts Natural tobacco flavor Rec Adv Tob Sci 14 1988 49 81
166. A. Rodgman Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: a review Beitr Tabakforsch Int 19 2001 361 379
167. A. Rodgman, and C.R. Green Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke-hazard and hoopla Beirt Tabakforsch Int 20 2003 481 545
168. E. Roemer, R. Stabbart, K. Rustemeier, D.J. Veltel, T.J. Meisgen, W. Reininghaus, R.A. Carchman, C.L. Gaworski, and K.F. Podraza Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions J Tox 195 2004 31 52
169. M.A.H. Russell, S.R. Sutton, R. Iyer, C. Feyerabend, and C.J. Vesey Long-term switching to low tar low-nicotine cigarettes Br J Addict 77 1982 145 158
170. K. Rustemeier, R. Stabbert, H.-J. Haussmann, E. Roemer, and E.L. Carmines Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1. Cigarette design, testing approach and review of results Food Chem Toxicol 40 2002 93 104
171. H. Sakuma, M. Kusama, K. Yamaguchi, and S. Sugawara The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke Beitr Tabakforsch Int 12 1984 251 258
172. I. Schmeltz, and D. Hoffmann Nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke Chem Rev 77 1977 295 311
173. I. Schmeltz, A. Wenger, D. Hoffmann, and T.C. Tso Chemical studies on tobacco smoke 63. On the fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigarette J Agr Food Chem 27 1979 602 608
174. W. Schneider, K. Anders, and A. Frohn Simulation of the behaviour of a multicomponent droplet in varying atmospheres J Aerosol Sci 19 1988 845 848
175. H. Schönherr, H.J. Klimisch, and H.P. Harke Ageing of cigarette smoke condensate; quantitative investigation of artefact formation by gas and particulate phase reactions Beitr Tabakforsch 7 1973 18 23
176. J.N. Schumacher, C.R. Green, F.W. Best, and M.P. Newell Smoke compostion. An extensive investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke Agr Food Chem 25 1977 310 320
177. Shepperd J, Mariner D. A study to estimate the amounts of tar and nicotine delivered to UK smokers of 1-11 mg products in laboratory and "home" environments. Paper presented at 55th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Greensboro, NC, 2001 [Abstract 71].
178. G. Sonnenfeld, and D.M. Wilson The effect of smoke age and dilution on the cytotoxicity of sidestream (passive) smoke Toxicol Lett 35 1987 89 94
179. G. Sonnenfeld, R.B. Griffith, and R.W. Hudges The effect of smoke generation and manipulation variables on the cytotoxicity of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke to monolayer cultures of L-929 ells Arch Toxicol 58 1985 120 122
180. M.F. Stanton, E. Miller, C. Wrench, and R. Blackwell Experimental induction of epidermoid carcinoma in the lungs of rats by cigarette smoke condensate J Nat Cancer Inst 49 1972 867 877
181. R.L. Stedman The chemical composition of tobacco smoke Chem Rev 68 1968 153 207
182. N.A. Stevens, and M.F. Borgerding GC-AED studies of nicotine fate in a burning cigarette Anal Chem 71 1999 2179 2185
183. W. Stöber Generation, size distribution and composition of tobacco smoke aerosols Rec Adv Tob Sci 8 1982 3 41
184. J.E. Swauger, M.J. Morton, C.A. Rahn, B.B. Collie, E.A. Bombick, J.T. Avalos, D.J. Doolittle, M.F. Borgerding, and D.C. Rees A comparison of mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with Kentucky reference cigarettes K1R4F and K1R5F Toxicologist 36 1997 152
185. J.E. Swauger, T.J. Steichen, P.A. Murphy, and S. Kinsler An analysis of the mainstream smoke chemistry of samples of the US cigarette market acquired between 1995 and 2000 Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 35 2002 142 156
186. Texas. Disclosure of ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco products. Texas Health and Safety Code. Chapter 161, Subchapter N, 1997.
187. Texas. Reporting of ingredients and nicotine content of cigarettes and tobacco products. 25 Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Section 101 et seq, 1998.
188. T.C. Tso, G. Rathkamp, and D. Hoffmann Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXI. Correlation and multiple regression among selected cigarette-smoke constituents and leaf characteristics of bright tobacco Beitr Tabakforsch 7 1972 190 194
189. T.C. Tso, J.F. Chaplin, J.D. Adams, and D. Hoffmann Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf and smoke characteristics of burley tobacco Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 1982 141 150
190. T.C. Tso Production, physiology, and biochemistry of tobacco plant 1990 IDEALS, Inc. Beltsville, MD
191. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Smoking and health. A report of the surgeon general. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-50066, 1979.
192. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: the changing cigarette. A report of the surgeon general. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-50516, 1981. p. 185.
193. US Federal Trade Commission. FTC to begin cigarette testing. Federal Trade Commission News Release, 1967a. Available at: http://www. philipmorrisinternational.com/global/downloads/SH/1967_FTC_press.pdf.
194. US Federal Trade Commission Cigarettes: testing for tar and nicotine content Fed Register 32 1967 11178
195. US Federal Trade Commission Cigarettes and related matters; Carbon monoxide, "tar" and nicotine content of cigarette smoke; Description of new machine and methods to be used in testing Fed Register 45 1980 46483 46487
196. US Federal Trade Commission. FTC proposes new method for testing amounts of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarettes: New system will provide consumers with improved information about cigarette tar and nicotine yields. Federal Trade Commission News Release, 1997. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/ opa/1997/09/tar&nic.htm.
197. US Federal Trade Commission. Letter from Donna E. Shalala to the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, 1998. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/1999/07/98letter.pdf.
198. US Federal Trade Commission Report to Congress for 1997: Pursuant to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 1999. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/1999/07/1997cigarettereport.pdf.
199. US Federal Trade Commission. Up in smoke - The truth about tar and nicotine ratings, 2000. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/ alerts/smokealrt.pdf.
200. US Federal Trade Commission. Statement of the Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of Consumer Protection on the National Cancer Institute's report on cigarette testing method. Federal Trade Commission News Release, 2001. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2001/11/ncistudy.htm.
201. G. Vilcins, and J.O. Lepharth Ageing processes of cigarette smoke: formation of methyl nitrite Chem Ind (London) 22 1975 974 975
202. A. Wenusch, and R. Schöller Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften des gasförmigen Anteiles (der dispergierenen Phase) des Tabakrauchs Z Untersuch Lebensmittel 75 1938 346 353
203. WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Recommendation 1: Guiding principles for the development of tobacco product research and testing capacity and proposed protocols for the initiation of tobacco product testing. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/goa_2003_principles/en/.
204. A.W. Wolf Tobacco production and processing E.L. Wynder D. Hoffmann Tobacco and tobacco smoke 1967 Academic Press New York 5 45
205. World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/en/fctc_booklet_english.pdf.
206. E.L. Wynder, and D. Hoffmann Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Studies in experimental carcinogenesis 1967 Academic Press New York p. 317-94 [Chapter VIII]
207. E.L. Wynder, and D. Hoffmann Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Studies in experimental carcinogenesis 1967 Academic Press New York p. 85-127 [Chapter V]
208. J.P. Zacny, M.L. Stitzer, and J.E. Yingling Cigarette filter vent blocking effects of smoking topography and carbon monoxide exposure Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25 1986 1245 1252
209. Q. Zha, and S.C. Moldoveanu The influence of cigarette moisture to the chemistry of particulate phase smoke of a common commercial cigarette Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21 2004 184 191