Biological and clinical aspects of soluble transferrin receptor

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 47, Issue 5-6, 2010, Pages 213-228

  Speeckaert, Marijn M ^a   Speeckaert, Reinhart ^a   Delanghe, Joris R ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Erythropoietin; iron metabolism; soluble transferrin receptor; standardization; transferrin

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD71 ANTIGEN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRITIN; FOLLITROPIN; GALLIUM 67; HEPCIDIN; HEPCIDIN 25; HFE PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A1; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; IRON; MESSENGER RNA; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RETINOL; SOLUBLE TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; TESTOSTERONE; TRANSFERRIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALPHA THALASSEMIA; ANEMIA; ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; BETA THALASSEMIA; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD SAMPLING; BODY FLUID; CALIBRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; ERYTHROCYTE; ERYTHROPOIESIS; FLUOROMETRY; GENE EXPRESSION; GLYCOSYLATION; HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HEMODIALYSIS; HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; IMMUNOFLUOROMETRY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; IMMUNONEPHELOMETRY; IMMUNORADIOMETRIC ASSAY; IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRY; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON METABOLISM; IRON OVERLOAD; IRON THERAPY; LABORATORY TEST; LUNG LAVAGE; MALARIA; MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NEPHELOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RETICULOCYTE; REVIEW; SEMINAL PLASMA; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; TURBIDIMETRY;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL; ANTIGENS, CD; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; IRON; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC, B-CELL; MALARIA; RECEPTORS, TRANSFERRIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; SEMEN;

EID: 79952543930     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2010.550461     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Kohgo Y, Niitsu Y, Kondo H, Kato J, Tsushima N, Sasaki K, Hirayama M, Numata T, Nishisato T, Urushizaki I. Serum transferrin receptor as a new index of erythropoiesis. Blood 1987; 70: 1955-1958. (Pubitemid 18055649)
2. Feelders RA, Kuiper-Kramer EP, van Eijk HG. Structure, function and clinical signifcance of transferrin receptors. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37: 1-10. (Pubitemid 29097247)
3. Huebers HA, Beguin Y, Pootrakul P, Einspahr D, Finch CA. Intact transferrin receptors in human plasma and their relation to erythropoiesis. Blood 1990; 75: 102-107. (Pubitemid 20031496)
4. Hayes GR, Enns CA, Lucas JJ. Identifcation of the O-linked glycosylation site of the human transferrin receptor. Glycobiology 1992; 2: 355-359.
5. Williams AM, Enns CA. A mutated transferrin receptor lacking asparagine-linked glycosylation sites shows reduced functionality and an association with binding immunoglobulin protein. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 17648-17654. (Pubitemid 21907986)
6. Rutledge EA, Root BJ, Lucas JJ, Enns CA. Elimination of the O-linked glycosylation site at Tr 104 results in the generation of a soluble human-transferrin receptor. Blood 1994; 83: 580-586. (Pubitemid 24030588)
7. Ponka P, Lok CN. The transferrin receptor: role in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 1111-1137. (Pubitemid 29454549)
8. Pan BT, Blostein R, Johnstone RM. Loss of the transferrin receptor during the maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro. An immunological approach. Biochem J 1983; 210: 37-47. (Pubitemid 13141419)
9. Kühn JC, McClelland A, Ruddle FH. Gene transfer, expression and molecular cloning of the human transferrin receptor gene. Cell 1984; 37: 95-103. (Pubitemid 14079840)
10. Enns CA, Soumalainen HA, Gebhardt JE, Schroder J, Sussman J. Human transferrin receptor: expression of the receptor is assigned to chromosome 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982: 79: 3241-3245. (Pubitemid 12008382)
11. Goodfellow PN, Banting G, Sutherland R, Greaves M, Solomon E, Poveys S. Expression of human transferrin receptor is controlled by a gene on chromosome 3: assignment using species specifcity of a monoclonal antibody. Somatic Cell Genet 1982; 8: 197-206. (Pubitemid 12095606)
12. Miller YE, Jones C, Scoggin C, Morse H, Seligman P. Chromosome 3q (22-ter) encodes the human transferrin receptor. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35: 573-583. (Pubitemid 13007968)
13. Schneider C, Owen MJ, Banville D, Williams JG. Primary structure of human transferrin receptor deduced from the mRNA sequence. Nature 1984; 311: 675-678. (Pubitemid 14000663)
14. Owen D, Kühn LC. Noncoding 3′ sequences of the transferrin receptor gene are required for mRNA regulation by iron. EMBO J 1987; 6: 1287-1293.
15. Evans P, Kemp J. Exon/intron structure of the human transferrin receptor gene. Gene 1997; 199: 123-131. (Pubitemid 27448209)
16. Israeli RS, Powell CT, Fair WR, Heston WD. Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specifc membrane antigen. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 227-230. (Pubitemid 23031827)
17. Kawabata H, Yang R, Hirama T, Vuong PT, Kawano S, Gombart AF, Koefer HP. Molecular cloning of transferrin receptor 2. A new member of the transferrin receptor-like family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 20826-20832.
18. Kawabata H, Nakamaki T, Ikonomi P, Smith RD, Germain RS, Koefer HP. Expression of transferrin receptor 2 in normal and neoplastic hematopoietic cells. Blood 2001; 98: 2714-2719.
19. Fleming RE, Migas MC, Holden CC, Waheed A, Britton RS, Tomatsu S, Bacon BR, Sly WS. Transferrin receptor 2: continued expression in mouse liver in the face of iron overload and in hereditary haemochromatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 2214-2219. (Pubitemid 30134048)
20. Kawabata H, Germain RS, Ikezoe T, Tong X, Green EM, Gombart AF, Koefer HP. Regulation of expression of murine transferrin receptor 2. Blood 2001; 98: 1949-1954.
21. Kawabata H, Germain RS, Vuong PT, Nakamaki T, Said JW, Koefer HP. Transferrin receptor 2 supports cell growth both in iron-chelated cultured cells and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 16618-16625. (Pubitemid 30398888)
22. West AP Jr, Bennett MJ, Sellers VM, Andrews NC, Enns CA, Bjorkman PJ. Comparison of the interactions of transferrin receptor and transferrin receptor 2 with transferrin and the hereditary hemochromatosis protein HFE. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 38135-38138. (Pubitemid 32009130)
23. Trinder D, Baker E. Transferrin receptor 2: a new molecule in iron metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 292-296. (Pubitemid 36084450)
24. Roetto A, Totaro A, Piperno A, Piga A, Longo F, Garozzo G, Calì A, De Gobbi M, Gasparini P, Camaschella C. New mutations inactivating transferrin receptor 2 in hemochromatosis type 3. Blood 2001; 97: 2555-2560.
25. Camaschella C, Roetto A, Calì A, De Gobbi M, Garozzo G, Carella M, Majorano N, Totaro A, Gasparini P. The gene TfR2 is mutated in a new type of haemochromatosis mapping to 7q22. Nat Genet 2000; 25: 14-15. (Pubitemid 30257027)
26. Girelli D, Bozzini C, Roetto A, Alberti F, Daraio F, Colombari R, Olivieri O, Corrocher R, Camaschella C. Clinical and pathologic fndings in hemochromatosis type 3 due to a novel mutation in transferrin receptor 2 gene. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1295-1302. (Pubitemid 34465172)
27. Beguin Y. Soluble transferrin receptor for the evaluation of erythropoiesis and iron status. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 329: 9-22. (Pubitemid 36183479)
28. Omary MB, Trowbridge IS. Biosynthesis of the human transferrin receptor in cultured cells. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 12888-12892. (Pubitemid 12132929)
29. Ahn J, Johnstone RM. Origin of a soluble truncated transferrin receptor. Blood 1993; 81: 2442-2451. (Pubitemid 23127083)
30. Johnstone RM. Cleavage of the transferrin receptor by human granulocytes: diferential proteolysis of the exosome-bound TFR. J Cell Physiol 1996; 168: 333-345. (Pubitemid 26308745)
31. Grosbois B, Decaux O, Cador B, Cazalets C, Jego P. Human iron defciency. Bull Acad Natl Med 2005; 189: 1649-1663; discussion 1663-1664.
32. Mast AE, Blinder MA, Gronowaki AM, Chumley C, Scott MG. Clinical utility of soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 45-51. (Pubitemid 28042465)
33. Halbrooks PJ, He QY, Briggs SK, Everse SJ, Smith VC, MacGillivray RT, Mason AB. Investigation of the mechanism of iron release from the C-lobe of human serum transferrin: mutational analysis of the role of a pH sensitive triad. Biochemistry 2003; 42: 3701-3707. (Pubitemid 36402662)
34. Williams J, Moreton K. The distribution of iron between the metal-binding sites of transferrin human serum. Biochem J 1980; 185: 483-488. (Pubitemid 10112316)
35. Mason AB, Halbrooks PJ, James NG, Connolly SA, Larouche JR, Smith VC, MacGillivray RT, Chasteen ND. Mutational analysis of C-lobe ligands of human serum transferrin: insights into the mechanism of iron release. Biochemistry 2005; 44: 8013-8021. (Pubitemid 40776662)
36. Melefors Ö, Hentze MW. Iron regulatory factor. The conductor of cellular iron regulation. Blood Rev 1993; 7: 251-258. (Pubitemid 24004833)
37. Casey JL, Hentze MW, Koeller DM, Caughman SW, Rouault TA, Klausner RD, Harford JB. Iron-responsive elements: regulatory RNA sequences that control mRNA levels and translation. Science 1988; 240: 924-928.
38. Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Caughman SW, Dancis A, Harford JB, Klausner RD. A cis-acting element is necessary and sufcient for translational regulation of human ferritin expression in response to iron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 6730-6734.
39. Müllner EW, Neupert B, Kuhn LC. A specifc mRNA binding factor regulates the iron dependent stability of cytoplasmic transferrin receptor mRNA. Cell 1989; 58: 373-382. (Pubitemid 19191418)
40. Sawyer ST, Krantz SB. Transferrin receptor number, synthesis and endocytosis during erythropoietin-induced maturation of Friend virus-infected erythroid cells. J Biol Chem 1988; 261: 9187-9195. (Pubitemid 17218192)
41. Weiss G, Houston T, Kastner S, Johrer K, Grunewald K, Brock JH. Regulation of cellular iron metabolism by erythropoietin: activation of iron-regulatory protein and upregulation of transferrin receptor expression in erythroid cells. Blood 1997; 89: 680-687. (Pubitemid 27051705)
42. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron defciency. Lancet 2007; 370: 511-520.
43. Torpe SJ, Heath A, Sharp G, Cook J, Ellis R, Worwood M. A WHO reference reagent for the serum transferrin receptor (sTfR): international collaborative study to evaluate a recombinant soluble transferrin receptor preparation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 815-820.
44. Vernet M, Doyen C. Assessment of iron status with a new fully automated assay for transferrin receptor in human serum. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38: 437-442. (Pubitemid 30599369)
45. Kohgo Y, Nishisato T, Kondo H, Tsushima N, Niitsu Y, Urushizaki I. Circulating transferrin receptor in human serum. Br J Haematol 1986; 64: 277-281. (Pubitemid 16007294)
46. Byrne SL, Mason AB. Human serum transferrin: a tale of two lobes. Urea gel and steady state fuorescence analysis of recombinant transferrins as a function of pH, time, and the soluble portion of the transferrin receptor. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14: 771-781.
47. Suominen P, Punnonen K, Rajamäki A, Irjala K. Evaluation of new immunoenzymometric assay for measuring soluble transferrin receptor to detect iron defciency in anemic patients. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 1641-1646. (Pubitemid 27396360)
48. Akesson A, Bjellerup P, Vahter M. Evaluation of kits for measurement of the soluble transferrin receptor. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999; 59: 77-81.
49. Wians FH Jr, Urban JE, Kroft SH, Kefer JH. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentration quantifed using two sTfR kits: analytical and clinical performance characteristics. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 303: 75-81. (Pubitemid 32121808)
50. Flowers CH, Skikne BS, Covell AM, Cook JD. The clinical measurement of serum transferrin receptor. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 114: 368-377. (Pubitemid 19253270)
51. Kuiper-Kramer EP, Huisman CM, van Raan J, van Eijk HG. Analytical and clinical implications of soluble transferrin receptors in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1996; 34: 645-649. (Pubitemid 26293753)
52. Worwood M. Serum transferrin receptor assays and their application. Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39: 221-230. (Pubitemid 34494211)
53. Kuiper-Kramer EPA, van Raan J, van Eijk HG. A new assay for soluble transferrin receptors in serum: time for standardisation. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35: 793. (Pubitemid 27478240)
54. Allen J, Backstrom KR, Cooper JA, Cooper MC, Detwiler TC, Essex DW, Fritz RP, Means RT Jr, Meier PB, Pearlman SR, Roitman-Johnson B, Seligman PA. Measurement of soluble transferrin receptor in serum of healthy adults. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 35-39. (Pubitemid 28042463)
55. Kuiper-Kramer EPA, Baerts W, Bakker R, van Eyck J, van Raan J, van Eijk HG. Evaluation of the iron status of the newborn by soluble transferrin receptors in serum. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998; 36: 17-21. (Pubitemid 28156024)
56. Hemmilä I. Fluoroimmunoassays and immunofuorometric assays. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 359-370.
57. Kivivuori SM, Anttila R, Viinikka L, Pesonen K, Siimes MA. Serum transferrin receptor for assessment of iron status in healthy prepubertal and early pubertal boys. Pediatr Res 1993; 34: 297-299. (Pubitemid 23254546)
58. Beguin Y, Clemons GK, Pootrakul P, Fillet G. Quantitative assessment of erythropoiesis and functional classifcation of anemia based on measurements of serum transferrin receptor and erythropoietin. Blood 1993; 81: 1067-1076. (Pubitemid 23054847)
59. Kogan AE, Filatov VL, Kara AN, Levina AA, Katrukha AG. Comparison of soluble and placental transferrin receptors as standards for the determination of soluble transferrin receptor in humans. Int J Lab Hematol 2007; 29: 335-340. (Pubitemid 47373625)
60. Turkewitz AP, Amatruda JF, Borhani D, Harrison SC, Schwartz AL. A high-yield purifcation of the human transferrin receptor and properties of its major extracellular fragment. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 8318-8325.
61. Maes M, Bosmans E, Scharpé S, Hendriks D, Cooremans W, Neels H, De Meyer F, D'Hondt P, Peeters D. Components of biological variation in serum soluble transferrin receptor: relationships to serum iron, transferrin and ferritin concentrations, and immune and haematological variables. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 31-41. (Pubitemid 27160883)
62. Neckers LM, Cossman J. Transferrin receptor induction in mitogen-stimulated human T lymphocytes is required for DNA synthesis and is regulated by interleukin-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 89: 3494-3498. (Pubitemid 13060190)
63. Kolbe-Busch S, Lotz J, Hafner G, Blanckaert NJ, Claeys G, Togni G, Carlsen J, Röddiger R, Tomas L. Multicenter evaluation of a fully mechanized soluble transferrin receptor assay on the Hitachi and cobas integra analyzers. The determination of reference ranges. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 529-536. (Pubitemid 34693097)
64. West AP Jr, Giannetti AM, Herr AB, Bennett MJ, Nangiana JS, Pierce JR, Weiner LP, Snow PM, Bjorkman PJ. Mutational analysis of the transferrin receptor reveals overlapping HFE and transferrin binding sites. J Mol Biol 2001; 313: 385-397. (Pubitemid 33587195)
65. Lebrón JA, Bennett MJ, Vaughn DE, Chirino AJ, Snow PM, Mintier GA, Feder JN, Bjorkman PJ. Crystal structure of the hemochromatosis protein HFE and characterization of its interaction with transferrin receptor. Cell 1998; 93: 111-123. (Pubitemid 28173557)
66. Gianetti AM, Bjorkman PJ. HFE and transferrin directly compete for transferrin receptor in solution and at the cell surface. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 25866-25875. (Pubitemid 38756852)
67. Roy CN, Penny DM, Feder JN, Enns CA. The hereditary hemochromatosis protein, HFE, specifcally regulates transferrin mediated iron uptake in HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 9022-9028. (Pubitemid 29164707)
68. Jouanolle AM, Fergelot P, Gandon G, Yaouanq J, Le Gall JY, David V. A candidate gene for hemochromatosis: frequency of the C282Yand H63D mutations. Hum Genet 1997; 100: 544-547. (Pubitemid 28072352)
69. Bérez V, Camps J, Arija V, Aranda N, Fernández-Ballart J, Vilella E, Figuera L, Ferré N, Joven J. Soluble transferrin receptor and mutations in hemochromatosis and transferrin genes in a general Catalan population. Clin Chim Acta 2005;353: 205-208. (Pubitemid 40215448)
70. Hussain RI, Ballard CG, Edwardson JA, Morris CM. Transferrin gene polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies in humans. Neurosci Lett 2002; 317: 13-16. (Pubitemid 34066506)
71. Namekata K, Oyama F, Imagawa M, Ihara Y. Human transferrin (Tf): a single mutation at codon 570 determines TfC1 or TfC2 variant. Hum Genet 1997; 100: 457-458. (Pubitemid 27386857)
72. Hikawa A, Nomata Y, Suzuki T, Ozasa H, Yamada O. Soluble transferrin receptor-transferrin complex in serum: measurement by latex agglutination nephelometric immunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 254: 159-172. (Pubitemid 26325565)
73. Pfeifer CM, Cook JD, Mei Z, Cogswell ME, Looker AC, Lacher DA. Evaluation of an automated soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) assay on the Roche Hitachi analyzer and its comparison to two ELISA assays. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 382: 112-116. (Pubitemid 46782746)
74. Kaup M, Dassler K, Weise C, Fuchs H. Shedding of the transferrin receptor is mediated constitutively by an integral membrane metalloprotease sensitive to tumor necrosis factor alpha protease inhibitor-2. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 38494-38502. (Pubitemid 35154708)
75. Tomas C, Tomas L. Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron defciency. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 1066-1076.
76. Sears D. Anemia of chronic disease. Med Clin North Am 1992; 76: 567-579.
77. Spivak JL. The blood in systemic disorders. Lancet 2000; 355: 1707-1712. (Pubitemid 30248489)
78. Fillet G, Beguin Y, Baldelli L. Model of reticuloendothelial iron metabolism in humans: abnormal behaviour in idiopathic hemochromatosis and in infammation. Blood 1989; 74: 844-851. (Pubitemid 19208833)
79. Lulla RR, Tompson AA, Liem RI. Elevated soluble transferrin receptor levels refect increased erythropoietic drive rather than iron defciency in pediatric sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55: 141-144.
80. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron defciency. Blood 1997; 89: 1052-1057. (Pubitemid 27121300)
81. WHO/UNICEF/UNU. Iron Defciency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001: 1-114.
82. Choi JW, Kim CS, Pai SH. Erythropoietic activity and soluble transferrin receptor level in neonates and maternal blood. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 675-679. (Pubitemid 30624911)
83. Kuiper-Kramer EP, Coenen JL, Huisman CM, Abbes A, van Raan J, van Eijk HG. Relationship between soluble transferrin receptors in serum and membrane-bound transferrin receptors. Acta Haematol 1998; 99: 8-11. (Pubitemid 28051232)
84. Hay G, Refsum H, Whitelaw A, Melbye EL, Haug E, Borch-Iohnsen B. Predictors of serum ferritin and serum soluble transferrin receptor in newborns and their associations with iron status during the frst 2 y of life. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 64-73. (Pubitemid 47041594)
85. Choi JW, Pai SH, Im MW, Kim SK. Change in transferrin receptor concentrations with age. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 1562-1563. (Pubitemid 29419012)
86. Domellöf M, Lönnerdal B, Dewey KG, Cohen RJ, Rivera LL, Hernell O. Sex diferences in iron status during infancy. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 545-552. (Pubitemid 34976684)
87. T'Sjoen GG, Beguin Y, Feyen E, Rubens R, Kaufman JM, Gooren L. Infuence of exogenous oestrogen or (anti-) androgen administration on soluble transferrin receptor in human plasma. J Endocrinol 2005; 186: 61-67. (Pubitemid 41015664)
88. Cook JD. Diagnosis and management of iron-defciency anaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005; 18: 319-331.
89. Tomas C, Kirschbaum A, Boehm D, Tomas L. The diagnostic plot: a concept for identifying diferent states of iron defciency and monitoring the response to epoetin therapy. Med Oncol 2006; 23: 23-36. (Pubitemid 43787115)
90. Tomas C, Kobold U, Balan S, Roeddiger R, Tomas L. Serum hepcidin-25 may replace the ferritin index in the Tomas plot in assessing iron status in anemic patients. Int J Lab Hematol 2010 Sep 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2010.01265.x. [Epub ahead of print].
91. Park CH, Valore E V, Waring AJ, Ganz T. Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 7806-7810.
92. Teurl I, Aigner E, Teurl M, Nairz M, Seifert M, Schroll A, Sonnweber T, Eberwein L, Witcher DR, Murphy AT, Wroblewski VJ, Wurz E, Datz C, Weiss G. Regulation of iron homeostasis in anemia of chronic disease and iron defciency anemia: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood 2009; 113: 5277-5286.
93. Kroot JJ, Kemna EH, Bansal SS, Busbridge M, Campostrini N, Girelli D, Hider RC, Koliaraki V, Mamalaki A, Olbina G, Tomosugi N, Tselepis C, Ward DG, Ganz T, Hendriks JC, Swinkels DW. Results of the frst international round robin for the quantifcation of urinary and plasma hepcidin assays: need for standardization. Haematologica 2009; 94: 1748-1752.
94. Rouault TA, Rao K, Harford J, Mattia E, Klausner RD. Hemin, chelatable iron, and the regulation of transferrin receptor biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 14862-14866. (Pubitemid 16211026)
95. Baynes RD, Cook JD, Bothwell TH, Friedman BM, Meyer TE. Serum transferrin receptors in hereditary hemochromatosis and African siderosis. Am J Hematol 1994; 45: 288-292. (Pubitemid 24109903)
96. Ledue TB, Craig WY. Serum concentrations of transferrin receptor in hereditary hemochromatosis. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1053-1054.
97. Centis F, Delfni C, Agostinelli F, Barbanti I, Annibali M, Lucarelli G. Correlation between soluble transferrin receptor and serum ferritin levels following bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia. Eur J Haematol 1995; 54: 329-333.
98. Khumalo H, Gomo ZA, Moyo VM, Gordeuk VR, Saungweme T, Rouault TA, Gangaidzo IT. Serum transferrin receptors are decreased in the presence of iron overload. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 40-44. (Pubitemid 28042464)
99. Xiong S, She H, Sung CK, Tsukamoto H. Iron-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in Kupfer cells: a priming mechanism for alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 2003; 30: 107-113. (Pubitemid 37040856)
100. Ohtake T, Saito H, Hosoki Y, Inoue M, Miyoshi S, Suzuki Y, Fujimoto Y, Kohgo Y. Hepcidin is down-regulated in alcohol loading. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31(1 Suppl ): 2S-8S. (Pubitemid 46114908)
101. Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Daniluk M, Koput A, Szmitkowski M. The assessment of serum soluble transferrin receptor in alcoholics. Clin Exp Med 2010; 10: 73-79.
102. Soininen K, Punnonen K, Matinlauri I, Karhapää P, Rehu M. Transferrin receptor expression on reticulocytes as a marker of iron status in dialyzed patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 1239-1245.
103. Fishbane S, Galgano C, Langley RC Jr, Canfeld W, Maesaka JK. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the evaluation of iron status of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 217-222. (Pubitemid 27321834)
104. Ahluwalia N, Skikne BS, Savin V, Chonko A. Markers of masked iron defciency and efectiveness of erythropoietin therapy in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 532-541. (Pubitemid 27422301)
105. Ervasti M, Kotisaari S, Romppanen J, Punnonen K. In patients who have stainable iron in the bone marrow an elevated plasma transferrin receptor value may refect functional defciency. Clin Lab Haematol 2004; 26: 205-209. (Pubitemid 38736864)
106. Tarng D-C, Huang T-P. Determinants of circulating soluble transferrin receptor level in chronic haemodialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 1063-1069. (Pubitemid 34746210)
107. Ervasti M, Matinlauri I, Punnonen K. Quantitative fow cytometric analysis of transferrin receptor expression on reticulocytes. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 383: 153-157. (Pubitemid 47016443)
108. Coppo R, Feehally J, Glassock RJ. IgA nephropathy at two score and one. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 181-186.
109. Kerr MA. The structure and function of human IgA. Biochem J 1990; 271: 285-296. (Pubitemid 20344737)
110. Monteiro RC. Pathogenic role of IgA receptors in IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2007; 157: 64-69.
111. Moura IC, Centelles MN, Arcos-Fajardo M, Malheiros DM, Collawn J F, Cooper MD, Monteiro RC. Identifcation of the transferrin receptor as a novel immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 receptor and its enhanced expression on mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 417-425. (Pubitemid 32835038)
112. Haddad E, Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, Macher MA, Baudouin V, Alberti C, Loirat C, Monteiro RC, Peuchmaur M. Enhanced expression of the CD71 mesangial IgA1 receptor in Berger disease and Henoch-Schonlein nephritis: association between CD71 expression and IgA deposits. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 327-337. (Pubitemid 36150856)
113. Moura IC, Arcos-Fajardo M, Gdoura A, Leroy V, Sadaka C, Mahlaoui N, Lepelletier Y, Vrtovsnik F, Haddad E, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC. Engagement of transferrin receptor by polymeric IgA1: evidence for a positive feedback loop involving increased receptor expression and mesangial cell proliferation in IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 2667-2676.
114. Monteiro RC, Moura IC, Launay P, Tsuge T, Haddad E, Benhamou M, Cooper MD, Arcos-Fajardo M. Pathogenic signifcance of IgA receptor interactions in IgA nephropathy. Trends Mol Med 2002; 8: 464-468.
115. Banf G, Lombardi G, Colombini A, Lippi G. A world apart: inaccuracies of laboratory methodologies in antidoping testing. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411: 1003-1008.
116. Gore CJ, Parisotto R, Ashenden MJ, Stray-Gundersen J, Sharpe K, Hopkins W, Emslie KR, Howe C, Trout GJ, Kazlauskas R, Hahn AG. Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 2003; 88: 333-344. (Pubitemid 36358722)
117. Banf G, Morelli P, Pacioni A, Graziani R, Freschi M, Cauci S. Soluble transferrin receptor values in top level soccer players and skiers: comparison with sedentary people and pitfalls of laboratory methods. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2009; 49: 308-314.
118. Tompson RJ Jr, Gustafson KE, Bonner MJ, Ware RE. Neurocognitive development of young children with sickle cell disease through three years of age. J Pediatr Psychol 2002; 27: 235-244. (Pubitemid 34298904)
119. Singhal A, Cook JD, Skikne BS, Tomas P, Serjeant B, Serjeant G. The clinical signifcance of serum transferrin receptor levels in sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 1993; 84: 301-304. (Pubitemid 23201700)
120. Serjeant G, Serjeant B, Stephens A, Roper D, Higgs D, Beckford M, Cook J, Tomas P. Determinants of haemoglobin level in steady-state homozygous sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 143-149. (Pubitemid 26020699)
121. Tancabelic J, Sheth S, Paik M, Piomelli S. Serum transferrin receptor as a marker of erythropoiesis suppression in patients on chronic transfusion. Am J Hematol 1999; 60: 121-125. (Pubitemid 29047431)
122. Lopez-Sall P, Diop PA, Diagne I, Cissé A, Mahou CM, Sylla-Niang M, Guéye PM, Diarra M. Transferrine soluble receptors' contribution to the assessment of iron status in homozygous drepanocytic anemia. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2004; 62: 415-421. (Pubitemid 38991356)
123. Klemow D, Einsphar D, Brown TA, Flowers CH, Skikne BS. Serum transferrin receptor measurements in hematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol 1990; 34: 193-198. (Pubitemid 20196690)
124. Binet JL, Lepoprier M, Dighiero G, Charron D, D'Athis P, Vaugier G, Beral HM, Natali JC, Raphael M, Nizet B, Follezou JY. A clinical staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic signifcance. Cancer 1977; 40: 855-864. (Pubitemid 8177910)
125. Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite E P, Chanana AD, Levy RN, Pasternack BS. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975; 46: 219-234.
126. Metzgeroth G, Schultheis B, Kuhn C, Dorn-Beineke A, LaRosée P, Hehlmann R, Hastka J. The soluble transferrin receptor refects tumor load in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45: 1313-1318. (Pubitemid 47557079)
127. Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, Lee SH, Karbwang J, Warrell MJ, White NJ, Swasdichai C, Weatherall DJ. The importance of anaemia in cerebral and uncomplicated falciparum malaria: role of complications, dyserythropoiesis and iron sequestration. Q J Med 1986; 58: 305-323. (Pubitemid 16097057)
128. Adelekan DA, Turnham DI. Plasma ferritin concentrations in anaemic children: relative importance of malaria, ribofavin defciency, and other infections. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 453-456.
129. Williams TN, Maitland K, Rees DC, Peto TE, Bowden DK, Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. Reduced soluble transferrin receptor concentrations in acute malaria in Vanuatu. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 875-878. (Pubitemid 29233098)
130. Kuvibidila S, Mark JA, Warrier RP, Yu L, Ode D, Tshefu KA. Soluble transferrin receptor as an index of iron status in Zairian children with malaria. J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 98: 373-378.
131. Kasvosve I, Gomo ZA, Nathoo KJ, Matibe P, Mudenge B, Loyevsky M, Nekhai S, Gordeuk VR. Association of serum transferrin receptor concentration with markers of infammation in Zimbabwean children. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 371: 130-136. (Pubitemid 44162905)
132. Davis RJ, Corvera S, Czech MP. Insulin stimulates cellular iron uptake and causes the redistribution of intracellular transferrin receptors to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 8708-8711. (Pubitemid 17205066)
133. Fernández-Real JM, Moreno JM, López-Bermejo A, Chico B, Vendrell J, Ricart W. Circulating soluble transferrin receptor according to glucose tolerance status and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 604-608. (Pubitemid 46354341)
134. Fernández-Real JM, Izquierdo M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Gorostiaga E, Ortega F, Martínez C, Idoate F, Ricart W, Ibañez J. Circulating soluble transferrin receptor concentration decreases after exercise-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 768-774.
135. Tanner LI, Lienhard GE. Localization of transferrin receptors and insulin-like growth factor II receptors in vesicles from 3T3-L1 adipocytes that contain intracellular glucose transporters. J Cell Biol 1989; 108: 1537-1545. (Pubitemid 19097058)
136. Lemieux K, Han XX, Dombrowski L, Bonen A, Marette A. The transferrin receptor defnes two distinct contraction-responsive GLUT4 vesicle populations in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2000; 49: 183-189. (Pubitemid 30070995)
137. Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssönen K, Lakka HM, Punnonen K. Relation between iron stores and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in men: case-control study. Br Med J 1999; 317: 727-730.
138. Lao TTCP, Tam K F. Gestational diabetes mellitus in the last trimester: a feature of maternal iron excess? Diabet Med 2001; 18: 218-223. (Pubitemid 32397860)
139. Fernández-Real JM, Mercader JM, Ortega FJ, Moreno-Navarrete JM, López-Romero P, Ricart W. Transferrin receptor-1 gene polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40: 600-607.
140. Hirayama M, Kohgo Y, Kondo H, Shintani N, Fujikawa K, Sasaki K, Kato J, Niitsu Y. Regulation of iron metabolism in HepG2 cells: a possible role for cytokines in the hepatic deposition of iron. Hepatology 1993;18: 874-880.
141. Fernandez-Real JM, Vayreda M, Richart C, Gutierrez C, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W. Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1154-1159. (Pubitemid 32322997)
142. Barthelemy C, Khalfoun B, Guillaumin JM, Lecomte P, Bardos P. Seminal fuid transferrin as an index of gonadal function in men. J Reprod Fert 1988; 82: 113-118.
143. Holmes SD, Lipshultz LI, Smith RG. Transferrin and gonadal dysfunction in man. Fertil Steril 1982; 38: 600-604. (Pubitemid 12003455)
144. Skinner MK, Griswold MD. Secretion of testicular transferrin by cultured Sertoli cells is regulated by hormones and retinoids. Biol Reprod 1982; 27: 211-221. (Pubitemid 12068667)
145. Sylvester SR, Griswold MD. The testicular iron shuttle: a "nurse" function of the Sertoli cells. J Androl 1994; 15: 381-385. (Pubitemid 24338035)
146. Morales C, Sylvester SR. Griswold MD. Transport of iron and transferrin synthesis by the seminiferous epithelium of the rat in vivo. Biol Reprod 1987; 37: 995-1005.
147. Vannelli BG, Orlando C, Barni T, Natali A, Serio M, Balboni GC. Immunostaining of transferrin and transferrin receptor in human seminiferous tubules. Fertil Steril 1986; 45: 536-541. (Pubitemid 16120656)
148. Orlando C, Caldini AL, Barni T, Wood WG, Strasburger CJ, Natali A, Maver A, Forti G, Serio M. Ceruloplasmin and transferrin in human seminal plasma: are they an index of seminiferous tubular function? Fert Steril 1985; 43: 290-294. (Pubitemid 15127357)
149. Foresta C, Manoni F, Businaro V, Donadel C, Indino M, Scandellari C. Possible signifcance of transferrin levels in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. J Androl 1986; 77: 77-82. (Pubitemid 16103434)
150. Sylvester S, Griswold M. Molecular biology of iron transport in the testis. In: de Kretser D, ed. Molecular Biology of the Male Reproductive System. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993: 311-323.
151. Ber A, Vardinon N, Yogev L, Yavetz H, Homonnai ZT, Yust I, Paz G F. Transferrin in seminal plasma and in serum of men: its correlation with sperm quality and hormonal status. Hum Reprod 1990; 5: 294-297. (Pubitemid 20253448)
152. Zalata A, Hafez T, Schoonjans F, Comhaire F. The possible meaning of transferrin and its soluble receptors in seminal plasma as markers of the seminiferous epithelium. Hum Reprod 1996; 11: 761-764. (Pubitemid 26142173)
153. El Garem YF, Depuydt CE, El Arini AF, El Beheiry AH, Abou Zeid SA, Comhaire FH. Relationship between seminal plasma-soluble transferrin receptor and spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients. Fertil Steril 2003; 79 (Suppl 3): 1668S-1669S.
154. Mateos F, Brock JH, Perez-Arellano JL. Iron metabolism in the lower respiratory tract. Torax 1998; 53: 594-600. (Pubitemid 28335522)
155. Krsek-Staples JA, Kew RR, Webster RO. Ceruloplasmin and transferrin levels are altered in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fuid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1009-1015.
156. Stites SW, Nelson ME, Wesselius LJ. Transferrin concentrations in serum and lower respiratory tract fuid of mechanically ventilated patients with COPD or ARDS. Chest 1995; 107:1681-1685.
157. Shigemura M, Nasuhara Y, Konno S, Hattori T, Shimizu C, Matsuno K, Nishimura M. Levels of transferrin in bronchoalveolar lavage fuid in sarcoidosis. Lung 2010; 188: 151-157.
158. Popp W, Herkner K, Böck A, Rauscher H, Wanke T, Ritschka L, Zwick H. Infuences of the cellular and humoral immune system in bronchoalveolar lavage on lung function in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respiration 1992; 59: 89-93.
159. Sulavik SB, Spencer RP, Weed DA, Shapiro HR, Shiue ST, Castriotta RJ. Recognition of distinctive patterns of gallium-67 distribution in sarcoidosis. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 1909-1914.
160. Tsuchiya Y, Nakao A, Komatsu T, Yamamoto M, Shimokata K. Relationship between gallium 67 citrate scanning and transferrin receptor expression in lung diseases. Chest 1992; 102: 530-534.
161. Haslam PL, Parker DJ, Townsend PJ. Increases in HLA DQ, DP, DR, and transferrin receptors on alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis and allergic alveolitis compared with fbrosingalveolitis. Chest 1990; 97: 651-661. (Pubitemid 20095586)
162. Kondo K, Noguchi M, Mukai K, Matsuno Y, Sato Y, Shimosato Y, Monden Y. Transferrin receptor expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung as a histopathological indicator of prognosis. Chest 1990; 97: 1367-1371. (Pubitemid 20185681)
163. Vostrejs M, Moran PL and Seligman P. Transferrin synthesis by small cell lung cancer cells acts as an autocrine regulator of cellular proliferation. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 331-339. (Pubitemid 18262535)
164. Dowlati A, Loo M, Bury T, Fillet G, Beguin Y. Soluble and cell associated transferrin receptor in lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1997; 75: 1802-1806. (Pubitemid 27230707)
165. Brugnara C. Reticulocyte cellular indices: a new approach in the diagnosis of anemias and monitoring of erythropoietic function. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2000; 37: 93-130. (Pubitemid 30258830)
166. Jayaranee S, Sthaneshwar P. RET-Y and RBC-Y in the diagnosis of iron defciency associated with anaemia of infammation. Int J Lab Hematol 2010; 32: 512-518.
167. Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1(Suppl 1): S4-S8.
168. Gupta S, Uppal B, Pawar B. Is soluble transferrin receptor a good marker of iron defciency anemia in chronic kidney disease patients? Indian J Nephrol 2009; 19: 96-100.
169. Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1011-1023.