A world apart. Inaccuracies of laboratory methodologies in antidoping testing

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 411, Issue 1-16, 2010, Pages 1003-1008

  Banfi, Giuseppe ^a   Lombardi, Giovanni ^a   Colombini, Alessandra ^a   Lippi, Giuseppe ^b  

^a IRCCS ISTITUTO ORTOPEDICO GALEAZZI   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antidoping testing; Harmonization; Standardization; Variability

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERROPORTIN; HEMOGLOBIN; HEPCIDIN; PROCOLLAGEN TYPE 3 AMINOPROPEPTIDE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN C; STEROID;

ACCURACY; ALGORITHM; ANTIDOPING TEST; ATHLETE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CALIBRATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DOPING; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; HEMATOCRIT; HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; LABORATORY TEST; POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEINURIA; QUALITY CONTROL; RELIABILITY; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; REVIEW; SAFETY; STANDARDIZATION; URINALYSIS; VALIDITY;

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS; DOPING IN SPORTS; HEMATOLOGY; HORMONES; HUMANS; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; LABORATORIES; PROTEINS;

EID: 77953293060     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.039     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Parisotto R., Gore C.J., Emslie K.R., Ashenden M.J., Brugnara C., Howe C., et al. A novel method utilising markers of altered erythropoiesis for the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Haematologica 2000, 85:564-572.
2. Ashenden M.J., Sharpe K., Damsgaard R., Jarvis L. Standardization of reticulocyte values in an antidoping context. Am J Clin Pathol 2004, 121:816-825.
3. Banfi G. Reticulocytes and related parameters in sports medicine. Sports Med 2008, 38:187-211.
4. Lewis G.M. International Council for Standardization in Hematology-the first 40years. Int J Lab Hem 2009, 31:253-267.
5. Buttarello M., Bulian P., Farina G., Temporin V., Toffolo L., Trabuio E., et al. Flow cytometric reticulocyte counting. Parallel evaluation of five automated analyzers: an NCCLS-ICSH approach. Am J Clin Pathol 2001, 115:100-111.
6. Sharpe K., Ashenden M.J., Schumacher Y.O. A third generation approach to detect erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Haematologica 2006, 91:356-363.
7. Robinson N., Sottas P.E., Mangin P., Saugy M. Bayesian detection of abnormal haematological values to introduce a no-start rule for heterogeneous populations of athletes. Haematologica 2007, 92:1143-1144.
8. Lippi G., Banfi G. Preanalytical and analytical issues in indirect hematological testing. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1990.
9. Robinson N., Schattenberg L., Zorzoli M., Mangin P., Saugy M. Haematological analysis conducted at the departure of the Tour de France 2001. Int J Sports Med 2005, 26:200-207.
10. Lippi G., Franchini M., Guidi G.C. Doping in competition or doping in sport?. Br Med Bull 2008, 86:95-107.
11. Voss S.C., Flenker U.F., Majer B., Schänzer W. Stability tests for hematological parameters in antidoping analyses. Lab Hematol 2008, 14:24-29.
12. Sottas P.E., Robinson N., Saugy M., Niggli O. A forensic approach to the interpretation of blood doping markers. Law Prob Risk 2008, 7:191-210.
13. Sharpe K., Hopkins W., Emslie K.R., Howe C., Trout G.J., Kazlauskas R., et al. Development of reference ranges in elite athletes for markers of altered erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2002, 87:1248-1257.
14. Schmidt W., Prommer N. The optimized CO-rebreathing method: a new tool to determine total haemoglobin mass routinely. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005, 95:486-495.
15. Prommer N., Sottas P.E., Schoch C., Schumacher Y.O., Schmidt W. Total hemoglobin mass-a new parameter to detect blood doping?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40:2112-2118.
16. Lundby C., Robach C. Assessment of total haemoglobin mass: can it detect erythropoietin-induced blood manipulations?. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 101:197-200.
17. Morkeberg J., Sharpe K., Belhage B., Damsgaard R., Schmidt W., Prommer N., et al. Detecting autologous blood transfusions: a comparison of three passport approaches and four blood markers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009, 10.1111j.1600-0838.2009.01033.x.
18. Gore C.J., Parisotto R., Ashenden M.J., Stray-Gundersen J., Sharpe K., Hopkins W., et al. Second-generation blood test to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 2003, 88:333-344.
19. Banfi G. Preanalytical phase of soluble receptor of transferrin. Int J Sports Med 2007, 28:88-89.
20. Abellan R., Ventura R., Pichini S., Sarda M.P., Remacha A.F., Pascual J.A., et al. Evaluation of immunoassays for the measurement of soluble transferrin receptor as an indirect biomarker of recombinant human erythropoietin misuse in sport. J Immunol Methods 2004, 295:89-99.
21. Banfi G., Morelli P., Pacioni A., Graziani R., Freschi M., Cauci S. Soluble transferrin receptor values in top level soccer players and skiers: comparison with sedentary people and pitfalls of laboratory methods. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2009, 49:308-314.
22. Ashby D.R., Gale D.P., Busbridge M., Murphy K.G., Duncan N.D., Cairns T.D., et al. Erythropoietin administration in humans causes a marked and prolonged reduction in circulating hepcidin. Haematologica 2009, 10.3327/haematol.2009.013136.
23. Robach P., Recalcati S., Girelli D., Gelfi C., Aachmann-Andersen N.J., Thomsen J.J., et al. Alterations of systemic and muscle iron metabolism in human subjects treated with low-dose recombinant erythropoietin. Blood 2009, 113:6707-6715.
24. Kroot J.J.C., Kemna E.H.J.M., Sukhvinder S.B., Busbridge M., Campostrini N., Girelli D., et al. Results of the first international round robin for the quantification of urinary and plasma hepcidin assays: need for standardization. Haematologica 2009, 94:1748-1752.
25. Lasne F., de Ceaurriz J. Recombinant erythropoietin in urine. Nature 2000, 405:635.
26. Lasne F., Martin L., Crepin N., de Ceaurriz J. Detection of isoelectric profiles of erythropoietin in urine: differentiation of natural and administered recombinant hormone. Anal Biochem 2002, 311:119-126.
27. Franke W.W., Heid H. Pitfalls, errors and risks of false-positive results in urinary EPO drug tests. Clin Chim Acta 2006, 373:189-190.
28. Beullens M., Delanghe J.R., Bollen M. False-positive detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine following strenuous physical exercise. Blood 2006, 107:4711-4713.
29. Lamon S., Martin L., Robinson N., Saugy M., Ceaurriz J., Lasne F. Effects of exercise on isoelectric patterns of erythropoietin. Clin J Sports Med 2009, 19:311-315.
30. Jelkmann W. Erythropoiesis stimulating agents and techniques: a challenge for doping analysts. Curr Med Chem 2009, 16:1236-1247.
31. Lundby C., Achman-Andersen N.J., Thomsen J.J., Norgaard A.M., Robach P. Testing for recombinant human erythropoietin in urine: problems associated with current anti-doping testing. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:417-419.
32. Delanghe J.R., Joyner M.J. Testing for recombinant human erythropoietin. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:395-396.
33. Schanzer W., Geyer H. Comment of Laboratory B on the publication by Lundby et al. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1996.
34. Lippi G. Anti-doping testing: friend or foe?. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1992.
35. Salvagno G.L., Guidi G.C. Problem with current anti-doping testing: is quality assessment a reliable solution?. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1992-1993.
36. Segura J., Gutierrez-Gallego R., Ventura R., Pascual J.A., Bosch J., Such-sanmartin G., et al. Growth hormone in sport: beyond Beijing 2008. Ther Drug Monit 2009, 31:3-13.
37. Liu H., Bravata D.M., Olkin I., et al. Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:747-758.
38. Sonksen P.H., Holt R.I.G. GH & IGF research issue on doping with growth hormone. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:283-284.
39. Wu Z., Bidlingmaier M., Dall R., Strasburger C.J. Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet 1999, 353:895.
40. Banfi G., Casari E., Murone M., Bonini P.A. Discrepancies among commercial kits for assaying growth hormone. Clin Chem 1990, 36:402.
41. Banfi G., Marinelli M., Casari E., Murone M., Bonini P.A. Isotopic and nonisotopic assay for measuring somatotropin compared: re-evaluation of cutoff value in provocative tests. Clin Chem 1991, (37):273-276.
42. Bidlingmaier M., Suhr J., Ernst A., Wu Z., Keller A., Stasburger C.J., et al. High-sensitivity chemiluminescence immunaossays for detection of growth hormone doping in sports. Clin Chem 2009, 55:445-453.
43. Wood P. Growth hormone: its measurement and the need of assay harmonization. Ann Clin Biochem 2001, 38:471-472.
44. Wallace J.D., Cuneo R.C., Lundberg P.A., Rosen T., Jo Jorgensen, Longobardi S., et al. Responses of markers of bone and cartilage turnover to exercise, growth hormone (GH) administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:124-133.
45. Powrie J.K., Bassett E.E., Rosen T., Jorgensen J.O., Napoli R., Sacca L., et al. Detection of growth hormone abuse in sport. GH Horm IGF Res 2007, 17:220-226.
46. Kniess A., Ziegler E., Kratzsch J., Thieme D., Muller R.K. Potential parameters for the detection of hGH doping. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003, 376:696-700.
47. Sartorio A., Agosti F., Marazzi N., Maffiuletti N.A., Cella S., Rigamonti A., et al. Combined evaluation of resting IGF-I, N-terminal pro peptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) and C-terminal cross-linked telo peptide of type I collagen (ICTP) levels might be useful for detecting inappropriate GH administration in athletes: a preliminary report. Clin Endocrinol 2004, 61:487-493.
48. Holt R.I.G., Bassett E.E., Erotokritou-Mulligan I., McHugh C., Cowan D., Bartlett C., et al. Moving one step closer to catching the GH cheats: the GH2004 experience. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:346-351.
49. Nguyen T.V., Nelson A.E., Howe C.J., Seibel M.J., Baxter R.C., Handelsman D.J., et al. Within-subject variability and analytic imprecision of insulin growth factor axis and collagen markers: implications for clinical diagnosis and doping tests. Clin Chem 2008, 54:1268-1276.
50. Holt R.I.G., Erotokritou-Mulligan I., Ridley S.A., McHugh C., Bassett E.E., Cowan D., et al. A determination of the preanalytical storage conditions for insulin growth factor I and type III procollagen peptide. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:43-50.
51. Abellan R., Ventura R., Pichini S., Pascual J.A., Pacifici R., Di Carlo S., et al. Evaluation of immunoassays for the measurement of insulin-like growth factor-I and procollagen type III peptide, indirect biomarkers of recombinant human growth hormone misuse in sport. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005, 43:75-85.
52. McHugh C.M., Park R.T., Sonksen P.H., Holt R.I.G. Challenges in detecting the abuse of growth hormone in sport. Clin Chem 2005, 51:1587-1593.
53. Bassett E.E., Erotokritou-Mulligan I. Statistical issues in implementing the marker method. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:361-365.
54. Erotokritou-Mulligan I., Bassett E.E., Kniess A., Sonksen P.H., Holt R.I.G. Validation of the growth hormone (GH)-dependent marker method of detecting GH abuse in sport through the use of independent data sets. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007, 17:416-423.
55. Bristow A.W., Gooding R.P., Das R.E. The international reference reagent for insulin-like growth factor-I. J Endocrinol 1990, 125:191-197.
56. Burns C., Rigsby P., Moore M., Rafferty B. The first international standard for insulin like growth factor-I for immunoassay: preparation and calibration in an international collaborative study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:457-462.
57. Banfi G., Marinelli M., Pontillo M., Bonini P.A. Standardization with synthetic 22-kDa monomer human growth hormone reduces discrepancies between two monoclonal immunoradiometric assay kits. Clin Chem 1992, 38:2107-2110.
58. Erotokritou-Mulligan I., Eryl Bassett E., Cowan D., Bartlett C., Milward P., Sartorio A., et al. The use of growth hormone (GH)-dependent markers in the detection of GH abuse in sport: physiological intra-individual variation of IGF-I, type 3 pro-collagen (P-III-P) and the GH-2000 detection score. Clin Endocrinol 2009, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03668.x.
59. Cowan D.A., Bartlett C. Laboratory issues in the implementation of the marker method. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, 19:357-360.
60. Lippi G., Banfi G., Franchini M., Guidi G.C. New strategies for doping control. J Sports Sci 2008, 26:441-445.
61. Lippi G., Banfi G., Franchini M. The international anti-doping system: why it might not work. Clin Chim Acta 2009, 408:141-142.