Marine Streptomyces as a novel source of bioactive substances

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 26, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 2123-2139

  Dharmaraj, Selvakumar ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KERALA   (India)

^b NONE   (India)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Enzymes; Marine actinomycetes; Pigments; Probiotics; Single cell protein; Streptomyces

Indexed keywords

ACTINOBACTERIA; ANTICANCER COMPOUNDS; BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS; BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES; BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL SOURCES; ENZYME INHIBITORS; GORDONIA; MARINE ACTINOMYCETES; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MARINE SOURCES; NUMBER OF SPECIES; PROBIOTICS; RHODOCOCCUS; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; SINGLE CELL PROTEIN; SINGLE CELL PROTEINS; STATE OF RESEARCH; STREPTOMYCES; TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS;

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; ANTIBIOTICS; BIODEGRADATION; CATALYSTS; MAMMALS; SEAWATER;

ENZYMES;

ACTINOBACTERIA; ACTINOBACTERIA (CLASS); ACTINOMADURA; AEROMICROBIUM; DIETZIA; GORDONIA (ACTINOMYCETE); MICROMONOSPORA; MOLLUSCA; NONOMURAEA; PISCES; PROKARYOTA; RHIZOPHORACEAE; RHODOCOCCUS; SACCHAROMONOSPORA; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA; SALINISPORA; SOLWARASPORA; STREPTOMYCES; VERRUCOSISPORA; WILLIAMSIA;

EID: 79551573188     PISSN: 09593993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0415-6     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Adinarayana G, Venkateshan MR, Bpiraju VV, Sujatha P, Premkumar J, Ellaiah P, Zeeck A (2006) Cytotoxic compounds from the marine actinobacterium. Bio Org Khim 32: 328-334.
2. Anderson AS, Wellington EH (2001) The taxonomy of Streptomyces and related genera. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 797-814.
3. Antony-Babu S, Stach JEM, Goodfellow M (2008) Genetic and phenotypic evidence for Streptomyces griseus ecovars isolated from a beach and dune sand system. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 94: 63-74.
4. Aoyagi T, Hatsu M, Imada C, Naganawa H, Okami Y, Takeuchi T (1992) Pyrizinostatin: a new inhibitor of pyroglutamyl peptidase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 45: 1795-1796.
5. Aoyama T, Kojima F, Imada C, Muraoka Y, Naqanawa H, Okami Y, Takeuchi T, Aoyaqi T (1995) Pyrostatins A and B, new inhibitors of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamidase, produced by Streptomyces sp. SA3501. J Enzyme Inhib 8: 223-232.
6. Asolkar RN, Maskey RP, Helmke E, Laatsch H (2002) Chalcomycin B, a new antibiotic from a marine Streptomyces sp. B7064. J Antibiot 55: 893-898.
7. Asolkar RN, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W (2006) Daryamides A-C weakly cytotoxic polyketides from a marine derived actinomycete of the genus Streptomyces strain CNQ-085. J Nat Prod 69: 1756-1759.
8. Bae MA, Yamada K, Ijyuin Y, Tsuji T, Yazawa K, Tomono Y, Uemura D (1996) Aburatubolactam A, a novel inhibitor of superoxide anion generation from a marine microorganism. Heterocycl Commun 2: 315-318.
9. Basha NS, Rekha R, Komala M, Ruby S (2009) Production of extracellular antileukaemic enzyme L-asparaginase from marine actinomycetes by solid state and submerged fermentation: purification and characterisation. Tropical J Pharmaceutical Res 8: 353-360.
10. Berdy J (2005) Bioactive microbial metabolites. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 58: 1-26.
11. Bull AT (2004) Microbial diversity and bioprospecting. ASM Press, Washington.
12. Bull AT, Ward AC, Goodfellow M (2000) Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64: 573-606.
13. Bull AT, Stach JEM, Ward AC, Goodfellow M (2005) Marine actinobacteria: perspectives, challenges, future directions. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87: 65-79.
14. Cho JY, Kwon HC, Williams PG, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2006a) Azamerone, a terpenoid phthalazinone from a marine derived bacterium related to the genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales). Org Lett 8: 2471-2474.
15. Cho JY, Kwon HC, Williams PG, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2006b) Actinofuranones A and B, polyketides from a marine derived bacterium related to the genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales). J Nat Prod 69: 425-428.
16. Das S, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S (2006a) Marine microbial diversity and ecology: importance and future perspectives. Curr Sci 25: 1325-1335.
17. Das S, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S (2006b) Application of Streptomyces as a probiotic in the laboratory culture of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). Isr J Aquac Bamidgeh 58: 198-204.
18. Dhanasekaran D, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (2008) An antifungal compound: 4′ phenyl -1-napthyl -phenyl acetamide from Streptomyces sp. DPTB16. Med Biol 15: 7-12.
19. Dharmaraj S, Sumantha A (2009) Bioactive potential of Streptomyces isolated from marine sponges. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1971-1979.
20. Dharmaraj S, Ashokkumar B, Dhevendaran K (2009) Food-grade pigments from Streptomyces sp. isolated from the marine sponge Callyspongia diffusa. Food Res Int 42: 487-492.
21. Dhevagi P, Poorani E (2006) Isolation and characterization of l-asparaginase from marine actinomycetes. Ind J Biotech 5: 514-520.
22. Ding L, Pfoh R, Rühl S, Qin S, Laatsch H (2009) T-muurolol sesquiterpenes from the marine Streptomyces sp. M491 and revision of the configuration of previously reported amorphanes. J Nat Prod 72: 99-101.
23. Donia M, Hamann MT (2003) Marine natural products and their potential applications as anti-infective agents. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 338-348.
24. El-Gendy MMA, Shaaban M, El-Bondkly AM, Shaaban KA (2008a) Bioactive benzopyrone derivatives from new recombinant fusant of marine Streptomyces. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 150: 85-96.
25. El-Gendy MMA, Shaaban M, Shaaban KA, El-Bondkly AM, Laatsch H (2008b) Essramycin: a first Triazolopyrimidine antibiotic isolated from nature. J Antibiot 61: 149-157.
26. El-Shatoury SA, El-Shenawy NS, Abd El-Salam IM (2009) Antimicrobial, antitumour and in vivo cytotoxicity of actinomycetes inhabiting marine shellfish. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1547-1555.
27. Fenical W, Jensen PR (2006) Developing a new resource for drug discovery: marine actinomycete bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2: 666-673.
28. Fenical W, Baden D, Burg M, Goyet CV, Grimes JD, Katz M, Marcus NH, Pomponi S, Rhines P, Tester P, Vena J (1999) Marine-derived pharmaceuticals and related bioactive compounds. In: Fenical W (ed) From monsoons to microbes: understanding the ocean's role in human health. National Academies Press, Washington, pp 71-86.
29. Fiedler HP, Bruntner C, Bull AT, Ward AC, Goodfellow M, Potterat O, Puder C, Mihm G (2005) Marine actinomycetes as a source of novel secondary metabolites. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87: 37-42.
30. Gandhimathi R, Arunkumar M, Selvin J, Thangavelu T, Sivaramakrishnan S, Kiran GS, Shanmughapriya S, Natarajaseenivasan K (2008) Antimicrobial potential of sponge associated marine Actinobacteria. J Mycol Med 18: 16-22.
31. Goosen MFA (1997) Applications of chitin and chitosan. Technomic, Lancaster, p 336.
32. Gorajana A, Venkatesan M, Vinjamuri S, Kurada BV, Peela S, Jangam P, Poluri E, Zeeck A (2006) Resistoflavine cytotoxic compound from a marine actinomycete, Streptomyces chibaensis AUBN(1)/7. Microbiol Res 162: 322-327.
33. Gupta N, Mishra S, Basak UC (2007) Occurrence of Streptomyces aurantiacus in mangroves of Bhitarkanika. Malaysian J Microbiol 3: 7-14.
34. Hakvag S, Fjaervik E, Josefsen KD, Ian E, Ellingsen TE, Zotchev SB (2008) Characterization of Streptomyces spp. isolated from the Sea Surface Microlayer in the Trondheim Fjord, Norway. Mar Drugs 6: 620-635.
35. Han Y, Yang B, Zhang F, Miao X, Li Z (2009) Characterization of antifungal chitinase from marine Streptomyces sp. DA11 associated with South China Sea sponge Craniella australiensis. Mar Biotechnol 11: 132-140.
36. Hayakawa Y, Shirasaki S, Shiba S, Kawasaki T, Matsuo Y, Adachi K, Shizuri Y (2007) Piericidins C7 and C8, new cytotoxic antibiotics produced by a marine Streptomyces sp. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 60: 196-200.
37. Hernandez ILC, Macedo ML, Berlinck RGS, Ferreira AG, Godinho MJL (2004) Dipeptide metabolites from the marine derived bacterium Streptomyces acrymicini. J Braz Chem Soc 15: 441-444.
38. Hong REN, Qianqun GU, Chengbin CUI, Weiming ZHU (2006) The cytotoxic constituents from marine-derived Streptomyces 3320. China J Ocean Univ 5: 75-81.
39. Hou YH, Qin S, Li YX, Li FC, Xia HZ, Zhao FQ (2006) Heterologous expression and purification of recombinant allophycocyanin in marine Streptomyces sp. isolate M097. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22: 525-529.
40. Hu SC, Hong K, Song YC, Liu JY, Tan RX (2009) Biotransformation of soybean isoflavones by a marine Streptomyces sp. 060524 and cytotoxicity of the products. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 115-121.
41. Huang YF, Tian L, Fu HW, Hua HM, Pei YH (2006) One new anthraquinone from marine Streptomyces sp. FX-58. Nat Prod Res 20: 1207-1210.
42. Hughes CC, Prieto-Davo A, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2008) The marinopyrroles, antibiotics of an unprecedented structure class from a marine Streptomyces sp. Org Lett 10: 629-631.
43. Imada C (2004) Enzyme inhibitors of marine microbial origin with pharmaceutical importance. Mar Biotechnol 6: 193-198.
44. Imada C (2005) Enzyme inhibitors and other bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87: 59-63.
45. Imada C, Simidu U (1988) Isolation and characterization of an alpha amylase inhibitor producing actinomycete from marine environment. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54: 1839-1845.
46. Itoh T, Kinoshita M, Aoki S, Kobayashi M (2003) Komodoquinone A, a novel neuritogenic anthracycline from marine Streptomyces sp. KS3. J Nat Prod 66: 1373-1377.
47. Jae SH, Jeong HS, Lee HS, Park SK, Kim HM, Kwon HJ (2007) Isolation and structure determination of Streptochlorin, an antiproliferative agent from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. 04DH110. J Microbiol Biotechnol 17: 1403-1406.
48. Jensen PR, Gontang E, Mafnas C, Mincer TJ, Fenical W (2005a) Culturable marine actinomycete diversity from tropical Pacific Ocean sediments. Environ Microbiol 7: 1039-1048.
49. Jensen PR, Mincer TJ, Williams PG, Fenical W (2005b) Marine actinomycete diversity and natural product discovery. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87: 43-48.
50. Jeong SY, Shin HJ, Kim TS, Lee HS, Park SK, Kim HM (2006) Streptokordin a new cytotoxic compound of the methylpyridine class from a marine derived Streptomyces sp. KORDI-3238. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 59: 234-240.
51. Jiang ZD, Jensen PR, Fenical W (1997) Actinoflavoside, a novel flavonoid like glycoside produced by a marine bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. Tetrahedron Lett 38: 5065-5068.
52. Jose MS, Marta MI, Julia PB, Jose LF, Librada CH (2003) New cytotoxic indolic metabolites from a marine Streptomyces. J Nat Prod 66: 863-864.
53. Kato F, Hino T, Nakaji A, Tanaka M, Koyama Y (1995) Carotenoid synthesis in Streptomyces setonii ISP5395 is induced by the gene crtS, whose product is similar to a sigma factor. Mol Gen Genet 247: 387-390.
54. Kim DE, Lee EY, Kim HS (2009) Cloning and characterization of alginate lyase from a marine bacterium Streptomyces sp. ALG-5. Mar Biotechnol 11: 10-16.
55. Kock I, Maskey RP, Biabani MAF, Helmke E, Laatsch H (2005) 1-hydroxy-1- norresistomycin and resistoflavine methyl ether new antibiotics from marine derived Streptomycetes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 58: 530-534.
56. Kumar SS, Philip R, Achuthankutty CT (2006) Antiviral property of marine actinomycetes against white spot syndrome virus in penaeid shrimps. Curr Sci 91: 807-811.
57. Lakshmipathy DT, Krishnan K (2009) A report on the antidermatophytic activity of actinomycetes. Int J Integr Biol 6: 132-136.
58. Lam KS (2006) Discovery of novel metabolites from marine actinomycetes. Curr Opin Microbiol 9: 245-251.
59. Lee HS, Ohnishi Y, Horinouchi S (2001) A σB-like factor responsible for carotenoid biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 3: 95-101.
60. Lee HS, Shin HJ, Jang KH, Kim TS, Oh KB, Shin J (2005) Cyclic peptides of the Nocardamine class from a marine derived bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. J Nat Prod 68: 623-625.
61. Li A, Piel J (2002) A gene cluster from a marine Streptomyces encoding the biosynthesis of the aromatic spiroketal polyketide Griseorhodin A. Chem Biol 9: 1017-1026.
62. Li F, Maskey RP, Qin S, Sattler I, Fiebig HH, Maier A, Zeeck A, Laatsch H (2005) Chinikomycins A and B isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of novel antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces sp. isolate MO45. J Nat Prod 68: 349-353.
63. Li J, Lu CH, Zhao BB, Zheng ZH, Shen YM (2008) Phaeochromycins F-H, three new polyketide metabolites from Streptomyces sp. DSS-18. Beilstein J Org Chem 4: 1-5.
64. 2+). J Hazard Mater 122: 7-15.
65. Lu Y, Dong X, Liu S, Bie X (2009) Characterization and identification of a novel marine Streptomyces sp. produced antibacterial substance. Mar Biotechnol 11: 717-724.
66. Macherla VR, Liu J, Bellows C, Teisan S, Nicholson B, Lam KS, Potts BCM (2005) Glaciapyrroles A, B and C pyrrolosesquiterpenes from a Streptomyces sp. isolated from an Alaskan marine sediment. J Nat Prod 68: 780-783.
67. Magarvey NA, Keller JM, Bernan V, Dworkin M, Sherman DH (2004) Isolation and characterization of novel marine-derived actinomycete taxa rich in bioactive metabolites. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 7520-7529.
68. Mahyudin NA (2008) Actinomycetes and fungi associated with marine invertebrates: a potential source of bioactive compounds. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
69. Manam RR, Teisan S, White DJ, Nicholson B, Grodberg J, Neuteboom STC, Lam KS, Mosca DA, Lloyd GK, Potts BC (2005) Lajollamycin, a Nitro-tetraene Spiro- β-lactone-γ-lactam antibiotic from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces nodosus. J Nat Prod 68: 240-243.
70. Manju KG, Dhevendaran K (1997) Effect of bacteria and actinomycetes as single cell protein feed on growth of juveniles of Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf). Indian J Exp Biol 35: 53-55.
71. Mann J (2001) Natural products as immunosuppressive agents. Nat Prod Rep 18: 417-430.
72. Maskey RP, Puseckera K, Speitlinga M, Moneckea P, Helmkeb E, Laatscha H (2002) 2″-Chartreusin-monoacetate, a new natural product with unusual anisotropy effects from the marine isolate Streptomyces sp. B5525, and its 4″-isomer. Z Naturforsch 57: 823-829.
73. Maskey RP, Helmke E, Laatsch H (2003) Himalomycin A and B isolation and structure elucidation of new fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 56: 942-949.
74. Maskey RP, Helmke E, Kayser O, Fiebig HH, Maier A, Busche A, Laatsch H (2004) Anticancer and antibacterial trioxacarcins with high anti-malaria activity from a marine Streptomycete and their absolute stereochemistry. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 57: 771-779.
75. Miller ED, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2007) Piperazimycins cytotoxic hexadepsipeptides from a marine derived bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. J Org Chem 72: 323-330.
76. Mitchell SS, Nicholson B, Teisan S, Lam KS, Potts BC (2004) Aureoverticillactam, a novel 22-atom macrocyclic lactam from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces aureoverticillatus. J Nat Prod 67: 1400-1402.
77. Moore BS, Trischman JA, Seng D, Kho D, Jensen PR, Fenical W (1999) Salinamides, anti-inflammatory depsipeptides from a marine Streptomyces. J Org Chem 64: 1145-1150.
78. Mukku VJRV, Speitling M, Laatsch H, Helmke E (2000) New Butenolides from two marine Streptomycetes. J Nat Prod 63: 1570-1572.
79. Okami Y (1984) Marine microorganisms as a source of bioactive agents. In: Klug MJ, Reddy CA (eds) Current perspective in microbial ecology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, pp 615-655.
80. Okami Y, Hotta K (1988) Search and discovery of new antibiotics. In: Goodfellow M, Williams ST, Mordarski M (eds) Actinomycetes in biotechnology. Academic press, London, pp 33-67.
81. Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA (2009) Antitumour compounds from marine actinomycetes. Mar Drugs 7: 210-248.
82. Oldfield C, Wood NT, Gilbert SC, Murray FD, Faure FR (1998) Desulphurisation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene by actinomycete organisms belonging to the genus Rhodococcus, and related taxa. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74: 119-132.
83. Pathom-aree W, Stach JEM, Ward AC, Horikoshi K, Bull AT, Goodfellow M (2006) Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from Challenger Deep sediment (10, 898m) from the Mariana Trench. Extremophiles 10: 181-189.
84. Patil R, Jeyasekaran G, Shanmugam SA, Jeya Shakila R (2001) Control of bacterial pathogens, associated with fish diseases, by antagonistic marine actinomycetes isolated from marine sediments. Indian J Mar Sci 30: 264-267.
85. Pecznska-Czoch W, Mordarski M (1988) Actinomycete enzymes. In: Goodfellow M, Williams ST, Mordarski M (eds) Actinomycetes in biotechnology. Academic Press, London, pp 219-283.
86. Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W (2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 4: 1457-1465.
87. Ramesh S, Rajesh M, Mathivanan N (2009) Characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease produced by marine Streptomyces fungicidicus MML1614. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 32: 791-800.
88. Renner MK, Shen YC, Cheng XC, Jensen PR, Frankmoelle W, Kauffman CA, Fenical W, Lobkovsky E, Cladry J (1999) Cyclomarins A-C, new anti-inflammatory cyclic peptides produced by a marine bacterium (Streptomyces sp.). J Am Chem Soc 121: 11273-11276.
89. Salmon CE, Magarvey NA, Sherman DH (2003) Merging the potential of microbial genetics with biological and chemical diversity: an even brighter future for marine natural product drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 21: 105-121.
90. Schumacher RW, Talmage SC, Miller SA, Sarris KE, Davidson BS, Goldberg A (2003) Isolation and structure determination of an antimicrobial ester from a marine sediment derived bacterium. J Nat Prod 66: 1291-1293.
91. Schumann G, Nurnberger H, Sandmann G, Krugel H (1996) Activation and analysis of cryptic crt genes for carotenoid biosynthesis from Streptomyces griseus. Mol Gen Genet 252: 658-666.
92. Selvin J (2009) Exploring the antagonistic producer Streptomyces MSI051: implications of polyketide synthase gene type II and a ubiquitous defense enzyme phospholipase A2p in the host sponge Dendrilla nigra. Curr Microbiol 58: 459-463.
93. Selvin J, Soniya J, Asha KRT, Manjusha WA, Sangeetha VS, Jayaseema DM, Antony MC, Densilin Vinitha AJ (2004) Antibacterial potential of antagonistic Streptomyces sp. isolated from the marine sponge Dendrilla nigra. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 50: 117-122.
94. Shi C, Zhu Y, Ran X, Wang M, Su Y, Cheng T (2006) Therapeutic potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine. J Surg Res 133: 185-192.
95. Shiono Y, Shiono N, Seo S, Oka S, Yamazaki Y (2002) Effects of polyphenolic anthrone derivatives resistomycin and hypericin on apoptois in human megakaryoblastic leukemia CMK-7cell2. Natuforsch 57: 923-929.
96. Sobolevskaya MP, Denisenko VA, Moiseenko AS, Shevchenko LS, Menzorova NI, Sibirtsev YT, Kim NY, Kuznetsova TA (2007) Bioactive metabolites of the marine actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. KMM 7210. Russ Chem Bulletin 56: 838-840.
97. Stach JEM, Maldonado LA, Ward AC, Goodfellow M, Bull AT (2003) New primers for the class Actinobacteria: application to marine and terrestrial environments. Environ Microbiol 5: 828-841.
98. Stach JEM, Maldonado LA, Ward AC, Bull AT, Goodfellow M (2004) Williamsia maris sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54: 191-194.
99. Stackebrandt SP (2000) The prokaryotes: an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community. Springer, New York.
100. Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, Ward-Raine NL (1997) Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47: 479-491.
101. Staunton J, Weissman KJ (2001) Polyketide biosynthesis: a millennium review. Nat Prod Rep 18: 380-416.
102. Stritzke K, Schulz S, Laatsch H, Helmke E, Beil W (2004) Novel caprolactones from a marine Streptomycete. J Nat Prod 67: 395-401.
103. Strohl WR (2004) Antimicrobials. In: Bull AT (ed) Microbial diversity and bioprospecting. ASM Press, Washington, pp 336-355.
104. Sujatha P, Bapiraju KV, Ramana T (2005a) Studies on antagonistic marine actinomycetes from the Bay of Bengal. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21: 583-585.
105. Sujatha P, Bapiraju KV, Ramana T (2005b) Studies on a new marine Streptomycete BT 408 producing polyketide antibiotic SBR-22 effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Res 160: 119-126.
106. Takano H, Obitsu S, Beppu T, Ueda K (2005) Light-induced carotenogenesis in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): identification of an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor that directs photodependent transcription of the carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster. J Bacteriol 187: 1825-1832.
107. Thumar JT, Singh SP (2007) Secretion of an alkaline protease from a salt-tolerant and alkaliphilic, Streptomyces clavuligerus strain MIT-1. Brazil J Microbiol 38: 766-772.
108. Ward AC, Bora N (2006) Diversity and biogeography of marine actinobacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 9: 279-286.
109. Watve MG, Tickoo R, Jog MM, Bhole BD (2001) How many antibiotics are produced by the genus Streptomyces. Arch Microbiol 176: 386-390.
110. Weber T, Welzel K, Pelzer S, Vente A, Wohlleben W (2003) Exploiting the genetic potential of polyketide producing streptomycetes. J Biotechnol 106: 221-232.
111. Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G (1989) Genus Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943, 339AL. In: Williams ST, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (eds) Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 4. Williams and Willkins, Baltimore, pp 2453-2492.
112. Woo JH, Kitamura E, Myouga H, Kamei Y (2002) An antifungal protein from the marine bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain AP77 is specific for Pythium porphyrae, a causative agent of red rot disease in Porphyra spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 2666-2675.
113. Wu SH, Fotso S, Li F, Qin S, Kelter G, Fiebig HH, Laatsch H (2006) N-Carboxamido staurosporine and Selina-4(14), 7(11)-diene-8, 9-diol, New metabolites from a marine Streptomyces sp. J Antibiot 59: 331-337.
114. Wu SJ, Fotso S, Li F, Qin S, Laatsch H (2007) Amorphane sesquiterpenes from a marine Streptomyces sp. J Nat Prod 70: 304-306.
115. Xu J, Wang Y, Xie SJ, Xu J, Xiao J, Ruan JS (2009) Streptomyces xiamenensis sp. nov., isolated from mangrove sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59: 472-476.
116. Yamada K, Kuramoto M, Uemura D (1999) Aburatubolactams and Zoanthamines, naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. Recent Res Devel Pure Appl Chem 3: 245-254.
117. Yan J, Li X, Liu L, Wang F, Zhu TW, Zhang Q (2006) Potential use of collagen-chitosan-hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 34: 27-39.
118. Ye L, Zhou Q, Liu C, Luo X, Na G, Xi T (2009) Identification and fermentation optimization of a marine derived Streptomyces griseorubens with anti-tumour activity. Indian J Mar Sci 38: 14-21.
119. Yoshida A, Seo Y, Suzuki S, Nishino T, Kobayashi T, Hamada-Sato N, Kogure K, Imada C (2008) Actinomycetal community structures in seawater and freshwater examined by DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Mar Biotechnol 10: 554-563.
120. You J, Cao LX, Liu GF, Zhou SN, Tan HM, Lin YC (2005) Isolation and characterization of actinomycetes antagonistic to pathogenic Vibrio spp. from nearshore marine sediments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21: 679-682.
121. You J, Xue X, Cao L, Lu X, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhou S (2007) Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76: 1137-1144.
122. Zhang H, Lee YK, Zhang W, Lee HK (2006) Culturable actinobacteria from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perleve: isolation and phylogenetic diversity by 16S rRNA gene-RFLP analysis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 90: 159-169.