Thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone receptors: Effects of thyromimetics on reverse cholesterol transport

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 16, Issue 47, 2010, Pages 5958-5964

  Pedrelli, Matteo ^a   Pramfalk, Camilla ^a   Parini, Paolo ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Cholesterol; Lipoprotein metabolism; Reverse cholesterol transport; Thyroid hormone receptors; Thyroid hormones

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

BILE ACID SYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; HEART RATE; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; REVIEW;

EID: 78650603458     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i47.5958     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-2497
2. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AF, Visseren FL, Sijbrands EJ, Trip MD, Stein EA, Gaudet D, Duivenvoorden R, Veltri EP, Marais AD, de Groot E. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1431-1443
3. Singh IM, Shishehbor MH, Ansell BJ. High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: a systematic review. JAMA 2007; 298: 786-798
4. Glomset JA. The plasma lecithins:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. J Lipid Res 1968; 9: 155-167
5. van der Velde AE, Vrins CL, van den Oever K, Kunne C, Oude Elferink RP, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Direct intestinal cholesterol secretion contributes significantly to total fecal neutral sterol excretion in mice. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 967-975
6. Moreno M, de Lange P, Lombardi A, Silvestri E, Lanni A, Goglia F. Metabolic effects of thyroid hormone derivatives. Thyroid 2008; 18: 239-253
7. Oetting A, Yen PM. New insights into thyroid hormone action. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 193-208
8. Köhrle J. The selenoenzyme family of deiodinase isozymes controls local thyroid hormone availability. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000; 1: 49-58
9. Farwell AP, Dubord-Tomasetti SA, Pietrzykowski AZ, Leonard JL. Dynamic nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone in the developing rat brain. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 2567-2574
10. Robbins J. Factors altering thyroid hormone metabolism. Environ Health Perspect 1981; 38: 65-70
11. Kester MH, Kaptein E, Van Dijk CH, Roest TJ, Tibboel D, Coughtrie MW, Visser TJ. Characterization of iodothyronine sulfatase activities in human and rat liver and placenta. Endocrinology 2002; 143: 814-819
12. Visser TJ. Pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. Acta Med Austriaca 1996; 23: 10-16
13. Lerman J, Pitt-Rivers R. Physiologic activity of triiodo-and tetraiodo-thyroacetic acid in human myxedema. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1956; 16: 1470-1479
14. Sherman SI, Ladenson PW. Organ-specific effects of tiratricol: a thyroid hormone analog with hepatic, not pituitary, superagonist effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 901-905
15. Schueler PA, Schwartz HL, Strait KA, Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH. Binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and its analogs to the in vitro translational products of c-erbA protooncogenes: differences in the affinity of the alpha- and beta-forms for the acetic acid analog and failure of the human testis and kidney alpha-2 products to bind T3. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 4: 227-234
16. Lazar MA. Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 184-193
17. Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 1097-1142
18. Trost SU, Swanson E, Gloss B, Wang-Iverson DB, Zhang H, Volodarsky T, Grover GJ, Baxter JD, Chiellini G, Scanlan TS, Dillmann WH. The thyroid hormone receptor-beta-selective agonist GC-1 differentially affects plasma lipids and cardiac activity. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 3057-3064
19. Perissi V, Staszewski LM, McInerney EM, Kurokawa R, Krones A, Rose DW, Lambert MH, Milburn MV, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. Molecular determinants of nuclear receptorcorepressor interaction. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 3198-3208
20. Nagy L, Kao HY, Love JD, Li C, Banayo E, Gooch JT, Krishna V, Chatterjee K, Evans RM, Schwabe JW. Mechanism of corepressor binding and release from nuclear hormone receptors. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 3209-3216
21. Hu X, Lazar MA. The CoRNR motif controls the recruitment of corepressors by nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 1999; 402: 93-96
22. Oñate SA, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, O'Malley BW. Sequence and characterization of a coactivator for the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 1995; 270: 1354-1357
23. Ito M, Roeder RG. The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex and thyroid hormone receptor function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2001; 12: 127-134
24. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Wintman BI, Darling DS, Koenig RJ, Larsen PR, Moore DD, Chin WW. Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific. Science 1989; 244: 76-79
25. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Chin WW. Differential and tissuespecific regulation of the multiple rat c-erbA messenger RNA species by thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 101-105
26. Yen PM, Sunday ME, Darling DS, Chin WW. Isoformspecific thyroid hormone receptor antibodies detect multiple thyroid hormone receptors in rat and human pituitaries. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 1539-1546
27. Cook CB, Kakucska I, Lechan RM, Koenig RJ. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta 2 in rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 1077-1079
28. Johansson C, Vennström B, Thorén P. Evidence that decreased heart rate in thyroid hormone receptor-alpha1- deficient mice is an intrinsic defect. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: R640-R646
29. Gloss B, Trost S, Bluhm W, Swanson E, Clark R, Winkfein R, Janzen K, Giles W, Chassande O, Samarut J, Dillmann W. Cardiac ion channel expression and contractile function in mice with deletion of thyroid hormone receptor alpha or beta. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 544-550
30. Gullberg H, Rudling M, Forrest D, Angelin B, Vennström B. Thyroid hormone receptor beta-deficient mice show complete loss of the normal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A) response to thyroid hormone but display enhanced resistance to dietary cholesterol. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14: 1739-1749
31. Leeson PD, Ellis D, Emmett JC, Shah VP, Showell GA, Underwood AH. Thyroid hormone analogues. Synthesis of 3'-substituted 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronines and quantitative structure-activity studies of in vitro and in vivo thyromimetic activities in rat liver and heart. J Med Chem 1988; 31: 37-54
32. Underwood AH, Emmett JC, Ellis D, Flynn SB, Leeson PD, Benson GM, Novelli R, Pearce NJ, Shah VP. A thyromimetic that decreases plasma cholesterol levels without increasing cardiac activity. Nature 1986; 324: 425-429
33. Grover GJ, Egan DM, Sleph PG, Beehler BC, Chiellini G, Nguyen NH, Baxter JD, Scanlan TS. Effects of the thyroid hormone receptor agonist GC-1 on metabolic rate and cholesterol in rats and primates: selective actions relative to 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 1656-1661
34. Johansson L, Rudling M, Scanlan TS, Lundåsen T, Webb P, Baxter J, Angelin B, Parini P. Selective thyroid receptor modulation by GC-1 reduces serum lipids and stimulates steps of reverse cholesterol transport in euthyroid mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 10297-10302
35. Tancevski I, Demetz E, Eller P, Duwensee K, Hoefer J, Heim C, Stanzl U, Wehinger A, Auer K, Karer R, Huber J, Schgoer W, Van Eck M, Vanhoutte J, Fievet C, Stellaard F, Rudling M, Patsch JR, Ritsch A. The liver-selective thyromimetic T-0681 influences reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis development in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5: e8722
36. Erion MD, Cable EE, Ito BR, Jiang H, Fujitaki JM, Finn PD, Zhang BH, Hou J, Boyer SH, van Poelje PD, Linemeyer DL. Targeting thyroid hormone receptor-beta agonists to the liver reduces cholesterol and triglycerides and improves the therapeutic index. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 15490-15495
37. Mooradian AD, Wong NC, Shah GN. Age-related changes in the responsiveness of apolipoprotein A1 to thyroid hormone. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: R1602-R1607
38. Taylor AH, Stephan ZF, Steele RE, Wong NC. Beneficial effects of a novel thyromimetic on lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52: 542-547
39. Mathe D, Chevallier F. Effects of the thyroid state on cholesterol metabolism in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 441: 155-164
40. Ness GC, Pendleton LC, Li YC, Chiang JY. Effect of thyroid hormone on hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase, LDL receptor, HMG-CoA reductase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA levels in hypophysectomized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 172: 1150-1156
41. Pandak WM, Heuman DM, Redford K, Stravitz RT, Chiang JY, Hylemon PB, Vlahcevic ZR. Hormonal regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase specific activity, mRNA levels, and transcriptional activity in vivo in the rat. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2483-2491
42. Zhang Y, Zanotti I, Reilly MP, Glick JM, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I promotes reverse transport of cholesterol from macrophages to feces in vivo. Circulation 2003; 108: 661-663
43. de Goma EM, de Goma RL, Rader DJ. Beyond high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels evaluating high-density lipoprotein function as influenced by novel therapeutic approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 2199-2211
44. Tanigawa H, Billheimer JT, Tohyama J, Zhang Y, Rothblat G, Rader DJ. Expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in mice promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation 2007; 116: 1267-1273
45. Nilsson LM, Rehnmark S, Davoodpour P, Larsson L, Parini P. Thyroid hormone receptor modulation reduces the atherosclerotic process through increased reverse cholesterol transport (Abstract P325). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29: e71
46. Mason RL, Hunt HM, Hurxthal L. Blood cholesterol values in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: their significance. N Engl J Med 1930; 203: 1273-1278
47. Muls E, Blaton V, Rosseneu M, Lesaffre E, Lamberigts G, De Moor P. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 459-464
48. Muls E, Rosseneu M, Bury J, Stul M, Lamberigts G, De Moor P. Hyperthyroidism influences the distribution and apolipoprotein A composition of the high density lipoproteins in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 882-889
49. Muls E, Rosseneu M, Blaton V, Lesaffre E, Lamberigts G, de Moor P. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and B in primary hypothyroidism before and during treatment. Eur J Clin Invest 1984; 14: 12-15
50. Mitchell CS, Savage DB, Dufour S, Schoenmakers N, Murgatroyd P, Befroy D, Halsall D, Northcott S, Raymond-Barker P, Curran S, Henning E, Keogh J, Owen P, Lazarus J, Rothman DL, Farooqi IS, Shulman GI, Chatterjee K, Petersen KF. Resistance to thyroid hormone is associated with raised energy expenditure, muscle mitochondrial uncoupling, and hyperphagia. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 1345-1354
51. Chiang JY, Kimmel R, Stroup D. Regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) transcription by the liver orphan receptor (LXRalpha). Gene 2001; 262: 257-265
52. Björkhem I, Araya Z, Rudling M, Angelin B, Einarsson C, Wikvall K. Differences in the regulation of the classical and the alternative pathway for bile acid synthesis in human liver. No coordinate regulation of CYP7A1 and CYP27A1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 26804-26807
53. Axelson M, Aly A, Sjövall J. Levels of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4- cholesten-3-one in plasma reflect rates of bile acid synthesis in man. FEBS Lett 1988; 239: 324-328
54. Axelson M, Björkhem I, Reihnér E, Einarsson K. The plasma level of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one reflects the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in man. FEBS Lett 1991; 284: 216-218
55. Sauter G, Berr F, Beuers U, Fischer S, Paumgartner G. Serum concentrations of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one reflect bile acid synthesis in humans. Hepatology 1996; 24: 123-126
56. Gälman C, Arvidsson I, Angelin B, Rudling M. Monitoring hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity by assay of the stable bile acid intermediate 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten- 3-one in peripheral blood. J Lipid Res 2003; 44: 859-866
57. Drover VA, Wong NC, Agellon LB. A distinct thyroid hormone response element mediates repression of the human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16: 14-23
58. Ellis EC. Suppression of bile acid synthesis by thyroid hormone in primary human hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4640-4645
59. Berkenstam A, Kristensen J, Mellström K, Carlsson B, Malm J, Rehnmark S, Garg N, Andersson CM, Rudling M, Sjöberg F, Angelin B, Baxter JD. The thyroid hormone mimetic compound KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 663-667
60. Walldius G, Jungner I. Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy. J Intern Med 2004; 255: 188-205
61. Ladenson PW, Kristensen JD, Ridgway EC, Olsson AG, Carlsson B, Klein I, Baxter JD, Angelin B. Use of the thyroid hormone analogue eprotirome in statin-treated dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 906-916
62. Timmins JM, Lee JY, Boudyguina E, Kluckman KD, Brunham LR, Mulya A, Gebre AK, Coutinho JM, Colvin PL, Smith TL, Hayden MR, Maeda N, Parks JS. Targeted inactivation of hepatic Abca1 causes profound hypoalphalipoproteinemia and kidney hypercatabolism of apoA-I. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1333-1342
63. Brunham LR, Kruit JK, Iqbal J, Fievet C, Timmins JM, Pape TD, Coburn BA, Bissada N, Staels B, Groen AK, Hussain MM, Parks JS, Kuipers F, Hayden MR. Intestinal ABCA1 directly contributes to HDL biogenesis in vivo. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1052-1062
64. Huuskonen J, Vishnu M, Pullinger CR, Fielding PE, Fielding CJ. Regulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 transcription by thyroid hormone receptor. Biochemistry 2004; 43: 1626-1632
65. Kamstrup PR, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of myocardial infarction in the general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117: 176-184