Beyond High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. Evaluating High-Density Lipoprotein Function as Influenced by Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 51, Issue 23, 2008, Pages 2199-2211

  deGoma, Emil M ^a   deGoma, Rolando L ^b   Rader, Daniel J ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b New Jersey Preventive Cardiology   (United States)

^c HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; D 4F; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; NITRIC OXIDE; SIMVASTATIN; STEROID; TORCETRAPIB; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; AORTA THROMBOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL FUNCTION; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; ISOTOPE DILUTION ASSAY; KINETICS; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; STEROID EXCRETION;

CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEINS; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1; MACROPHAGES; MONOCYTES; NITRIC OXIDE;

EID: 44449103671     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.016     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Rader D.J. Molecular regulation of HDL metabolism and function: implications for novel therapies. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 3090-3100
2. Duffy D., and Rader D.J. Emerging therapies targeting high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation 113 (2006) 1140-1150
3. Brown B.G., Zhao X.Q., Chait A., et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1583-1592
4. Castelli W.P., Garrison R.J., Wilson P.W., Abbott R.D., Kalousdian S., and Kannel W.B. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 256 (1986) 2835-2838
5. Robins S.J., Collins D., Wittes J.T., et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285 (2001) 1585-1591
6. deGoma E.M., Leeper N.J., and Heidenreich P.A. Clinical significance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 51 (2008) 49-55
7. Cuchel M., and Rader D.J. Genetics of increased HDL cholesterol levels: insights into the relationship between HDL metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 1710-1712
8. Hirano K., Yamashita S., Nakajima N., et al. Genetic cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency is extremely frequent in the Omagari area of Japan. Marked hyperalphalipoproteinemia caused by CETP gene mutation is not associated with longevity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 1053-1059
9. Zhong S., Sharp D.S., Grove J.S., et al. Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels. J Clin Invest 97 (1996) 2917-2923
10. Borggreve S.E., Hillege H.L., Wolffenbuttel B.H., et al. An increased coronary risk is paradoxically associated with common cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene variations that relate to higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (2006) 3382-3388
11. Barter P.J., Caulfield M., Eriksson M., et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2109-2122
12. Rader D.J. Illuminating HDL-is it still a viable therapeutic target?. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2180-2183
13. Kastelein J.J., van Leuven S.I., Burgess L., et al. Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 1620-1630
14. Nissen S.E., Tardif J.C., Nicholls S.J., et al. Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 1304-1316
15. Krishna R., Anderson M.S., Bergman A.J., et al. Effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, anacetrapib, on lipoproteins in patients with dyslipidaemia and on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in healthy individuals: two double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I studies. Lancet 370 (2007) 1907-1914
16. Mudd J.O., Borlaug B.A., Johnston P.V., et al. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: defining the role of low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 1735-1741
17. Gotto Jr. A.M., Whitney E., Stein E.A., et al. Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation 101 (2000) 477-484
18. St-Pierre A.C., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., et al. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men: 13-year follow-up data from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 553-559
19. Holvoet P., Harris T.B., Tracy R.P., et al. Association of high coronary heart disease risk status with circulating oxidized LDL in the well-functioning elderly: findings from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 1444-1448
20. de la Llera Moya M., Atger V., Paul J.L., et al. A cell culture system for screening human serum for ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux. Relations between serum components and efflux, esterification, and transfer. Arterioscler Thromb 14 (1994) 1056-1065
21. Fielding P.E., Fielding C.J., Havel R.J., Kane J.P., and Tun P. Cholesterol net transport, esterification, and transfer in human hyperlipidemic plasma. J Clin Invest 71 (1983) 449-460
22. Singaraja R.R., Fievet C., Castro G., et al. Increased ABCA1 activity protects against atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 110 (2002) 35-42
23. van Dam M.J., de Groot E., Clee S.M., et al. Association between increased arterial-wall thickness and impairment in ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux: an observational study. Lancet 359 (2002) 37-42
24. Wang X., Collins H.L., Ranalletta M., et al. Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. J Clin Invest 117 (2007) 2216-2224
25. Yvan-Charvet L., Ranalletta M., Wang N., et al. Combined deficiency of ABCA1 and ABCG1 promotes foam cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest 117 (2007) 3900-3908
26. Shah P.K., Kaul S., Nilsson J., and Cercek B. Exploiting the vascular protective effects of high-density lipoprotein and its apolipoproteins: an idea whose time for testing is coming, part II. Circulation 104 (2001) 2498-2502
27. Navab M., Anantharamaiah G.M., Reddy S.T., et al. Oral D-4F causes formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circulation 109 (2004) 3215-3220
28. Shah P.K., Yano J., Reyes O., et al. High-dose recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Potential implications for acute plaque stabilization. Circulation 103 (2001) 3047-3050
29. Yvan-Charvet L., Matsuura F., Wang N., et al. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by torcetrapib modestly increases macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 (2007) 1132-1138
30. Chirinos J.A., Zambrano J.P., Chakko S., et al. Ability of serum to decrease cellular acylCoA:cholesterol acyl transferase activity predicts cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation 112 (2005) 2446-2453
31. Alam K., Meidell R.S., and Spady D.K. Effect of up-regulating individual steps in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway on reverse cholesterol transport in normolipidemic mice. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 15641-15649
32. Groen A.K., Bloks V.W., Bandsma R.H., Ottenhoff R., Chimini G., and Kuipers F. Hepatobiliary cholesterol transport is not impaired in Abca1-null mice lacking HDL. J Clin Invest 108 (2001) 843-850
33. Zhang Y., Zanotti I., Reilly M.P., Glick J.M., Rothblat G.H., and Rader D.J. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I promotes reverse transport of cholesterol from macrophages to feces in vivo. Circulation 108 (2003) 661-663
34. Moore R.E., Navab M., Millar J.S., et al. Increased atherosclerosis in mice lacking apolipoprotein A-I attributable to both impaired reverse cholesterol transport and increased inflammation. Circ Res 97 (2005) 763-771
35. Naik S.U., Wang X., Da Silva J.S., et al. Pharmacological activation of liver X receptors promotes reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Circulation 113 (2006) 90-97
36. Zhang Y., Da Silva J.R., Reilly M., Billheimer J.T., Rothblat G.H., and Rader D.J. Hepatic expression of SR-BI is a positive regulator of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. J Clin Invest 115 (2005) 2870-2874
37. Calpe-Berdiel L., Rotllan N., Palomer X., Ribas V., Blanco-Vaca F., and Escola-Gil J.C. Direct evidence in vivo of impaired macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1738 (2005) 6-9
38. Wang M.D., Franklin V., and Marcel Y.L. In vivo reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages lacking ABCA1 expression is impaired. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 (2007) 1837-1842
39. Tanigawa H., Billheimer J.T., Tohyama J., Zhang Y., Rothblat G., and Rader D.J. Expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in mice promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation 116 (2007) 1267-1273
40. Jolley C.D., Woollett L.A., Turley S.D., and Dietschy J.M. Centripetal cholesterol flux to the liver is dictated by events in the peripheral organs and not by the plasma high density lipoprotein or apolipoprotein A-I concentration. J Lipid Res 39 (1998) 2143-2149
41. Osono Y., Woollett L.A., Marotti K.R., Melchior G.W., and Dietschy J.M. Centripetal cholesterol flux from extrahepatic organs to the liver is independent of the concentration of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 (1996) 4114-4119
42. Spady D.K. Reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis regression. Circulation 100 (1999) 576-578
43. Czubayko F., Beumers B., Lammsfuss S., Lutjohann D., and von Bergmann K. A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32 (1991) 1861-1867
44. Nanjee M.N., Cooke C.J., Garvin R., et al. Intravenous apoA-I/lecithin discs increase pre-beta-HDL concentration in tissue fluid and stimulate reverse cholesterol transport in humans. J Lipid Res 42 (2001) 1586-1593
45. Eriksson M., Carlson L.A., Miettinen T.A., and Angelin B. Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-I. Potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Circulation 100 (1999) 594-598
46. Blum C.B., Dell R.B., Palmer R.H., Ramakrishnan R., Seplowitz A.H., and Goodman D.S. Relationship of the parameters of body cholesterol metabolism with plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and the major HDL apoproteins. J Lipid Res 26 (1985) 1079-1088
47. Turner SM, Voogt J, Hellerstein MK. Effect of reconstituted HDL on cholesterol efflux from tissues in vivo. Paper presented at: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Annual Conference; April 19-21, 2007; Chicago, IL.
48. Voogt J, Killion S, Murphy L, Hellerstein MK, Turner SM. Measurement of cholesterol efflux and global cholesterol transport rates in vivo with stable isotopes. Paper presented at: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Annual Conference; April 19-21, 2007; Chicago, IL.
49. Barter P.J., Nicholls S., Rye K.A., Anantharamaiah G.M., Navab M., and Fogelman A.M. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res 95 (2004) 764-772
50. Mineo C., Deguchi H., Griffin J.H., and Shaul P.W. Endothelial and antithrombotic actions of HDL. Circ Res 98 (2006) 1352-1364
51. Lawrence M.B., and Springer T.A. Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell 65 (1991) 859-873
52. Davies M.J., Gordon J.L., Gearing A.J., et al. The expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM, and E-selectin in human atherosclerosis. J Pathol 171 (1993) 223-229
53. Kume N., Cybulsky M.I., and Gimbrone Jr. M.A. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 90 (1992) 1138-1144
54. Krejcy K., Schwarzacher S., Ferber W., Plesch C., Cybulsky M.I., and Weidinger F.F. Expression of VCAM-1 in rabbit iliac arteries is associated with vasodilator dysfunction of regenerated endothelium following balloon injury. Atherosclerosis 122 (1996) 59-67
55. Iiyama K., Hajra L., Iiyama M., et al. Patterns of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in rabbit and mouse atherosclerotic lesions and at sites predisposed to lesion formation. Circ Res 85 (1999) 199-207
56. Rohde L.E., Lee R.T., Rivero J., et al. Circulating cell adhesion molecules are correlated with ultrasound-based assessment of carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998) 1765-1770
57. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Roitman-Johnson B., Stampfer M.J., and Allen J. Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risks of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men. Lancet 351 (1998) 88-92
58. Barter P.J., Baker P.W., and Rye K.A. Effect of HDL on the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Curr Opin Lipidol 13 (2002) 285-288
59. Cockerill G.W., Rye K.A., Gamble J.R., Vadas M.A., and Barter P.J. High-density lipoproteins inhibit cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 1987-1994
60. Ashby D.T., Rye K.A., Clay M.A., Vadas M.A., Gamble J.R., and Barter P.J. Factors influencing the ability of HDL to inhibit expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998) 1450-1455
61. Baker P.W., Rye K.A., Gamble J.R., Vadas M.A., and Barter P.J. Phospholipid composition of reconstituted HDL influences their ability to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression. J Lipid Res 41 (2000) 1261-1267
62. Baker P.W., Rye K.A., Gamble J.R., Vadas M.A., and Barter P.J. Ability of reconstituted HDL to inhibit cytokine-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 40 (1999) 345-353
63. Stannard A.K., Khan S., Graham A., Owen J.S., and Allen S.P. Inability of plasma high-density lipoproteins to inhibit cell adhesion molecule expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 154 (2001) 31-38
64. Nicholls S.J., Dusting G.J., Cutri B., et al. Reconstituted HDL inhibits the acute pro-oxidant and proinflammatory vascular changes induced by a periarterial collar in normocholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation 111 (2005) 1543-1550
65. Dimayuga P., Zhu J., Oguchi S., et al. Reconstituted HDL containing human apolipoprotein A-1 reduces VCAM-1 expression and neointima formation following periadventitial cuff-induced carotid injury in apoE null mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 264 (1999) 465-468
66. Dansky H.M., Barlow C.B., Lominska C., et al. Adhesion of monocytes to arterial endothelium and initiation of atherosclerosis are critically dependent on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene dosage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 1662-1667
67. Oguchi S., Dimayuga P., Zhu J., et al. Monoclonal antibody against vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibits neointimal formation after periadventitial carotid artery injury in genetically hypercholesterolemic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 1729-1736
68. Cockerill G.W., Huehns T.Y., Weerasinghe A., et al. Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration reduces interleukin-1-induced expression of E-selectin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Circulation 103 (2001) 108-112
69. Garber D.W., Datta G., Chaddha M., et al. A new synthetic class A amphipathic peptide analogue protects mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 42 (2001) 545-552
70. Gupta H., Dai L., Datta G., et al. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses by an apolipoprotein AI mimetic peptide. Circ Res 97 (2005) 236-243
71. Kushi L.H., Lew R.A., Stare F.J., et al. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. N Engl J Med 312 (1985) 811-818
72. Nicholls S.J., Lundman P., Harmer J.A., et al. Consumption of saturated fat impairs the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL and endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 715-720
73. Rudel L.L., Parks J.S., and Sawyer J.K. Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African green monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 (1995) 2101-2110
74. Navab M., Hough G.P., Stevenson L.W., Drinkwater D.C., Laks H., and Fogelman A.M. Monocyte migration into the subendothelial space of a coculture of adult human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 82 (1988) 1853-1863
75. Ansell B.J., Navab M., Hama S., et al. Inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein distinguish patients from control subjects better than high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and are favorably affected by simvastatin treatment. Circulation 108 (2003) 2751-2756
76. Navab M., Anantharamaiah G.M., Hama S., et al. Oral administration of an Apo A-I mimetic peptide synthesized from D-amino acids dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in mice independent of plasma cholesterol. Circulation 105 (2002) 290-292
77. Navab M., Anantharamaiah G.M., Hama S., et al. D-4F and statins synergize to render HDL antiinflammatory in mice and monkeys and cause lesion regression in old apolipoprotein E-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 1426-1432
78. Navab M., Anantharamaiah G.M., Reddy S.T., et al. An oral apoJ peptide renders HDL antiinflammatory in mice and monkeys and dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 1932-1937
79. Yan D., Navab M., Bruce C., Fogelman A.M., and Jiang X.C. PLTP deficiency improves the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL and reduces the ability of LDL to induce monocyte chemotactic activity. J Lipid Res 45 (2004) 1852-1858
80. Navab M., Imes S.S., Hama S.Y., et al. Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 88 (1991) 2039-2046
81. Kunitake S.T., Jarvis M.R., Hamilton R.L., and Kane J.P. Binding of transition metals by apolipoprotein A-I-containing plasma lipoproteins: inhibition of oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 (1992) 6993-6997
82. Parthasarathy S., Barnett J., and Fong L.G. High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1044 (1990) 275-283
83. Navab M., Hama S.Y., Anantharamaiah G.M., et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: steps 2 and 3. J Lipid Res 41 (2000) 1495-1508
84. Van Lenten B.J., Wagner A.C., Anantharamaiah G.M., et al. Influenza infection promotes macrophage traffic into arteries of mice that is prevented by D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide. Circulation 106 (2002) 1127-1132
85. Navab M., Hama S.Y., Hough G.P., Subbanagounder G., Reddy S.T., and Fogelman A.M. A cell-free assay for detecting HDL that is dysfunctional in preventing the formation of or inactivating oxidized phospholipids. J Lipid Res 42 (2001) 1308-1317
86. Deanfield J.E., Halcox J.P., and Rabelink T.J. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation 115 (2007) 1285-1295
87. Yuhanna I.S., Zhu Y., Cox B.E., et al. High-density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor-BI activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med 7 (2001) 853-857
88. Uittenbogaard A., Shaul P.W., Yuhanna I.S., Blair A., and Smart E.J. High density lipoprotein prevents oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase localization and activation in caveolae. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 11278-11283
89. Braman R.S., and Hendrix S.A. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by vanadium (III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chem 61 (1989) 2715-2718
90. Ou Z., Ou J., Ackerman A.W., Oldham K.T., and Pritchard Jr. K.A. L-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic, restores nitric oxide and superoxide anion balance in low-density lipoprotein-treated endothelial cells. Circulation 107 (2003) 1520-1524
91. Ou J., Wang J., Xu H., et al. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation and vessel wall thickness in hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-null and LDL receptor/apolipoprotein A-I double-knockout mice on Western diet. Circ Res 97 (2005) 1190-1197
92. Kuvin J.T., Ramet M.E., Patel A.R., Pandian N.G., Mendelsohn M.E., and Karas R.H. A novel mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: enhanced vasorelaxation and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Am Heart J 144 (2002) 165-172
93. Li X.P., Zhao S.P., Zhang X.Y., Liu L., Gao M., and Zhou Q.C. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Int J Cardiol 73 (2000) 231-236
94. Zhang X., Zhao S.P., Li X.P., Gao M., and Zhou Q.C. Endothelium-dependent and -independent functions are impaired in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 149 (2000) 19-24
95. Kuvin J.T., Patel A.R., Sidhu M., et al. Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and peripheral vasomotor function. Am J Cardiol 92 (2003) 275-279
96. Lupattelli G., Marchesi S., Roscini A.R., et al. Direct association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and endothelial function in hyperlipemia. Am J Cardiol 90 (2002) 648-650
97. Toikka J.O., Ahotupa M., Viikari J.S., et al. Constantly low HDL-cholesterol concentration relates to endothelial dysfunction and increased in vivo LDL-oxidation in healthy young men. Atherosclerosis 147 (1999) 133-138
98. Wang T.D., Chen W.J., Lin J.W., Cheng C.C., Chen M.F., and Lee Y.T. Efficacy of fenofibrate and simvastatin on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: relations with baseline lipid profiles. Atherosclerosis 170 (2003) 315-323
99. Spieker L.E., Sudano I., Hurlimann D., et al. HDL restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation 105 (2002) 1399-1402
100. Benjo A.M., Maranhao R.C., Coimbra S.R., et al. Accumulation of chylomicron remnants and impaired vascular reactivity occur in subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol: effects of niacin treatment. Atherosclerosis 187 (2006) 116-122
101. Fathi R., Haluska B., Isbel N., Short L., and Marwick T.H. The relative importance of vascular structure and function in predicting cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 616-623
102. Shaul P.W. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, caveolae and the development of atherosclerosis. J Physiol 547 (2003) 21-33
103. Kimura T., Sato K., Malchinkhuu E., et al. High-density lipoprotein stimulates endothelial cell migration and survival through sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) 1283-1288
104. Nofer J.R., Levkau B., Wolinska I., et al. Suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by high density lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 34480-34485
105. Desai K., Bruckdorfer K.R., Hutton R.A., and Owen J.S. Binding of apoE-rich high density lipoprotein particles by saturable sites on human blood platelets inhibits agonist-induced platelet aggregation. J Lipid Res 30 (1989) 831-840
106. Lerch P.G., Spycher M.O., and Doran J.E. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) modulates platelet activity in vitro and ex vivo. Thromb Haemost 80 (1998) 316-320
107. Pajkrt D., Lerch P.G., van der Poll T., et al. Differential effects of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet activation during human endotoxemia. Thromb Haemost 77 (1997) 303-307
108. Rosenson R.S., and Lowe G.D. Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on thrombosis and rheology. Atherosclerosis 140 (1998) 271-280
109. Knetsch M.L., Aldenhoff Y.B., and Koole L.H. The effect of high-density-lipoprotein on thrombus formation on and endothelial cell attachment to biomaterial surfaces. Biomaterials 27 (2006) 2813-2819
110. Li D., Weng S., Yang B., et al. Inhibition of arterial thrombus formation by ApoA1 Milano. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19 (1999) 378-383
111. Naqvi T.Z., Shah P.K., Ivey P.A., et al. Evidence that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is an independent predictor of acute platelet-dependent thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol 84 (1999) 1011-1017
112. Eichinger S., Pecheniuk N.M., Hron G., et al. High-density lipoprotein and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Circulation 115 (2007) 1609-1614
113. Eitzman D.T., Westrick R.J., Shen Y., et al. Homozygosity for factor V Leiden leads to enhanced thrombosis and atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 111 (2005) 1822-1825
114. Griffin J.H., Fernandez J.A., and Deguchi H. Plasma lipoproteins, hemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 86 (2001) 386-394
115. Griffin J.H., Kojima K., Banka C.L., Curtiss L.K., and Fernandez J.A. High-density lipoprotein enhancement of anticoagulant activities of plasma protein S and activated protein C. J Clin Invest 103 (1999) 219-227
116. Nicholls S.J., Cutri B., Worthley S.G., et al. Impact of short-term administration of HDL and atorvastatin on atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (2005) 2416-2421
117. Carson S.D. Plasma high density lipoproteins inhibit the activation of coagulation factor X by factor VIIa and tissue factor. FEBS Lett 132 (1981) 37-40
118. Levin E.G., Miles L.A., Fless G.M., et al. Lipoproteins inhibit the secretion of tissue plasminogen activator from human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb 14 (1994) 438-442
119. Viswambharan H., Ming X.F., Zhu S., et al. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein inhibits thrombin-induced endothelial tissue factor expression through inhibition of RhoA and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 94 (2004) 918-925
120. Davi G., and Patrono C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2482-2494
121. Chesterman C.N., and Berndt M.C. Platelet and vessel wall interaction and the genesis of atherosclerosis. Clin Haematol 15 (1986) 323-353
122. Huo Y., Schober A., Forlow S.B., et al. Circulating activated platelets exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Nat Med 9 (2003) 61-67
123. Massberg S., Brand K., Gruner S., et al. A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. J Exp Med 196 (2002) 887-896