Free radical scavengers and spin traps - Therapeutic implications for ischemic stroke

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 511-520

  Doeppner, Thorsten R ^a   Hermann, Dirk M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Cerebral ischemia; Reactive oxygen species; Reperfusion; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALLOPURINOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; DISUFENTON SODIUM; GLUTATHIONE ETHYL ESTER; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; MELATONIN; N (2 CYCLOHEXYLOXY 4 NITROPHENYL)METHANESULFONAMIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; NORPHENAZONE; PLACEBO; SCAVENGER; SMND 309; SUPEROXIDE; TAMOXIFEN; THIOCTIC ACID; TIRILAZAD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG POTENTIATION; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SPIN TRAPPING; STROKE;

EID: 78649645690     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. K.R. Evenson, R.E. Foraker, D.L. Morris, and W.D. Rosamond A comprehensive review of prehospital and in-hospital delay times in acute stroke care International Journal of Stroke 4 3 2009 187 199
2. U. Dirnagl, C. Iadecola, and M.A. Moskowitz Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view Trends in Neurosciences 22 9 1999 391 397
3. R. Dringen Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain Progress in Neurobiology 62 6 2000 649 671
4. Z.Z. Chong, J.Q. Kang, and K. Maiese Essential cellular regulatory elements of oxidative stress in early and late phases of apoptosis in the central nervous system Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 6 2 2004 277 287
5. K.P. Loh, S.H. Huang, and R. De Silva Oxidative stress: apoptosis in neuronal injury Current Alzheimer Research 3 4 2006 327 337
6. A.S. Baas, and B.C. Berk Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by H2O2 and O2- in vascular smooth muscle cells Circulation Research 77 1 1995 29 36
7. M. Sundaresan, Z.X. Yu, and V.J. Ferrans Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction Science 270 5234 1995 296 299
8. W. Droge Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function Physiological Reviews 82 1 2002 47 95
9. K. Jian Liu, and G.A. Rosenberg Matrix metalloproteinases and free radicals in cerebral ischemia Free Radical Biology & Medicine 39 1 2005 71 80
10. I. Margaill, M. Plotkine, and D. Lerouet Antioxidant strategies in the treatment of stroke Free Radical Biology & Medicine 39 4 2005 429 443
11. T. Sugawara, and P.H. Chan Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis of neuronal death after cerebral ischemia Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5 5 2003 597 607 (Pubitemid 37315148)
12. B.R. Broughton, D.C. Reutens, and C.G. Sobey Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia Stroke 40 5 2009 e331 339
13. P. Mergenthaler, U. Dirnagl, and A. Meisel Pathophysiology of stroke: lessons from animal models Metabolic Brain Disease 19 3-4 2004 151 167
14. C. Cande, F. Cecconi, and P. Dessen Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): key to the conserved caspase-independent pathways of cell death? Journal of Cell Science 115 Pt 24 2002 4727 4734 (Pubitemid 36054627)
15. C.X. Lu, T.J. Fan, and G.B. Hu Apoptosis-inducing factor and apoptosis Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica (Shanghai) 35 10 2003 881 885
16. S.A. Susin, H.K. Lorenzo, and N. Zamzami Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor Nature 397 6718 1999 441 446
17. G.W. Kim, T. Kondo, and N. Noshita Manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency exacerbates cerebral infarction after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice: implications for the production and role of superoxide radicals Stroke 33 3 2002 809 815
18. K. Murakami, T. Kondo, and M. Kawase Mitochondrial susceptibility to oxidative stress exacerbates cerebral infarction that follows permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mutant mice with manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency The Journal of Neuroscience 18 1 1998 205 213
19. T. Nishino, K. Okamoto, B.T. Eger, and E.F. Pai Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase The FEBS Journal 275 13 2008 3278 3289 (Pubitemid 351813552)
20. A.L. Betz, J. Randall, and D. Martz Xanthine oxidase is not a major source of free radicals in focal cerebral ischemia The American Journal of Physiology 260 2 Pt 2 1991 H563 H568
21. S. Lindsay, T.H. Liu, and J.A. Xu Role of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in focal cerebral ischemic injury to rat The American Journal of Physiology 261 6 Pt 2 1991 H2051 H2057
22. H. Akdemir, Z. Asik, and H. Pasaoglu The effect of allopurinol on focal cerebral ischaemia: an experimental study in rabbits Neurosurgical Review 24 2-3 2001 131 135
23. F. Van Bel, M. Shadid, and R.M. Moison Effect of allopurinol on postasphyxial free radical formation, cerebral hemodynamics, and electrical brain activity Pediatrics 101 2 1998 185 193
24. H.S. Aki, M. Fujita, and S. Yamashita Elevation of jugular venous superoxide anion radical is associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial injury in forebrain ischemia-reperfusion rats Brain Research 1292 2009 180 190
25. T. Ono, R. Tsuruta, and M. Fujita Xanthine oxidase is one of the major sources of superoxide anion radicals in blood after reperfusion in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion Brain Research 1305 2009 158 167
26. P. Lipton Ischemic cell death in brain neurons Physiological Reviews 79 4 1999 1431 1568
27. M.A. Moro, A. Almeida, J.P. Bolanos, and I. Lizasoain Mitochondrial respiratory chain and free radical generation in stroke Free Radical Biology & Medicine 39 10 2005 1291 1304
28. Y. Collaco-Moraes, B. Aspey, M. Harrison, and J. de Belleroche Cyclo-oxygenase-2 messenger RNA induction in focal cerebral ischemia Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 16 6 1996 1366 1372
29. D.S. Bredt, and S.H. Snyder Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 22 1989 9030 9033
30. R.G. Knowles, M. Palacios, R.M. Palmer, and S. Moncada Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 13 1989 5159 5162
31. A. Kader, V.I. Frazzini, R.A. Solomon, and R.R. Trifiletti Nitric oxide production during focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 24 11 1993 1709 1716
32. 2+/calmodulin-dependent and -independent nitric oxide synthase activity in the rat brain microvessels following cerebral ischemia Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum (Wien) 60 1994 285 288
33. Z.G. Zhang, M. Chopp, and S. Gautam Upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and mRNA, and selective sparing of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons after focal cerebral ischemia in rat Brain Research 654 1 1994 85 95
34. Z.G. Zhang, M. Chopp, and C. Zaloga Cerebral endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 24 12 1993 2016 2021 discussion 2021-2012
35. T. Malinski, F. Bailey, Z.G. Zhang, and M. Chopp Nitric oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 13 3 1993 355 358 (Pubitemid 23129387)
36. J.E. Carroll, E.F. Howard, and D.C. Hess Nuclear factor-kappa B activation during cerebral reperfusion: effect of attenuation with N-acetylcysteine treatment Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 56 1-2 1998 186 191
37. E. Galea, D.L. Feinstein, and D.J. Reis Induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity in primary rat glial cultures Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 22 1992 10945 10949
38. Q.W. Xie, Y. Kashiwabara, and C. Nathan Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 7 1994 4705 4708 (Pubitemid 24239438)
39. J. Wu, J.G. Hecker, and N. Chiamvimonvat Antioxidant enzyme gene transfer for ischemic diseases Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61 4 2009 351 363
40. D. Martz, G. Rayos, G.P. Schielke, and A.L. Betz Allopurinol and dimethylthiourea reduce brain infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Stroke 20 4 1989 488 494
41. D.S. Soloniuk, E. Perkins, and J.R. Wilson Use of allopurinol and deferoxamine in cellular protection during ischemia Surgical Neurology 38 2 1992 110 113
42. C. Peeters, D. Hoelen, and F. Groenendaal Deferoxamine, allopurinol and oxypurinol are not neuroprotective after oxygen/glucose deprivation in an organotypic hippocampal model, lacking functional endothelial cells Brain Research 963 1-2 2003 72 80
43. S. Nogawa, F. Zhang, M.E. Ross, and C. Iadecola Cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression in neurons contributes to ischemic brain damage The Journal of Neuroscience 17 8 1997 2746 2755
44. K. Sugimoto, and C. Iadecola Delayed effect of administration of COX-2 inhibitor in mice with acute cerebral ischemia Brain Research 960 1-2 2003 273 276
45. C. Iadecola, C. Forster, and S. Nogawa Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in the human brain following cerebral ischemia Acta Neuropathologica 98 1 1999 9 14
46. Y. Ikeda-Matsuo, Y. Hirayama, and A. Ota Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 are both required for ischaemic excitotoxicity British Journal of Pharmacology 159 5 2010 1174 1186
47. B.F. McAdam, F. Catella-Lawson, and I.A. Mardini Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 1 1999 272 277
48. P. Minuz Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk: is prostacyclin inhibition the key event? Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52 20 2008 1637 1639
49. L. Packer, H.J. Tritschler, and K. Wessel Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid Free Radical Biology & Medicine 22 1-2 1997 359 378
50. W.M. Clark, L.G. Rinker, and N.S. Lessov Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice Stroke 32 4 2001 1000 1004
51. O. Gonzalez-Perez, R.E. Gonzalez-Castaneda, and M. Huerta Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E on neurological deficit, reactive gliosis and neuronal remodeling in the penumbra of the ischemic rat brain Neuroscience Letters 321 1-2 2002 100 104
52. W.L. Baker, M.W. Anglade, and E.L. Baker Use of N-acetylcysteine to reduce post-cardiothoracic surgery complications: a meta-analysis European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 35 3 2009 521 527
53. A. Prabhu, D.I. Sujatha, and N. Kanagarajan Effect of N-acetylcysteine in attenuating ischemic reperfusion injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass Annals of Vascular Surgery 23 5 2009 645 651
54. M. Khan, B. Sekhon, and M. Jatana Administration of N-acetylcysteine after focal cerebral ischemia protects brain and reduces inflammation in a rat model of experimental stroke Journal of Neuroscience Research 76 4 2004 519 527
55. M.F. Anderson, M. Nilsson, P.S. Eriksson, and N.R. Sims Glutathione monoethyl ester provides neuroprotection in a rat model of stroke Neuroscience Letters 354 2 2004 163 165
56. K. Saito, C. Kobayashi, and M. Ikeda Effect of radical scavenger N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone on stroke in a rat model using a telemetric system Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 4 2008 25 31
57. X. Cao, and J.W. Phillis alpha-Phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone reduces cortical infarct and edema in rats subjected to focal ischemia Brain Research 644 2 1994 267 272
58. S. Zausinger, E. Hungerhuber, and A. Baethmann Neurological impairment in rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion: a comparative study under various treatment paradigms Brain Research 863 1-2 2000 94 105
59. M. Han, Q.P. He, and G. Yong NXY-059, a nitrone with free radical trapping properties inhibits release of cytochrome c after focal cerebral ischemia Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-grand) 49 8 2003 1249 1252
60. S. Kuroda, R. Tsuchidate, and M.L. Smith Neuroprotective effects of a novel nitrone, NXY-059, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 19 7 1999 778 787
61. S.G. Sydserff, A.R. Borelli, and A.R. Green Effect of NXY-059 on infarct volume after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat; studies on dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic time window British Journal of Pharmacology 135 1 2002 103 112
62. M. Culot, C. Mysiorek, and M. Renftel Cerebrovascular protection as a possible mechanism for the protective effects of NXY-059 in preclinical models: an in vitro study Brain Research 1294 2009 144 152
63. K. Kubo, S. Nakao, and S. Jomura Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, mitigates both gray and white matter damages after global cerebral ischemia in rats Brain Research 1279 2009 139 146
64. A. Mizuno, K. Umemura, and M. Nakashima Inhibitory effect of MCI-186, a free radical scavenger, on cerebral ischemia following rat middle cerebral artery occlusion General Pharmacology 30 4 1998 575 578 (Pubitemid 28102837)
65. H. Shichinohe, S. Kuroda, and H. Yasuda Neuroprotective effects of the free radical scavenger edaravone (MCI-186) in mice permanent focal brain ischemia Brain Research 1029 2 2004 200 206
66. C.K. Park, and E.D. Hall Dose-response analysis of the effect of 21-aminosteroid tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F) upon neurological outcome and ischemic brain damage in permanent focal cerebral ischemia Brain Research 645 1-2 1994 157 163
67. D. Xue, A. Slivka, and A.M. Buchan Tirilazad reduces cortical infarction after transient but not permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 23 6 1992 894 899
68. K. Mishima, T. Tanaka, and F. Pu Vitamin E isoforms alpha-tocotrienol and gamma-tocopherol prevent cerebral infarction in mice Neuroscience Letters 337 1 2003 56 60
69. H.B. van der Worp, P.R. Bar, L.J. Kappelle, and D.J. de Wildt Dietary vitamin E levels affect outcome of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 29 5 1998 1002 1005 discussion 1005-1006
70. B. Zhang, J. Tanaka, and L. Yang Protective effect of vitamin E against focal brain ischemia and neuronal death through induction of target genes of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 Neuroscience 126 2 2004 433 440
71. F.E. Harrison, and J.M. May Vitamin C function in the brain: vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2 Free Radical Biology & Medicine 46 6 2009 719 730
72. M.E. Rice, E.J. Lee, and Y. Choy High levels of ascorbic acid, not glutathione, in the CNS of anoxia-tolerant reptiles contrasted with levels in anoxia-intolerant species Journal of Neurochemistry 64 4 1995 1790 1799
73. P.T. Henry, and M.J. Chandy Effect of ascorbic acid on infarct size in experimental focal cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in a primate model Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 140 9 1998 977 980
74. J. Huang, D.B. Agus, and C.J. Winfree Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 20 2001 11720 11724
75. A. Ranjan, D. Theodore, R.P. Haran, and M.J. Chandy Ascorbic acid and focal cerebral ischaemia in a primate model Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 123 1-2 1993 87 91
76. E. Kilic, Y.G. Ozdemir, and H. Bolay Pinealectomy aggravates and melatonin administration attenuates brain damage in focal ischemia Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 19 5 1999 511 516
77. R.J. Reiter, D.X. Tan, and J. Leon When melatonin gets on your nerves: its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 230 2 2005 104 117
78. E. Kilic, U. Kilic, and R.J. Reiter Prophylactic use of melatonin protects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice: role of endothelin converting enzyme-1 Journal of Pineal Research 37 4 2004 247 251
79. J.W. Francis, J. Ren, and L. Warren Postischemic infusion of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or SOD: tet451 reduces cerebral infarction following focal ischemia/reperfusion in rats Experimental Neurology 146 2 1997 435 443
80. Y.Y. He, C.Y. Hsu, A.M. Ezrin, and M.S. Miller Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion The American Journal of Physiology 265 1 Pt 2 1993 H252 H256
81. S. Imaizumi, V. Woolworth, R.A. Fishman, and P.H. Chan Liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 21 9 1990 1312 1317
82. D.W. Kim, H.J. Jeong, and H.W. Kang Transduced human PEP-1-catalase fusion protein attenuates ischemic neuronal damage Free Radical Biology & Medicine 47 7 2009 941 952
83. N. Kato, K. Yanaka, and S. Nagase The antioxidant EPC-K1 ameliorates brain injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischaemia Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 145 6 2003 489 493 discussion 493 (Pubitemid 36836608)
84. C. Wakade, M.M. Khan, and L.M. De Sevilla Tamoxifen neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia involves attenuation of kinase activation and superoxide production and potentiation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase Endocrinology 149 1 2008 367 379
85. J. Tian, F. Fu, and G. Li SMND-309, a novel derivate of salvianolic acid B, ameliorates cerebral infarction in rats: characterization and role Brain Research 1263 2009 114 121
86. K.R. Lees, D. Barer, and G.A. Ford Tolerability of NXY-059 at higher target concentrations in patients with acute stroke Stroke 34 2 2003 482 487
87. K.R. Lees, A.K. Sharma, and D. Barer Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the nitrone NXY-059 in patients with acute stroke Stroke 32 3 2001 675 680
88. K.R. Lees, J.A. Zivin, and T. Ashwood NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke The New England Journal of Medicine 354 6 2006 588 600
89. A. Shuaib, K.R. Lees, and P. Lyden NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke The New England Journal of Medicine 357 6 2007 562 571
90. H.C. Diener, K.R. Lees, and P. Lyden NXY-059 for the treatment of acute stroke: pooled analysis of the SAINT I and II trials Stroke 39 6 2008 1751 1758
91. S.I. Savitz, and W.R. Schabitz A critique of SAINT II: wishful thinking, dashed hopes, and the future of neuroprotection for acute stroke Stroke 39 4 2008 1389 1391
92. The Edaravone Acute Brain Infarction Study Group Effect of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone (MCI-186), on acute brain infarction. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study at multicenters Cerebrovascular Diseases 15 3 2003 222 229
93. Y. Inatomi, T. Takita, and T. Yonehara Efficacy of edaravone in cardioembolic stroke Internal Medicine 45 5 2006 253 257
94. P.A. Lapchak A critical assessment of edaravone acute ischemic stroke efficacy trials: is edaravone an effective neuroprotective therapy? Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 11 10 2010 1753 1763
95. M. Mishina, Y. Komaba, and S. Kobayashi Efficacy of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, for the treatment of acute lacunar infarction Neurologica Medico-Chirurgica (Tokyo) 45 7 2005 344 348 discussion 348
96. K. Toyoda, K. Fujii, and M. Kamouchi Free radical scavenger, edaravone, in stroke with internal carotid artery occlusion Journal of the Neurological Sciences 221 1-2 2004 11 17
97. H.B. van der Worp, L.J. Kappelle, and A. Algra The effect of tirilazad mesylate on infarct volume of patients with acute ischemic stroke Neurology 58 1 2002 133 135
98. S. Zhang, L. Wang, M. Liu, and B. Wu Tirilazad for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 2010 CD006778