Fungal Lectins: Current molecular and biochemical perspectives

International Journal of Biological Chemistry

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-20

  Khan, Feroz ^a   Islam Khan, M ^a  

^a NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

Fungi; Glycochemistry; Hemagglutinin; Protein structure; Purification; SPR

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BASIDIOMYCOTA; FUNGI;

EID: 78149344299     PISSN: 1819155X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2011.1.20     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Al-Malimood, S., S. Colin and R. Bonaly, 1991. Kluyveromyces bulgaricus yeast lectins. Isolation of two galactose-specific lectin forms from the yeast cell. J. Biol. Chem., 266: 20882-20887.
2. Amano, K., M. Fujihashi, A. Ando, K. Mild and Y. Nagata, 2004. Involvement of tyrosine at fucosebinding sites of Aleuria aurnatia lectin: Non-equal response to site-directed mutagenesis among five sites. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68: 841-847.
3. Ashwell, G. and J. Harford, 1982. Carbohydrate-specific receptors of the liver. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 51: 531-554.
4. Bhowal, J, A.K. Guha and B.P. Chatterjee, 2005. Purification and molecular characterization of a sialic acid specific lectin from the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomia phaseolina. Carbohydrate Res., 340: 1973-1982.
5. Birck, C, L. Damian, C. Marty-Detraves, A. Lougarre and C. Schulze-Briese et al., 2004. A new lectin family with structure similarity to actinoporins revealed by the crystal structure of Xerocomus chrysenteron lectin XCL. J. Mol. Biol., 344: 1409-1420.
6. Brechtel, R, H. Watzig and H. Rudiger, 2001. The lectin from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus: A phosphatase-activating protein that is closely associated with an alpha-galactosidase activity. A part of this paper has been presented as a preliminary report at the 17th Interlec. Meeting 1997 in Wurzburg, Germany. Plant Sci., 160: 1025-1033.
7. Butschi, A, A. Titz, M.A. Walti, V. Olieric and K. Paschinger et al., 2010. Caenorhabditis elegans N-glycan core beta-galactoside confers sensitivity towards nematotoxic fungal galectin CGL2. PLoS. Pathogens, 6: el000717-el000717.
8. Candy, L, W.J. Peumans, L. Menu-Bouaouiche, C.H. Astoul and J. Van Damme et al., 2001. The Gal/GalNAc specific lectin from the plant pathogenic basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani is a member of the Ricin-B family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Conimun., 282: 655-661.
9. Candy, L, E.J. Van Damme, W.J. Peumans, L. Menu-Bouaouiche, M. Erard and P. Rouge, 2003. Structural and functional characterization of the GalNAc/Gal-specific lectin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Conimun., 308: 396-402.
10. Carrizo, M.E., S. Capaldi, M. Perduca, F.J. Irazoqm, G.A. Nores and H.L. Monaco, 2005. The antineoplastic lectin of the common edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) has two binding sites, each specific for a different configuration at a single epimeric hydroxyl. J. Biol. Chem., 280: 10614-10623.
11. Cerigini, E, F. Palma, E. Barbieri, M. Buffalini and V. Stocchi, 2008. The Tuber borchii fruiting body-specific protein TBF-1, a novel lectin which interacts with associated Rhizobium species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 284: 197-203.
12. Chien, S.M., S. Singla and R.D. Poretz, 1975. Hapten inhibition of adsorption: Specificity of the Sophora japonica lectin. J. Immunol. Methods, 8: 169-174.
13. Chumkhunthod, P, S. Rodtong, S.J. Lambert, A.P. Fordham-Skelton and P.J. Rizkallah et al., 2006. Purification and characterization of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin from the edible mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1760: 326-332.
14. Cioci, G., E.P. Mitchell, V. Chazalet, H. Debray and S. Oscarson et al., 2006. Beta-propeller crystal structure of Psathyrella velutina lectin: An integrin-like fungal protein interacting with monosaccharides and calcium. J. Mol. Biol., 357: 1575-1591.
15. Coltri, K.C., A.S. Casabona-Fortunato, M.L. Gennari-Cardoso, C.F. Pinzan and L.P. Ruas et al., 2006. Paracoccin, a GlcNAc-binding lectin from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, binds to laminin and induces TNF-alpha production by macrophages. Microbes. Infect., 8: 704-713.
16. Didier, E., P. Didier, J. Guillot, Y. Croisille and J.P. Thiery, 1990. Expression and distribution of carbohy-drate sequences in chick germ cells: A comparative study with lectins and the NC-1/HNK-l monoclonal antibody. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 34: 421-431.
17. Didier, E., P. Didier, J. Guillot, Y. Croisille and N. Fargeix, 1984. The glycoconjugates involved in cell and cell matrix interactions during urogenital morphogenesis in the chick embryo. Biol. Cell, 51:9a-9a.
18. Eifler, R. and P. Ziska, 1980. The lectins from Agaricus edulis. Isolation and characterization. Expenentia, 36: 1285-1286.
19. Entlicher, G., K. Jesenka, L. Jarosova-Dejlova, M. Jarnik and J. Kocourek, 1985. Lectins: Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry. Walter de Gruyter Inc., Berlin, New York, ISBN-10: 3110102986, pp: 680.
20. Fargeix, N, E. Didier, J. Guillot and M. Damez, 1980. Utilisation de diverses lectines fluorescentes darts Ietude des cellules germinales en migration chez I'embryon d'Oiseau. C. R. Acad. Sci., 290: 999-1002.
21. Feng, K., Q.H. Liu, T.B. Ng, H.Z. Liu and J.Q. Li et al., 2006. Isolation and characterization of a novel lectin from the mushroom Armillaria luteo-virens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 345: 1573-1578.
22. Ford, W.W., 1910. The distribution of haemolysis agglutinins and poisons in fungi, especially the amanitas, the entolomas, the lactarius and the inocybes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2: 285-318.
23. Fujihashi, M., D.H. Peapus, N. Kamiya, Y. Nagata and K. Miki, 2003. Crystal structure of fucose-specific lectin from Aleuria aurantia binding ligands at three of its five sugar recognition sites. Biochemistry, 42: 11093-11099.
24. Fujii, Y., S.M.A. Kawsar, R. Matsumoto, H. Yasumitsu, N. Kojima and Y. Ozeki, 2009. Purification and characterization of a d-galactoside-binding lectin purified from bladder moon shell (Glossaulax didyma Roding). J. Biol. Sci., 9: 319-325.
25. Ganiko, L., R. Puccia, V.S. Mariano, O.A. SantAnna and E. Freymuller et al., 2007. Paracoccin, an N-acetyl-glucosamine-binding lectin of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is involved in fungal growth. Microbes. Infect., 9: 695-703.
26. Giollant, M., J. Guillot, M. Damez, M. Dusser, P. Didier and E. Didier, 1993. Characterization of a Lectin from Lactarius deterrimus. Plant Physiol., 101: 513-522.
27. Gong, M, J. An, H.Z. Lu, C.F. Wu, Y.J. Li, J.Q. Cheng and J.K. Bao, 2004. Effect of denaturation and amino acid modification of fluorescence spectrum and hemagglutinating activity of Hercium erinaceum lectin. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shangai), 36: 343-350.
28. Grahn, E., G. Askarieh, A. Holmner, H. Tateno and H.C. Winter et al., 2007. Crystal structure of the Marasmius oreades mushroom lectin in complex with a xenotransplantation epitope. J. Mol. Biol., 369: 710-721.
29. Grahn, E.M., H.C. Winter, H. Tateno, I.J. Goldstein and U. Krengel, 2009. Structural characterization of a lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades in complex with the blood group B trisaccharide and calcium. J. Mol. Biol., 390: 457-466.
30. Guillot, J. and G. Konska, 1997. Lectins in higher fungi. Biochem. Syst. Eco., 25: 203-230.
31. Guillot, J., L. Genaud, J. Gueugnot and M. Damez, 1983. Purification and properties of two hemagglutinins of the mushroom Laccaria amethystina. Biochemistry, 22: 5365-5369.
32. Guillot, J., M. Giollant, M. Damez and M. Dusser, 1991. Isolation and characterization of a lectin from the mushroom, Lactarius deliciosus. J. Biochem., 109: 840-845.
33. Guillot, J., M. Giollant, M. Damez and M. Dusser, 1994. Intervention des lectines fongiques dans les evenements precoces de reconnaissance arbre/champignon au cours de la formation des ectomycorhizes. Acta Botanica Gallica, 141: 443-447.
34. Hamshou, M., G. Smagghe and E.J. Van Damme, 2007. Analysis of lectin concentrations in different Rhizoctonia solani strains. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci., 72: 639-644.
35. Han, C.H., Q.H. Liu, T.B. Ng and H.X. Wang, 2005. A novel homodimeric lactose-binding lectin from the edible split gill medicinal mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 336: 252-257.
36. Hazes, B, 1996. The (QxW)3 domain: A flexible lectin scaffold. Protein Sci., 5: 1490-1501.
37. Horejsi, V. and J. Kocourek, 1978. Studies on lectins. XXXVI. Properties of some lectins prepared by affinity chromatography on O-glycosyl polyacrylamide gels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 538: 299-315.
38. Hsu, H.C., C.I. Hsu, R.H. Lin, C.L. Kao and J.Y. Lin, 1997. Fip-vvo, a new fungal immunomodulatory protein isolated from Volvariella volvacea. Biochem. J., 323: 557-565.
39. Inoue, K, M. Sobhany, T.R. Transue, K. Oguma, L.C. Pedersen and M. Negishi, 2003. Structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and calorimetry of a haemagglutinin component (HA1) of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum. Microbiology, 149: 3361-3370.
40. Jaber, K, L. Paquereau, D. Fournier, E. Haubruge and F. Francis, 2006. Use of artificial diet system to assess the potential bio-insecticide effect of a fungal lectin from Xerocomus chrysenteron (XCL) on Myzus persicae. Commun. Agric. Applied Biol. Sci., 71: 497-505.
41. Jaber, K, F. Francis, L. Paquereau, D. Fournier and E. Haubruge, 2007. Effect of a fungal lectin from Xerocomus chrysenteron (XCL) on the biological parameters of aphids. Commun. Agric. Applied Biol. Sci., 72: 629-638.
42. Jaber, K, D.G. Cuartero, E. Haubruge and F. Francis, 2008. Investigation of carbohydrate binding property of a fungal lectin from Xerocomus chrysenteron and potential use on Myzus persicae aphid. Commun. Agric. Applied Biol. Sci., 73: 629-638.
43. Jung, E.C., K.D. Kim, C.H. Bae, J.C. J.C. Kim, D.K. Kim and H.H. Kim, 2007. A mushroom lectin from ascomycete Cordyceps militaris. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1770: 833-838.
44. Kaneko, T, S. Oguri, S. Kato and Y. Nagata, 1993. Developmental appearance of lectin during fruit body formation in Pleurotus cornucopias. J. Gen. Applied Microbiol., 39: 83-90.
45. Kaur, A, S.S. Kamboj and J. Singh, 2006. Isolation of a new lectin from the bulbs of Crinum latifolium (L.). J. Biological Sci., 6: 9-14.
46. Kawagishi, H. and T. Mizuno, 1988. Purification and properties of a beta-galactosyl-specific lectin from the fruiting bodies of Ischnoderma resinosus. FEBS Lett., 227: 99-102.
47. Kawagishi, H, A. Nomura, T. Yumen and T. Mizuno, 1988. Isolation and properties of a lectin from the fruiting bodies of Agaric us blazei. Carbohydrate Res., 183: 150-154.
48. Kawagishi, H. and H. Mori, 1991. Chemical modification and NMR studies on a mushroom lectin Ischnoderma resinosum agglutinin (IRA). Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1076: 179-186.
49. Kawagishi, H, H. Mori, A. Uno, A. Kimura and S. Chiba, 1994. A sialic acid-binding lectin from the mushroom Hericium erinaceum. FEBS Lett., 340: 56-58.
50. Kawagishi, H., S.I. Mitsunaga, M. Yamawaki, M. Ido and A. Shimada et al., 1997. A lectin from mycelia to the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry, 44: 7-10.
51. Khan, F., A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2007a. Chemical, thermal and pH-induced equilibrium unfolding studies of Fusarium solani lectin. IUBMB. Life, 59: 34-43.
52. Khan, F., A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2007b. Interaction of Fusarium solani lectin with monosaccharides and oligosaccharides: A fluorometric study. Photochem. Photobiol., 83: 966-970.
53. Khan, F., A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2007c. Purification and characterization of a lectin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani having complex sugar specificity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 457: 243-251.
54. Khan, F., A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2010. Steady state and time resolved fluorescence quenching and chemical modification studies of a lectin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani. J. Fluorescence, 20: 136-143.
55. Kobayashi, Y., K. Kobayashi, K. Umehara, H. Dohra, T. Murata, U. Usui and H. Kawagishi, 2004. Purification, characterization and sugar binding specificity of an N-glycolylneuraminic acid-specific lectin from the mushroom Chlorophyllum molybdites. J. Biol. Chem., 279: 53048-53055.
56. Konska, G., 1988. A survey of domestic species of Basidiomycetes fungi for the presence of lectins in their carpophores. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 57: 247-260.
57. Konska, G., J. Guillot, M. Dusser, M. Damez and B. Botton, 1994. Isolation and characterization of an N-acetyllactosamine-binding lectin from the mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus. J. Biol. Chem., 116: 519-523.
58. Konska, G, 2006. Lectins of higher fungi (Macromycetes)-their occurrence, physiological role and biological activity. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms, 8: 19-30.
59. Kossowska, B, E. Lamer-Zarawska, M. Olczak and I. Katnik-Prastowska, 1999. Lectin from Beauveria bassiana mycelium recognizes Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and related structures. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 123: 23-31.
60. Kretz, O, E.E. Creppy and G. Dirheimer, 1991. Characterization of bolesatine, a toxic protein from the mushroom Boletus satanas lenz and its effects on kidney cells. Toxicology, 66: 213-224.
61. Leonidas, D.D., B.M. Swamy, A.G. Bhat, S.R. Inamdar and M.N. Kosmopoulou et al., 2003. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Sclerotium rolfsii lectin. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr., 59: 363-365.
62. Leonidas, D.D., B.M. Swamy, G.N. Hatzopoulos, S.J. Gonchigar and V.B. Chachadi et al., 2007. Structural basis for the carbohydrate recognition of the Sclerotium rolfsii lectin. J. Mol. Biol., 368: 1145-1161.
63. Li, Y.R., Q.H. Liu, H.X. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2008. A novel lectin with potent antitumor, mitogenic and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1780: 51-57.
64. Liang, Y, L. Feng, X. Tong, K. Wang and D.F. Li et al., 2009. Importance of nuclear localization for the apoptosis-induced activity of a fungal galectin AAL (Agrocybe aegerita lectin). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 386: 437-442.
65. Lin, J.Y. and T.B. Chou, 1984. Isolation and characterization of a lectin from edible mushroom Volvariella Volvacea. J. Biochem., 96: 35-40.
66. Liu, Q, H. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2004. Isolation and characterization of a novel lectin from the wild mushroom Xerocomus spadiceus. Peptides, 25: 7-10.
67. Liu, Q, H. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2006. First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1760: 1914-1919.
68. Liu, C, X. Zhao, X.C. Xu, L.R. Li, Y.H. Liu, S.D. Zhong and J.K. Bao, 2008. Hemagglutinating activity and conformation of a lactose-binding lectin from mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 42: 138-144.
69. Mancheno, J.M., H. Tateno, I.J. Goldstein, M. Martinez-Ripoll and J.A. Hermoso, 2005. Structural analysis of the Laetiporus sulphureus hemolytic pore-forming lectin in complex with sugars. J. Biol. Chem., 280: 17251-17259.
70. Matsumura, K., K. Higashida, H. Ishida, Y. Hata and K. Yamamoto et al., 2007. Carbohydrate binding specificity of a fucose-specific lectin from Aspergillus oryzae: A novel probe for core fucose. J. Biol. Chem., 282: 15700-15708.
71. Matsumura, K, K. Higashida, Y. Hata, J. Kominami, S. Nakamura-Tsuruta and J. Hirabayashi, 2009. Comparative analysis of oligosaccharide specificities of fucose-specific lectins from Aspergillus oryzae and Aleuria aurantia using frontal affinity chromatography. Anal. Biochem., 386:217-221.
72. Nagata, Y, M. Yamashita, H. Honda, J. Akabane and K. Uehara et al., 2005. Characterization, occurrence and molecular cloning of a lectin from Grifola frondosa: Jacalin-related lectin of fungal origin. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69: 2374-2380.
73. Ng, T.B. and Y.W. Lam, 2002. Isolation of a novel agglutinin with complex carbohydrate binding specificity from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Lyophyllum shimeiji. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 290: 563-568.
74. Ngai, P.H. and T.B. Ng, 2004. A mushroom (Ganoderma capense) lectin with spectacular thermostability, potent mitogenic activity on splenocytes and antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 314: 988-993.
75. Nicolson, G.L., 1974. The interactions of lectins with animal cell surfaces. Int. Rev. Cytol, 39: 89-190.
76. Occena, I.V., E.R.E. Mojica and F.E. Merca, 2007. Isolation and partial characterization of a lectin from the seeds of artocarpus camansi bianco. Asian J. Plant Sci., 6: 757.-764.
77. Oda, Y, T. Senaha, Y. Matsuno, K. Nakajima and R. Naka et al., 2003. A new fungal lectin recognizing?(1-6)-linked fucose in the N-glycan. J. Biol. Chem., 278: 32439-32447.
78. Olausson, J, L. Tibell, B.H. Jonsson and P. Pahlsson, 2008. Detection of a high affinity binding site in recombinant Aleuria aurantia lectin. Glycoconjugate J., 25: 753-762.
79. Paaventhan, P, J.S. Joseph, S.V. Seow, S. Vaday and H. Robinson et al., 2003. A 1.7A structure of Fve, a member of the new fungal immunomodulatory protein family. J. Mol. Biol., 332: 461-470.
80. Panchak, L.V. and V.O. Antoniuk, 2007. Purification of lectin from fruiting bodies of Lactarius rufus (Scop.: Fr.)Fr. and its carbohydrate specificity. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh., 79: 123-128.
81. Pohleven, J, N. Obermajer, J. Sabotic, S. Anzlovar and K. Sepcic et al., 2009. Purification, characterization and cloning of a ricin B-like lectin from mushroom Clitocybe nebularis with antiproliferative activity against human leukemic T cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1790: 173-181.
82. Rini, J.M. and Y.D. Lobsanov, 1999. New animal lectin structures. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 9: 578-584.
83. Rosen, S., B. Ek, L. Raska and A. Tunlid, 1992. Purification and characterization of a surface lectin from the nematode-trap ping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. J. Gen. Microbiol., 138: 2663-2672.
84. Rudiger, H. and H.J. Gabius, 2001. Plant lectins: Occurrence, biochemistry, functions and applications. Glycoconjugate J., 18: 589-613.
85. Sathisha, G.J., Y.K. Prakash, V.B. Chachadi, N.N. Nagaraja and S.R. Inamdar et al, 2008. X-ray sequence ambiguities of Sclerotium rolfsii lectin resolved by mass spectrometry. Amino Acids, 35: 309-320.
86. Sharon, N. and H. Lis, 1989. Lectins as recognition molecules. Science, 246: 227-234.
87. She, Q.B., T.B. Ng and W.K. Liu, 1998. A novel lectin with potent immunomodulatory activity isolated from both fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia of the edible mushroom Volvariella volvacea. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 247: 106-111.
88. Singh, R.S., A.K. Tiwary and R. Bhari, 2008. Screening of Aspergillus species for occurrence of lectins and their characterization. J. Basic Microbiol., 48: 112-117.
89. Singh, R.S., R. Bhari and H.P. Kaur, 2010. Mushroom lectins: Current status and future perspectives. Crit Rev. Biotechnol., 10.3109/07388550903365048
90. Slifkin, M. and R.J. Doyle, 1990. Lectins and their application to clinical microbiology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 3: 197-218.
91. Springer, T.A. and L.A. Lasky, 1991. Cell adhesion. Sticky sugars for selectins. Nature, 349: 196-197.
92. Stepanova, L.V., V.E. Nikitina and A.S. Boiko, 2007. Isolation and characterization of lectin from the surface of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S.F. Gray mycelium. Mikrobiologiia, 76: 488-493.
93. Suzuki, T., Y. Amano, M. Fujita, Y. Kobayashi and H. Dohra et al., 2009. Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of a lectin from the mushroom Pleurocybella porrigens. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 73: 702-709.
94. Sychrova, H., M. Ticha and J. Kocourek, 1985. Studies on lectins. LIX. Isolation and properties of lectins from fruiting bodies of Xerocomus chrysenteron and Lactarius lignyotus. Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 63: 700-704.
95. Tanaka, H, J. Toyama and R. Akashi, 2009. Molecular characterization of a galactose-binding lectin from Momordica charantia seeds and its expression in tobacco cells. Asian J. Plant Sci., 8: 544-550.
96. Tateno, H. and I.J. Goldstein, 2003. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of novel hemolytic lectins from the mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, which show homology to bacterial toxins. J. Biol. Chem., 278: 40455-40463.
97. Thakur, A, L. Pal, A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2007a. Complex carbohydrate specificity of lectin from fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. A surface plasmon resonance study. IUBMB. Life, 59: 758-764.
98. Thakur, A, M. Rana, T.N. Lakhanpal, A. Ahmad and M.I. Khan, 2007b. Purification and characterization of lectin from fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum: Lectin from Ganoderma lucidum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1770: 1404-1412.
99. Tronchin, G, K. Esnault, M. Sanchez, G. Larcher, A. Marot-Leblond and J.P. Bouchara, 2002. Purification and partial characterization of a 32-kilodalton sialic acid-specific lectin from Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immunol., 70: 6891-6895.
100. Tsivileva, O.M., V.E. Nikitina and E.A. Loshchinina, 2008. Isolation and characterization of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) singer extracellular lectins. Biochemistry, 73: 1154-1161.
101. Van Damme, E.J., S. Nakamura-Tsuruta, J. Hirabayashi, P. Rouge and W.J. Peumans, 2007. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum agglutinin represents a novel family of fungal lectins remotely related to the Clostridium botulinum non-toxin haemagglutinin HA33/A. Glycoconjugate J., 24: 143-156.
102. Van Wauwe, J.P., F.G. Loontiens and C.K. De Bruyne, 1973. The interaction of Ricinus communis hemagglutinin with polysaccharides and low molecular weight carbohydrates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 313: 99-105.
103. Vasta, G.R., H. Ahmed and E.W. Odom, 2004. Structural and functional diversity of lectin repertoires in invertebrates, protochordates and ectothermic vertebrates. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 14: 617-630.
104. Veau, B, J. Guillot, M. Damez, M. Dusser, G. Konska and B. Botton, 1999. Purification and characterization of an anti-(A+B) specific lectin from the mushroom Hygrophorus hypothejus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1428: 39-44.
105. Vetchinkina, E.P., O.I. Sokolov and V.E. Nikitina, 2008. Intracellular lectins of Lentinus edodes at various developmental stages of the fungus. Mikrobiologiia, 77: 496-501.
106. Vranken, A.M., E.J.M. Van Damme, A.K. Allen and W.J. Peumans, 1987. Purification and properties of an N-acetylgalactosamine specific lectin from the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. FEBS Lett., 216: 67-72.
107. Walser, S.P. and A.L. Weis, 1999. Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: A modern perspective. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 19: 65-96.
108. Walser, P.J., P.W. Haebel, M. Kunzler, D. Sargent, U.kues, M. Aebi and U. Ban, 2004. Structure functional analysis of the fungal galectin CGL2. Structure, 12: 689-702.
109. Walser, P.J., U. Kues, M. Aebi and M. Kunzler, 2005. Ligand interactions of the Coprinopsis cinerea galectins. Fungal Genet. Biol., 42: 293-305.
110. Walti, M.A., P.J. Walser, S. Thore, A. Grunler and M. Bednar et al, 2008. Structural basis for chitotetraose coordination by CGL3, a novel galectin-related protein from Coprinopsis cinerea. J. Mol. Biol., 379: 146-159.
111. Wang, H.X., T.B. Ng, W.K. Liu, V.E. Ooi and S.T. Chang, 1995. Isolation and characterization of two distinct lectins with antiproliferative activity form the cultured mycelium of the edible mushroom Trocholoma mongolicum. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 46: 508-513.
112. Wang, H, T.B. Ng and V.E. Ooi, 1998. Lectins from mushroom. Mycol. Res., 102: 897-906.
113. Wang, H, J. Gao and T.B. Ng, 2000. A new lectin with highly potent antihepatoma and antisarcoma activities from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 275: 810-816.
114. Wang, H.X., T.B. Ng and Q. Liu, 2002. Isolation of a new heterodimeric lectin with mitogenic activity from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Life Sci., 70: 877-886.
115. Wang, H. and T.B. Ng, 2003. Isolation of a novel N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from fresh sclerotia of the edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Protein Expression Purification, 29: 156-160.
116. Wang, H, T.B. Ng and Q. Liu, 2003. A novel lectin from the wild mushroom Polyporus adusta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 307: 535-539.
117. Wang, H. and T.B. Ng, 2005. First report of an arabinose-specific lectin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 337: 621-625.
118. Watanabe, T, I. Matsuo, J. Maruyama, K. Kitamoto and Y. Ito, 2007. Identification and characterization of an intracellular lectin, calnexin, from Aspergillus oryzae using N-glycan-conjugated beads. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 71: 2688-2696.
119. Wimmerova, M., E. Mitchell, J.F. Sanchez, C. Gautier and A. Imberty, 2003. Crystal structure of fungal lectin: Six-bladed beta-propeller fold and novel fucose recognition mode for Aleuria aurantia lectin. J. Biol. Chem., 278: 27059-27067.
120. Wong, J.H., H. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2009. A haemagglutinin from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris. Biosci. Rep., 29: 321-327.
121. Wu, A.M., J.H. Wu, M.S. Tsai, G.V. Hegde, S.R. Inamdar, B.M. Swamy and A. Herp, 2001. Carbohydrate specificity of a lectin isolated from the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Life Sci., 69: 2039-2050.
122. Yachnin, S., 1972. Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation by globulins; lack of correlation with phytohemagglutinin precipitation by serum proteins. J. Immunol., 108: 845-847.
123. Yachnin, S, 1975. Fetuin, an inhibitor of lymphocyte transformation. The interaction of fetuin with phytomitogens and a possible role for fetuin in fetal development. J. Exp. Med., 141:242-256.
124. Yagi, F. and K. Tadera, 1988. Purification and characterization of lectin from Auricularia polytricha. Agric. Biol. Chem., 52: 2077-2079.
125. Yagi, F, M. Miyamoto, T. Abe, Y. Minami, K. Tadera and I.J. Goldstein, 1997. Purification and carbohydrate-binding specificity of Agrocybe cylindracea lectin. Glycoconjugate J., 14: 281-288.
126. Yang, N, D.F. Li, L. Feng, Y. Xiang, W. Liu, H. Sun and D.C. Wang, 2009. Structural basis for the tumor cell apoptosis-inducing activity of an antitumor lectin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. J. Mol. Biol., 387: 694-705.
127. Yang, N, X. Tong, Y. Xiang, Y. Zhang, H. Sun and D.C. Wang, 2005a. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the recombinant antitumour lectin form the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1751: 209-212.
128. Yang, N, X. Tong, Y. Xiang, Y. Zhang, Y. Liang, H. Sun and D.C. Wang, 2005b. Molecular character of the recombinant antitumor lectin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. J. Biochem., 138: 145-150.
129. Zhang, G.Q., J. Sun, H.X. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2009. A novel lectin with antiproliferative activity from the medicinal mushroom Pholiota adiposa. Acta Biochim. Polonica, 56: 415-421.
130. Zhao, C, H. Sun, X. Tong and Y. Qi, 2003. An antitumour lectin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Biochem. J., 374: 321-327.
131. Zhao, J.K., H.X. Wang and T.B. Ng, 2009. Purification and characterization of a novel lectin from the toxic wild mushroomInocybe umbrinella. Toxicon, 53: 360-366.
132. Zhuang, C, T. Murata, T. Usui, H. Kawagishi and K. Kobayashi, 1996. Purification and characterization of a lectin from the toxic mushroom Amanitapantherina. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1291:40-44.