Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 807-823

  Ramesh, Anuradha ^a   Gelfand, Michele J ^b  

^a PDI Ninth House   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Culture; Human resource practices; Individualism collectivism; Job embeddedness; Turnover and retention

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIA; INDIVIDUALITY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; METHODOLOGY; NONBIOLOGICAL MODEL; ORGANIZATION; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PUBLIC RELATIONS; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE; PERSONNEL LOYALTY; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL TURNOVER; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIAL VALUES; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77957354866     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019464     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Atsumi R. Tsukiai-Obligatory personal relationships of Japanese white-collar company employees. Human Organization 1979, 38:63-70.
2. Barrick M.R., Zimmerman R.D. Reducing voluntary, avoidable turnover through selection. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:159-166.
3. Batt, R., Doellgast, V., & Kwon, H. (2005, May). A comparison of service management and employment systems in U.S. and Indian call centers. Paper presented at the Brookings Trade Forum, Washington, DC.
4. Beck J.C., Beck M.N. The change of a lifetime: Employment patterns among Japan's managerial elite 1994, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
5. Bhaskar-Shrinivas P., Harrison D.A., Shaffer M., Luk D.M. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal 2005, 48:257-281.
6. Björkman I., Lu Y. The management of human resources in Chinese-Western joint ventures. Journal of World Business 1999, 34:306-324.
7. Blau G. Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1994, 59:288-312.
8. Bochner S. Cross-cultural differences in the self concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1994, 25:273-283.
9. Brayfield A.H., Crockett W.H. Employee attitudes and employee performance. Psychological Bulletin 1955, 52:396-424.
10. Bretz R.D., Judge T.A. Person-organization fit and the theory of work adjustment: Implications for satisfaction, tenure, and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior 1994, 44:32-54.
11. Bronstein S. International assignments increasing, Mercer survey finds 2006, May 16, Retrieved from http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1222700.
12. Burt R.S. Attachment, decay, and social network. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2001, 22:619-643.
13. Carmeli A. Perceived external prestige, affective commitment, and citizenship behaviors. Organizational Studies 2005, 26:443-464.
14. Carmeli A., Gilat G., Weisberg J. Perceived external prestige, organizational identification and affective commitment: A stakeholder approach. Corporate Reputation Review 2006, 9:92-104.
15. Chatman J.A. Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly 1991, 36:459-484.
16. Cohen A. An examination of the relationships between work commitment and nonwork domains. Human Relations 1995, 48:239-263.
17. Condon J.C., Yousef F.S. An introduction to intercultural communication 1975, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, IN.
18. Crossley C.D., Bennett R.J., Jex S.M., Burnfield J.L. Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92:1031-1042.
19. Cunningham G.B., Fink J.S., Sagas M. Extensions and further examinations of the job embeddedness construct. Journal of Sports Management 2005, 19:319-335.
20. Deery S., Kinnie N. Call centers and human resource management 2004, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.
21. Deresky H. International management: Managing across borders and cultures 2006, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 5th ed.
22. Dette D., Dalbert C. Moving for their first job or staying put? Predictors of high school students' attitudes toward geographic mobility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:1719-1736.
23. Earley P.C., Gibson C.B., Chen C.C. "How did I do?" versus "How did we do?": Cultural contrasts of performance feedback use and self-efficacy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1999, 30:594-619.
24. Feldman D.C., Bolino M.C. Moving on out: When are employees willing to follow their organization during corporate relocation?. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1998, 19:275-288.
25. Friedman R.A., Holtom B. The effects of network groups on minority employee turnover intentions. Human Resource Management 2002, 41:405-421.
26. Friedman T.L. The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century 2005, Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York, NY.
27. Gautam T., van Dick R., Wagner U. Organizational commitment in Nepalese settings. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2001, 4:239-248.
28. Gelfand M.J., Erez M., Aycan Z. Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology 2007, 58:479-574.
29. Gelfand M.J., Higgins M., Nishii L.H., Raver J.L., Dominguez A., Murakami F., Toyama M. Culture and egocentric perceptions of fairness in conflict and negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87:833-845.
30. Gelfand M.J., Raver J.L., Ehrhart K.H. Methodological issues in cross-cultural organizational research. Handbook of research methods in industrial and organizational psychology 2002, 216-246. Blackwell, Malden, MA. S.G. Rogelberg (Ed.).
31. Gelfand M.J., Realo A. Individualism-collectivism and accountability in intergroup negotiations. Journal of Applied Psychology 1999, 84:721-736.
32. Greenwood M.J. An analysis of the determinants of internal labor mobility in India. Annals of Regional Science 1971, 5:137-151.
33. Grover S.L., Crooker K.J. Who appreciates family responsive human resources policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personnel Psychology 1995, 48:271-288.
34. Hansen F. Currents in compensation and benefits. Compensation & Benefits Review 2004, 36(3):6-24.
35. Herrbach O., Mignonac K., Gatignon A.-L. Exploring the role of perceived organizational prestige on managers' turnover intentions. International Journal of Human Resource Management 2004, 15:1390-1407.
36. Hofstede G. Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values 1980, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
37. Hofstede G. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind 1991, McGraw-Hill, London, England.
38. Holland J.L. Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments 1985, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 2nd ed.
39. Hom P.W., Griffeth R.W. Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Applied Psychology 1991, 76:350-366.
40. Hom P.W., Kinicki A.J. Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44:975-987.
41. House R.J., Hanges P.J., Javidan M., Dorfman P., Gupta V. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
42. Judge T.A., Ilies R. Affect and job satisfaction: A study of their relationship at work and at home. Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:661-673.
43. Kakar S. The inner world: A psycho-analytic study of childhood and society in India 1978, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
44. Karren R.J., Graves L.M. Assessing person-organization fit in personnel selection: Guidelines for future research. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 1994, 2:146-156.
45. Kashima Y., Callan V.J. The Japanese workgroup. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1994, 4:606-649. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. 2nd ed. H.C. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette, L.M. Hough (Eds.).
46. The 2004 Call Centre Industry Study: Dynamic Asian markets 2004, Kelly Services, KellyConnect, Troy, MI.
47. Kirkman B.L., Shapiro D.L. The impact of team members' cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001, 32:597-617.
48. Kristof A.L. Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology 1996, 49:1-49.
49. Kristof-Brown A.L., Zimmerman R.D., Johnson E.C. Consequences of individuals' fit at work: A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit. Personnel Psychology 2005, 58:281-342.
50. Kwantes C.T. Organizational citizenship and withdrawal behaviors in the USA and India: Does commitment make a difference?. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2003, 3:5-26.
51. Lauver K.J., Kristof-Brown A. Distinguishing between employees' perception of person-job fit and person-organization fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior 2001, 59:454-470.
52. Lee K., Allen N.J., Meyer J.P., Rhee K.-Y. The three-component model of organisational commitment: An application to South Korea. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2001, 50:596-614.
53. Lee T.W., Maurer S. The effects of family structure on organizational commitment, intention to leave and voluntary turnover. Journal of Management Issues 1999, 11:493-513.
54. Lee T.W., Mitchell T.R., Sablynksi C.J., Burton J.P., Holtom B.C. The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal 2004, 47:711-722.
55. Lee T.W., Mowday R.T. Voluntarily leaving an organization: An empirical investigation of Steers and Mowday's model of turnover. Academy of Management Journal 1987, 30:721-743.
56. Leong F.T.L., Austin J.T., Sekaran U., Komarraju M. An evaluation of the cross-cultural validity of Holland's theory: Career choices by workers in India. Journal of Vocational Behavior 1998, 52:441-455.
57. Maertz C.P. Five antecedents neglected in employee turnover models: Identifying theoretical linkages to turnover for personality, culture, organizational performance, occupational attachment, and location attachment. Innovative theory and empirical research in employee turnover 2004, 105-151. Information Age, Greenwich, CT. R. Griffeth, P. Hom (Eds.).
58. Maertz C.P., Campion M.A. 25 years of voluntary turnover research: A review and critique. International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1998, 13:49-81. Wiley, New York, NY. C.L. Cooper, I.T. Robertson (Eds.).
59. Mallol C.M., Holtom B.C., Lee T.W. Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business and Psychology 2007, 22:35-44.
60. March J.G., Simon H.A. Organizations 1958, Wiley, New York, NY.
61. Markus H.R., Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review 1991, 98:224-253.
62. McPherson M., Smith-Lovin L., Brashears M.E. Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review 2006, 71:353-735.
63. Meir E.I., Yaari Y. The relationship between congruent specialty choice within occupations and satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior 1988, 33:99-117.
64. Menning G. Trust, entrepreneurship and development in Surat city, India. Ethnos 1997, 62:59-90.
65. Miller J.S., Hom P.W., Gomez-Mejia L.R. The high cost of low wages: Does maquiladora compensation reduce turnover?. Journal of International Business Studies 2001, 32:585-595.
66. Misra G. Culture and self: Implications for psychological inquiry. Journal of Indian Psychology 2001, 19:1-20.
67. Misra S., Ghosh R., Kanungo R.N. Measurement of family involvement: A cross-national study of managers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1990, 21:232-248.
68. Mitchell T.R., Holtom B.C., Lee T.W. How to keep your best employees: Developing an effective retention policy. Academy of Management Executive 2001, 4:96-108.
69. Mitchell T.R., Holtom B.C., Lee T.W., Sablynski C.J., Erez M. Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44:1102-1121.
70. Mitchell T.R., Lee T.W. The unfolding model of voluntary turnover and job embeddedness: Foundations for a comprehensive theory of attachment. Research in Organizational Behavior 2001, 23:189-246.
71. Mobley W.H. Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology 1977, 62:237-240.
72. Mobley W.H. Employee turnover: Causes, consequences and control 1982, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
73. Morrell S. North American call centers in 2006: The state of the industry 2006, Babel, Durham, England.
74. Mossholder K.W., Settoon R.P., Henagan S.C. Relational perspective on turnover: Examining structural, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors. Academy of Management Journal 2005, 48:607-618.
75. Munshi K., Rosenzweig M.R. Why is mobility in India so low? Social insurance, inequality, and growth (Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development Working Paper No. 097) 2005, Duke University, Durham, NC.
76. Oleski D., Subich L.M. Congruence and career change in employed adults. Journal of Vocational Behavior 1996, 49:221-229.
77. Orthner D.K., Pittman J.F. Family contributions to work commitment. Journal of Marriage & the Family 1986, 48:573-581.
78. Oyserman D., Coon H.M., Kemmelmeier M. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:3-72.
79. Paik Y., Teagarden M.B. Strategic international human resource management approaches in the maquiladora industry: A comparison of Japanese, Korean, and US firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management 1995, 6:568-587.
80. Parkes L.P., Bochner S., Schneider S.K. Person-organisation fit across cultures: An empirical investigation of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2001, 50:81-108.
81. Pastor J.-C., Meindl J.R., Mayo M.C. A network effects model of charisma attributions. Academy of Management Journal 2002, 45:410-420.
82. Paul J., Huws U. How can we help? Good practice in call-centre employment 2002, European Trade Union Confederation, Brussels, Belgium.
83. Pelled L.H., Xin K.R. Work values and their human resource management implications: A theoretical comparison of China, Mexico, and the United States. Journal of Applied Management Studies 1997, 6:185-198.
84. Posthuma R.A., Joplin J.R.W., Maertz C.P. Comparing the validity of turnover predictors in the United States and Mexico. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5:165-180.
85. Price J.L. The study of turnover 1977, Iowa State University Press, Ames.
86. Radhakrishnan P., Chan D.K.-S. Cultural differences in the relation between self-discrepancy and life satisfaction. International Journal of Psychology 1997, 32:387-398.
87. Ramamoorthy N., Carroll S.J. Individualism/collectivism orientations and reactions toward alternative human resource management practices. Human Relations 1998, 51:571-588.
88. Ranganathan A., Kuruvilla S. Employee turnover in the business process outsourcing industry in India. Management practices in high-tech environments 2008, 110-132. IGI Global, Hershey, PA. D. Jemielniak, J. Kociatkiewicz (Eds.).
89. Ratnam C.S.V. Economic liberalization and the transformation of industrial relations policies in India. Employment relations in growing Asian economies 1995, 220-281. Routledge, London, England. A. Verma, T.A. Kochan, R.D. Landbury (Eds.).
90. Rehu, M., Lusk, E. J., & Wolff, B. (2005, August). A performance motivator in one country, a non-motivator in another? An empirical study. Paper presented at the 65th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Honolulu, HI.
91. Rice R.E., Aydin C. Attitudes towards new organizational technology: Network proximity as a mechanism for social information processing. Administrative Science Quarterly 1991, 36:219-244.
92. Roy, S., Sharma, S., & Bhushan, V. (2005, July). Modelling and analysis of Indian outsourcing industry: A system dynamics approach. Paper presented at the 23rd international conference of the System Dynamics Society, Boston, Massachusetts.
93. Sekaran U. Are U.S. organizational concepts and measures transferable to another culture? An empirical investigation. Academy of Management Journal 1981, 24:409-417.
94. Sekiguchi T. The role of different types of person-organization fit in Japanese recruiters' judgments of applicant qualifications: An experimental policy-capturing investigation. Japanese Association of Industrial/Organizational Psychology Journal 2004, 17:51-63.
95. Shaffer M.A., Harrison D.A. Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignment: Work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel Psychology 1998, 51:87-118.
96. Sinha J.B.P. A cultural perspective on organizational behavior in India. New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology 1997, 53-74. New Lexington Press, San Francisco, CA. P.C. Earley, M. Erez (Eds.).
97. Sinha J.B.P., Kanungo R.N. Context sensitivity and balancing in Indian organizational behaviour. International Journal of Psychology 1997, 32:93-105.
98. Sinha J.B.P., Sinha D. Role of social values in Indian organizations. International Journal of Psychology 1990, 25:705-714.
99. Smart J.C. Academic subenvironments and differential patterns of self-perceived growth during college: A test of Holland's theory. Journal of College Student Development 1997, 38:68-72.
100. Steers R.M., Mowday R.T. Employee turnover and post-decision accommodation processes. Research in organizational behavior 1981, 3:235-281. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. L.L. Cummings, B.M. Staw (Eds.).
101. Triandis H.C. The analysis of subjective culture 1972, Wiley, New York, NY.
102. Triandis H.C. The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review 1989, 96:506-520.
103. Triandis H.C. Individualism and collectivism 1995, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
104. Triandis H.C., Bontempo R., Villareal M.J., Asai M., Lucca N. Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:32-338.
105. Triandis H.C., McCusker C., Hui C.H. Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:1006-1020.
106. Tripathi R.C. Interplay of values in the functioning of Indian organizations. International Journal of Psychology 1990, 25:715-734.
107. Vandenberg R.J., Lance C.E. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods 2000, 3:4-69.
108. Van de Vijver F.J.R., Leung K. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research 1997, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
109. Van de Vijver F., Leung K. Methods and data analysis of comparative research. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Vol. 1. Theory and method 1997, 257-300. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA. 2nd ed. J.W. Berry, Y.H. Poortinga, J. Pandey (Eds.).
110. Van Maanen J., Schein E.H. Toward a theory of organizational sociology. Research in organizational behavior 1979, 1:209-264. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. B.M. Staw (Ed.).
111. Wasti S.A. Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Test of an integrated model in the Turkish context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2002, 26:525-550.
112. Wasti S.A. The influence of cultural values on antecedents of organisational commitment: An individual-level analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2003, 52:533-554.
113. Wasti S.A. Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 2003, 76:303-321.
114. We build tomorrow's leaders 2004, November 3, [Interview with Mr. Ramanand, head, human resources, Vision Healthsource]. Retrieved from http://www.hinduonnet.com/jobs/0411/2004110300550900.htm.
115. Yamaguchi S., Gelfand M.J., Ohashi M.M., Zemba Y. The cultural psychology of control: Illusions of personal versus collective control in the United States and Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2005, 36:750-761.
116. Zhu Y., Nel P., Bhat R. A cross cultural study of communication strategies for building business relationships. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2006, 6:319-341.