Servant leadership as antecedent of trust in organizations

Leadership and Organization Development Journal

Volumn 31, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 643-663

  Senjaya, Sen ^a   Pekerti, Andre ^b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Leadership; Trust

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957320328     PISSN: 01437739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/01437731011079673     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Arnold, K., Barling, J. and Kelloway, K.E. (2001), "Transformational leadership or the iron cage? Which predicts trust, commitment and team efficacy?" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 315-20.
2. Atkinson, S. and Butcher, D. (2003), "Trust in managerial relationships" in Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18, pp. 282-304.
3. Autry, J.A. (2001), The Servant Leader, Prima, Roseville, CA.
4. Barnett, T. and Schubert, E. (2002), "Perceptions of the ethical work climate and covenantal relationship" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 279-90.
5. Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, Free Press, New York, NY.
6. Bass, B.M. (2000), "The future of leadership in learning organizations" in Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 18-40.
7. Bass, B.M. and Steidlmeier, P. (1999), "Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 181-217.
8. Bennis, W.G. and Nanus, B. (1985), Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
9. Bercerra, M. and Gupta, A.K. (2003), "Perceived trustworthiness within the organization: the moderating impact of communication frequency on trustor and trustee effects" in Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 32-44.
10. Beyer, J.M. (1999), "Taming and promoting charisma to change organizations" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 20, pp. 307-30.
11. Biberman, J. and Whittey, M. (1997), "A postmodern spiritual future for work" in Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 130-88.
12. Bigley, G.A. and Pearce, J.L. (1998), "Straining for shared meaning in organizational science: problems of trust and distrust" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 405-21.
13. Blunt, P. and Jones, M.L. (1997), "Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa" in Personnel Review, Vol. 26, Nos 1/2, pp. 6-23.
14. Bromiley, P. and Cummings, L.L. (1993), "Organizations with trust: theory and measurement", The 53rd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management Conference Proceedings in Atlanta, GA.
15. Bromley, D.G. and Busching, B.C. (1988), "Understanding the structure of contractual and covenantal social relations: implications for the sociology of religion" in Sociological Analysis, Vol. 49, pp. 15-32.
16. Brower, H.H., Schoorman, D.F. and Tan, H.H. (2000), "A model of relational leadership: the integration of trust and leader-member exchange" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 227-50.
17. Burke, C.S., Sims, D.E., Lazzara, E.H. and Salas, E. (2007), "Trust in leadership: a multi-level review and integration" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 606-32.
18. Burns, J.M. (1978), Leadership, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
19. Butler, J.K. Jr (1991), "Towards understanding and measuring conditions of trust: evolution of conditions for trust inventory" in Journal of Management, Vol. 17, pp. 643-63.
20. Butler, J.K. Jr, Cantrell, R.S. and Flick, R.J. (1999), "Transformational leadership behaviors, upward trust and satisfaction in self-managed work teams" in Organization Development Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 13-28.
21. Ciulla, J.B. (1995), "Leadership ethics: mapping the territory" in Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5-25.
22. Conger, J.A. (1994), Spirit at Work: Discovering the Spirituality in Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
23. Cook, J. and Wall, T. (1980), "New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment" in Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 53, pp. 39-52.
24. Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2003), Business Research Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
25. Daft, R.L. and Lengel, R.H. (2000), Fusion Leadership: Unlocking the Subtle Forces that Change People and Organizations, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.
26. Das, T.K. and Teng, B.S. (1998), "Between trust and control: developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 491-512.
27. De Pree, M. (1989), Leadership Is an Art, Dell Publishing, New York, NY.
28. De Pree, M. (1997), Leading without Power: Finding Hope in Serving Community, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
29. Dirks, K. and Ferrin, D. (2002), "Trust in leadership: meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 611-28.
30. Elazar, D.J. (1980), "The political theory of covenant: biblical origin and modern development" in Publius, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 3-30.
31. Everitt, B.S. (1996), Making Sense of Statistics in Psychology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
32. Fairholm, G.W. (1997), Capturing the Heart of Leadership: Spirituality and Community in the New American Workplace, Praeger, Westport, CT.
33. Fort, T.L. (1995), "The spirituality of solidarity and total quality management" in Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 3-21.
34. Fry, L.W. (2005), "Toward a theory of ethical and spiritual wellbeing, and corporate responsibility through spiritual leadership" in Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility, Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT, pp. 47-83.
35. Gambetta, D. (1988), "Can we trust trust?" in Gambetta, D. (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Basil Blackwell, New York, NY, pp. 213-38.
36. Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (2003), "Toward a science of workplace spirituality" in Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (Eds.), Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance, M.E. Sharpe, New York, NY, pp. 3-28.
37. Gillespie, N.A. and Mann, L. (2004), "Transformational leadership and values: the building-blocks of trust" in Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 588-607.
38. Gomez, C. and Rosen, B. (2001), "The leader-member exchange as a link between managerial trust and employee empowerment" in Group and Organization Management, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 53-69.
39. Graham, J. (1991), "Servant-leadership in organizations: inspirational and moral" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 105-19.
40. Graham, J.W. (1995), "Leadership, moral development, and citizenship behavior" in Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 43-54.
41. Graham, J.W. and Organ, D.W. (1993), "Commitment and covenantal organization" in Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 483-502.
42. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977), Servant Leadership, Paulist Press, Mahwah, NJ.
43. Hosmer, L.T. (1995), "Trust: the connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 379-403.
44. House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. and Gupta, V. (2004), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
45. Jaworski, J. (1997), "Destiny and the leader" in Spears, L.C. (Ed.), Insights on Servant Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant Leadership, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 258-68.
46. Jones, G.R. and George, J.M. (1998), "The experience and evolution of trust: implications for cooperation and teamwork" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 531-46.
47. Joseph, E.E. and Winston, B.E. (2005), "A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust, and organizational trust" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 6-22.
48. Jung, D.I. and Avolio, B.J. (2000), "Opening the black box: an experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, pp. 949-64.
49. Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L. and Muller, K. (1988), Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods, PWS-Kent, Boston, MA.
50. Levering, R. and Moskowitz, M. (2001), "The 100 best companies to work for in America", Fortune, 8 January.
51. Lewicki, R.J., Bunker, B.B., Associates (1995), "Trust in relationships: a model of development and decline" in Bunker, B.B. and Rubin, J.Z. (Eds.), Conflict, Cooperation, and Justice: Essay Inspired by the Work of Morton Deutsch, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 133-74.
52. Lewicki, R.J., McAllister, D.J. and Bies, D.J. (1998), "Trust and distrust: new relationships and realities" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 438-59.
53. Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao, H. and Henderson, D. (2005), "Development of a multidimensional measure of servant leadership", Southern Management Association Management Conference Proceedings.
54. Lowe, J. (1998), "Trust: the invaluable asset" Spears, L.C. (Ed.), Insights on Leadership, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
55. McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. (2003a), "Introduction to the special issue on trust in an organizational context" in Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-4.
56. McEvily, B., Perrone, V. and Zaheer, A. (2003b), "Trust as an organizing principle" in Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 91-103.
57. Madhok, A. (1995), "Revisiting multinational firms' tolerance for joint ventures: a trust-based approach" in Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 117-37.
58. Mayer, R.C. and Davis, J.H. (1999), "The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: a field quasi-experiment" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 123-36.
59. Mayer, R., Davis, J. and Schoorman, F. (1995), "An integrative model of organizational trust" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 709-34.
60. Melrose, K. (1995), Making the Grass Greener on your Side: A CEO's Journey to Leading by Serving, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.
61. Meyerson, D., Weick, K. and Kramer, R. (1996), "Swift trust and temporary groups" in Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, T.R. (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 166-95.
62. Mishra, A.K. (1996), "Organizational responses to crisis: the centrality of trust" in Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, T.R. (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 261-87.
63. Mitroff, I.I. and Denton, E.A. (1999), "A study of spirituality in the workplace" in Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40, pp. 83-92.
64. Nash, L. (1994), Believers in Business, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, TN.
65. Neck, C. and Milliman, J. (1999), "Thought self-leadership: finding spiritual fulfilment in organizational life" in Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 9, pp. 9-16.
66. Nunnally, J.C. (1978), Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
67. Palmer, P.J. (1998), "Leading from within" in Spears, L.C. (Ed.), Insights on Leadership Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant Leadership, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 197-208.
68. Paloutzian, R. and Clark, C. (2005), Handbook of Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
69. Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. and Williams, E. (1999), "Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: a two-sample study" in Journal of Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 897-933.
70. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Bommer, W.H. (1996), "Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviors" in Journal of Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 259-98.
71. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Moorman, R.H. and Fetter, R. (1990), "Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 107-42.
72. Price, T.L. (2003), "The ethics of authentic transformational leadership" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 67-81.
73. Rotter, J.B. (1967), "Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust" in American Psychologist, Vol. 35, pp. 1-7.
74. Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S. and Camerer, C. (1998), "Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 393-404.
75. Russell, R.F. (2001), "The role of values in servant leadership" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 76-83.
76. Russell, R.F. and Stone, A.G. (2002), "A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 145-7.
77. Sendjaya, S. (2005), "Morality and leadership: examining the ethics of transformational leadership" in Journal of Academic Ethics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 75-86.
78. Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J.C. and Santora, J.C. (2008), "Defining and measuring servant leadership behavior in organizations" in Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 402-24.
79. Sergiovanni, T.J. (1992), Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
80. Shahin, A.I. and Wright, P.L. (2004), "Leadership in the context of culture: an Egyptian perspective" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 499-511.
81. Sheppard, B.H. and Tuchinsky, M. (1996), "Micro-OB and the network organization" in Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, T.R. (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 140-65.
82. Shockley-Zalabak, P., Ellis, K. and Winograd, G. (2000), "Organizational trust: what it means and why it matters" in Organization Development Journal, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 35-49.
83. Tan, H.H. and Tan, C.S. (2000), "Toward the differentiation of trust in supervisor and trust in organization" in Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 241-60.
84. Tsui, A.S., Nifadkar, S.S. and Ou, A.Y. (2007), "Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: advances, gaps, and recommendations" in Journal of Management, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 426-78.
85. Van Dyne, L., Graham, J.W. and Dienesch, R.M. (1994), "Organizational citizenship behavior: construct redefinition, measurement, and validation" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765-92.
86. Whitener, E., Brodt, S., Korsgaard, M.A. and Werner, J.M. (1998), "Managers as initiators of trust: an exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 513-30.
87. Wicks, A.C., Berman, S.L. and Jones, T.M. (1999), "The structure of optimal trust: moral and strategic implications" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 99-116.
88. Wilkes, C.G. (1998), Jesus on Leadership: Discovering the Secrets of Servant Leadership from the Life of Christ, Tyndale House, Wheaton, IL.
89. Yukl, G. (1990), Leadership in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
90. Aubert, B.A. and Kelsey, B.L. (2003), "Further understanding of trust and performance in virtual teams" in Small Group Research, Vol. 34, pp. 575-618.
91. Brewer, J. and Hunter, A. (1989), Multimethod Research: A Synthesis of Styles, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
92. Bryman, A. (1988), Quantity and Quality in Social Research, Unwin Hyman, London.
93. Campbell, D.T. and Fiske, D.W. (1959), "Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 56, pp. 81-105.
94. Churchill, G.A. Jr (1979), "A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs" in Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 16, pp. 64-73.
95. Darlington, R.B. (1968), "Multiple regression in psychological research and practice" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 69, pp. 161-82.
96. Dawis, R.V. (1987), "Scale construction" in Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 481-9.
97. DeVellis, R.F. (1991), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
98. Denzin, N.K. (1970), Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook, Aldine, Chicago, IL.
99. Emory, W.C. (1980), Business Research Methods, Richard Irwin, Homewood, IL.
100. Gini, A. (1995), "Too much to say about something" in Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 143-55.
101. Graham, J.W. (1988), "Transformational leadership: fostering follower autonomy, not automatic followership" in Hunt, J.G., Baliga, B.R., Dachler, H.P. and Schriesheim, C.A. (Eds.), Emerging Leadership Vistas, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, pp. 73-9.
102. Heimer, C. (2001), "Solving the problem of trust" in Cook, K.S. (Ed.), Trust in Society, Vol. 2, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, pp. 40-88, Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust.
103. Hinkin, T.R. (1995), "A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations" in Journal of Management, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 967-88.
104. Kramer, M. and Tyler, T.R. (1996), "Trust in organizations: frontiers of theory and research" in Kramer, M. and Tyler, T.R. (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 261-87.
105. Northouse, P.G. (1997), Leadership: Theory and Practice, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
106. Peterson, R.S. and Behfar, K.J. (2003), "The dynamic relationship between performance feedback, trust and conflict in groups: a longitudinal study" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 92, pp. 102-12.
107. Schwab, D.P. (1980), "Construct validity in organizational behavior" in Cummings, L.L. and Staw, B.M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 2, 3-43.
108. Sendjaya, S. and Sarros, J.C. (2002), "Servant leadership: charting its origin, development, and application in the organization" in Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 57-64.
109. Smith, B.N., Montagno, R.V. and Kuzmenko, T.N. (2004), "Transformational and servant leadership: content and contextual comparisons" in Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 80-92.
110. Stone, A.G., Russel, R.F. and Patterson, K. (2004), "Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 349-61.
111. Zucker, L.G. (1986), "Production of trust: institutional sources of economic structure" in Staw, B.M. and Cummings, L.L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 8, 53-111.