Manipulation of the elastic modulus of polymers at the nanoscale: Influence of UV-ozone cross-linking and plasticizer

ACS Nano

Volumn 4, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 5357-5365

  Torres, Jessica M ^a   Stafford, Christopher M ^b   Vogt, Bryan D ^a  

^a Arizona State University   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

confinement; elastic modulus; polymers; surface modification; thin films; wrinkling

Indexed keywords

CONFINEMENT; CRITICAL LENGTH; DIOCTYL PHTHALATE; EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES; HIGH MOLECULAR MASS; LOW MOLECULAR MASS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS; NANO SCALE; NEAR SURFACE REGIONS; POLYMER MATERIALS; SURFACE MODIFICATION; THICKNESS DEPENDENCE; ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT; UV-OZONE; WRINKLING;

ELASTIC MODULI; ESTERS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MECHANICAL STABILITY; MEDICAL PROBLEMS; MOLECULAR MASS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOSTRUCTURES; OZONE; PLASTICIZERS; POLYMER FILMS; REINFORCED PLASTICS; SURFACES; THIN FILMS; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VAPOR DEPOSITION;

POLYMERS;

EID: 77957302780     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn100720z     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Autumn, K.; Liang, Y. A.; Hsieh, S. T.; Zesch, W.; Chan, W. P.; Kenny, T. W.; Fearing, R.; Full, R. J. Adhesive Force of a Single Gecko Foot-Hair Nature 2000, 405, 681-685
2. Geim, A. K.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Novoselov, K. S.; Zhukov, A. A.; Shapoval, S. Y. Microfabricated Adhesive Mimicking Gecko Foot-Hair Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 461-463
3. Blossey, R. Self-Cleaning Surfaces-Virtual Realities Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 301-306
4. Cheng, Y. T.; Rodak, D. E.; Wong, C. A.; Hayden, C. A. Effects of Micro- and Nano-structures on the Self-Cleaning Behavior of Lotus Leaves Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 1359-1362
5. Feng, L.; Li, S.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhai, J.; Song, Z. Y.; Jiang, L. L.; Zhu, D. Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces: From Natural to Artificial Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1857-1860
6. Carman, M. L.; Estes, T. G.; Feinber, A. W.; Schumacher, J. F.; Wilkerson, W.; Wilson, L. H.; Callow, M. E.; Callow, J. A.; Brennan, A. B. Engineered Antifouling Microtopographies-Correlating Wettability with Cell Attachment Biofouling 2006, 22, 11-21
7. Ahmand, C. S.; Gerdner, T. R.; Groh, M.; Arnouk, J.; Levine, W. N. Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissue Femoral Fixation Devices for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Am. J. Sports Med. 2004, 32, 635-640
8. Espinosa, H. D.; Prorok, B. C.; Fischer, M. A Methodology for Determining Mechanical Properties of Freestanding Thin Films and MEMS Materials J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2002, 51, 47-67
9. Kim, J. S.; Granstrom, M. Indium-Tin Oxide Treatments for Single-and Double-Layer Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes: The Relation between the Anode Physical, Chemical, and Morphological Properties and the Device Performance J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 84, 6859-6870
10. Ozin, G. A.; Yang, S. M. The Race for the Photonic Chip: Colloidal Crystal Assembly in Silicon Wafers Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001, 11, 95-104
11. Hartschuh, R.; Ding, Y.; Roh, J. H.; Kisliuk, A.; Sokolov, A. P.; Soles, C. L.; Jones, R. L.; Hu, T. J.; Wu, W. L.; Mahorowala, A. P. Brillouin Scattering Studies of Polymeric Nanostructures J. Polym. Sci., Part B 2004, 42, 1106-1113
12. Wung, C. J.; Pang, Y.; Prasad, P. N.; Karasz, F. E. Poly(p -phenylene vinylene)-Silica Composite: A Novel Sol-Gel Processed Non-linear Optical Material for Optical Waveguides Polymer 1991, 32, 605-608
13. Lei, J.; Fan, J.; Yu, C. Z.; Zhang, L. Y.; Jiang, S. Y.; Tu, B.; Zhao, D. Y. Immobilization of Enzymes in Mesoporous Materials: Controlling the Entrance to Nanospace Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2004, 73, 121-128
14. Ellison, C. J.; Torkelson, J. M. The Distribution of Glass-Transition Temperatures in Nanoscopically Confined Glass Formers Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 695-700
15. Forrest, J. A.; Mattsson, J. Reductions of the Glass Transition Temperature in Thin Polymer Films: Probing the Length Scale of Cooperative Dynamics Phys. Rev. E 2000, 61, R53-R56
16. Keddie, J. L.; Jones, R. A. L. Size-Dependent Depression of the Glass Transition Temperature in Polymer Films Europhys. Lett. 1994, 27, 59-64
17. Kim, J. H.; Jang, J.; Zin, W. C. Estimation of the Thickness Dependence of the Glass Transition Temperature in Various Thin Polymer Films Langmuir 2000, 16, 4064-4067
18. Torres, J. A.; Nealey, P. F.; de Pablo, J. J. Molecular Simulation of Ultrathin Polymeric Films near the Glass Transition Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 3221-3224
19. Tweedie, C. A.; Constantinides, G.; Lehman, K. E.; Brill, D. J.; Blackman, G. S.; Van Vliet, K. J. Enhanced Stiffness of Amorphous Polymer Surfaces under Confinement of Localized Contact Loads Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 2540-2546
20. Stafford, C. M.; Vogt, B. D.; Harrison, C.; Julthongpiput, D.; Huang, R. Elastic Moduli of Ultrathin Amorphous Polymer Films Macromolecules 2006, 39, 5095-5099
21. Torres, J. M.; Stafford, C. M.; Vogt, B. D. Elastic Modulus of Amorphous Polymer Thin Films: Relationship to the Glass Transition Temperature ACS Nano 2009, 3, 2677-2685
22. Miyake, K.; Satomi, N.; Sasaki, S. Elastic Modulus of Polystyrene Film from Near Surface to Bulk Measured by Nanoindentation Using Atomic Force Microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 031925
23. Meyers, G. F.; Dekoven, B. M.; Seitz, J. T. Is the Molecular Surface of Polystyrene Really Glassy? Langmuir 1992, 8, 2330-2335
24. Forrest, J. A.; Dalnoki-Veress, K.; Dutcher, J. R. Brillouin Light Scattering Studies of the Mechanical Properties of Thin Freely Standing Polystyrene Films Phys. Rev. E 1998, 58, 6109-6114
25. OConnell, P. A.; McKenna, G. B. Rheological Measurements of the Thermoviscoelastic Response of Ultrathin Polymer Films Science 2005, 307, 1760-1763
26. OConnell, P. A.; Hutcheson, S. A.; McKenna, G. B. Creep Behavior of Ultrathin Polymer Films J. Polym. Sci., Part B 2008, 46, 1952-1965
27. Alcoutlabi, M.; McKenna, G. B. Effects of Confinement on Material Behavior at the Nanometer Size Scale J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2005, 17, R461-R524
28. Tsui, O. K. C.; Russell, T. P.; Hawker, C. J. Effect of Interfacial Interactions on the Glass Transition of Polymer Thin Films Macromolecules 2001, 34, 5535-5539
29. Stoykovich, M. P.; Yoshimoto, K.; Nealey, P. F. Mechanical Properties of Polymer Nanostructures: Measurements Based on Deformation in Response to Capillary Forces Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2008, 90, 277-283
30. Bohme, T. R.; de Pablo, J. J. Evidence for Size-Dependent Mechanical Properties from Simulations of Nanoscopic Polymeric Structures J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 9939-9951
31. Torres, J. M.; Stafford, C. M.; Vogt, B. D. Impact of Molecular Mass on the Elastic Modulus of Thin Polystyrene Films. Polymer 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.003.
32. Forrest, J. A.; Dalnoki Veress, K.; Stevens, J. R.; Dutcher, J. R. Effect of Free Surfaces on the Glass Transition Temperature of Thin Polymer Films Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 2002-2005
33. Pu, Y.; Rafailovich, M. H.; Sokolov, J.; Gersappe, D.; Peterson, T.; Wu, W. L.; Schwarz, S. A. Mobility of Polymer Chains Confined at a Free Surface Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 87, 206101
34. Chakravartula, A.; Komvopoulos, K. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Surfaces Investigated by Nanoscale Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 131901
35. Knoll, A.; Wiesmann, D.; Gotsmann, B.; Duerig, U. Relaxation Kinetics of Nanoscale Indents in a Polymer Glass Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 102, 117801
36. Qi, D.; Fakhraai, Z.; Forrest, J. A. Substrate and Chain Size Dependence of Near Surface Dynamics of Glassy Polymers Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 096101
37. Fakhraai, Z.; Forrest, J. A. Measuring the Surface Dynamics of Glassy Polymers Science 2008, 319, 600-604
38. Wallace, W. E.; Fischer, D. A.; Efimenko, K.; Wu, W. L.; Genzer, J. Polymer Chain Relaxation: Surface Outpaces Bulk Macromolecules 2001, 34, 5081-5082
39. Mundra, M. K.; Donthu, S. K.; Dravid, V. P.; Torkelson, J. M. Effect of Spatial Confinement on the Glass-Transition Temperature of Patterned Polymer Nanostructures Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 713-718
40. Lee, K.; Pan, F.; Carroll, G. T.; Turro, N. J.; Koberstein, J. T. Photolithographic Technique for Direct Photochemical Modification and Chemical Micropatterning of Surfaces Langmuir 2004, 20, 1812-1818
41. Klein, R. J.; Fischer, D. A.; Lenhart, J. L. Systematic Oxidation of Polystyrene by Ultraviolet-Ozone, Characterized by Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Contact Angle Langmuir 2008, 24, 8187-8197
42. Teare, D. O. H.; That-Ton, C.; Bradley, R. H. Surface Characterization and Ageing of Ultraviolet-Ozone-Treated Polymers Using Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Surf. Interface Anal. 2000, 29, 276-283
43. Riggleman, R. A.; Yoshimoto, K.; Douglas, J. F.; de Pablo, J. J. Influence of Confinement on the Fragility of Antiplasticized and Pure Polymer Films Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 045502
44. Riggleman, R. A.; Douglas, J. F.; de Pablo, J. J. Tuning Polymer Melt Fragility with Antiplasticizer Additives J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 126, 234903
45. Delcambre, S. P.; Riggleman, R. A.; de Pablo, J. J.; Nealey, P. F. Mechanical Properties of Antiplasticized Polymer Nanostructures Soft Matter 2010, 6, 2475-2483
46. Tan, L.; Kong, Y. P.; Pang, S. W.; Yee, A. F. Imprinting of Polymer at Low Temperature and Pressure J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 2004, 22, 2486-2492
47. Ellison, C. J.; Ruszkowski, R. L.; Fredin, N. J.; Torkelson, J. M. Dramatic Reduction of the Effect of Nanoconfinement on the Glass Transition of Polymer Films via Addition of Small-Molecule Diluent Phys. Rev. Lett. 2004, 92, 095702
48. Stafford, C. M.; Harrison, C.; Beers, K. L.; Karim, A.; Amis, E. J.; Vanlandingham, M. R.; Kim, H. C.; Volksen, W.; Miller, R. D.; Simonyi, E. E. A Buckling-Based Metrology for Measuring the Elastic Moduli of Polymeric Thin Films Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 545-550
49. Huang, R.; Stafford, C. M.; Vogt, B. D. Effect of Surface Properties on Wrinkling of Ultrathin Films J. Aerospace Eng. 2007, 20, 38-44
50. Priestley, R. D.; Ellison, C. J.; Broadbelt, L. J.; Torkelson, J. M. Structural Relaxation of Polymer Glasses at Surfaces, Interfaces, and In Between Science 2005, 309, 456-459
51. Efremov, M. Y.; Olson, E. A.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Allen, L. H. Glass Transition in Ultrathin Polymer Films: Calorimetric Study Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 085703
52. Ellison, C. J.; Mundra, M. K.; Torkelson, J. M. Impacts of Polystyrene Molecular Weight and Modification to the Repeat Unit Structure on the Glass Transition-Nanoconfinement Effect and the Cooperativity Length Scale Macromolecules 2005, 38, 1767-1778
53. Callen, B. W.; Ridge, M. L.; Lahooti, S.; Neumann, A. W.; Sodhi, R. N. S. Remote Plasma and Ultraviolet-Ozone Modification of Polystyrene J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 1995, 13, 2023-2029
54. Nie, N. Y.; Wlazak, M. J.; Berno, B.; McIntyre, N. S. Atomic Force Microscopy of Polypropylene Surfaces Treated by UV and Ozone Exposure: Modification of Morphology and Adhesion Force Appl. Surf. Sci. 1999, 144-145, 627-632
55. Zhang, R.; Cherdhirankorn, T.; Graf, K.; Koynov, K.; Berger, R. Swelling of Cross-Linked Polystyrene Beads in Toluene Microelectron. Eng. 2008, 85, 1261-1264
56. Zhang, D.; Dougal, S. M.; Yeganeh, M. S. Effects of UV Irradiation and Plasma Treatment on a Polystyrene Surface Studied by IR-Visible Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy Langmuir 2000, 16, 4528-4532
57. Otocka, E. P.; Curran, S.; Porter, R. S. Photo-oxidation of Polystyrene-Irradiation at 254 and 365 nm J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983, 28, 3227-3233
58. Efimenko, K.; Wallace, W. E.; Genzer, J. Surface Modification of Sylgard-184 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Networks by Ultraviolet and Ultraviolet/Ozone Treatment J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 254, 306-315
59. Thurn-Albrecht, T.; Schotter, J.; Kastle, C. A.; Emley, N.; Shibauchi, T.; Krusin-Elbaum, L.; Guarini, K.; Black, C. T.; Tuominen, M. T.; Russell, T. P. Ultrahigh-Density Nanowire Arrays Grown in Self-Assembled Diblock Copolymer Templates Science 2000, 290, 2126-2129
60. Choi, J. O.; Moore, J. A.; Correlli, J. C.; Silverman, J. P. Degradation of Poly(methylmethacrylate) by Deep Ultraviolet, X-ray, Electron Beam, and Proton Beam Irradiations J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 1988, 6, 2286-2289
61. Lee, E. H.; Mansur, L. K. LET Effect on Cross-Linking and Scission Mechanisms of PMMA During Irradiation Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1999, 55, 293-305
62. Jackson, W. J.; Caldwell, J. R. Antiplasticization 0.2. Characteristics of Antiplasticizers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1967, 11, 211-226
63. Jackson, W. J.; Caldwell, J. R. Antiplasticization 0.3. Characteristics and Properties of Antiplasticizable Polymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1967, 11, 227-244
64. Zerda, A. S.; Lesser, A. J. Organophosphorous Additive for Fortification, Processibility, and Flame Retardance of Epoxy Resins J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 84, 302-309
65. Cowie, J. M. G. Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials; Thornes: Cheltenham, UK, 1998.
66. Ferry, J. D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1980.
67. 2 J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1985, 30, 2633-2642
68. Gottlieb, M.; Gaylord, R. J. Experimental Tests of Entanglement Models of Rubber Elasticity 2. Swelling Macromolecules 1984, 17, 2024-2030
69. Stafford, C. M.; Guo, S.; Harrison, C.; Chiang, M. Y. M. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Measurements of the Modulus of Thin Polymer Films Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2005, 76, 062207