Microfluidic systems for biosensing

Sensors

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 6623-6661

  Liu, Kuo Kang ^a   Wu, Ren Guei ^b   Chuang, Yun Ju ^c   Khoo, Hwa Seng ^b   Huang, Shih Hao ^d   Tseng, Fan Gang ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c MING CHUAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^e RESEARCH CENTER FOR APPLIED SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Droplet based; Drug delivery; Lab on a chip; Mems; Micro total analysis systems ( tas); Microfluidic; Stem cell; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES; BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS; DROPLET-BASED; IN-SITU MONITORING; MICRO FLUIDIC SYSTEM; MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; SENSING TECHNIQUES;

DRUG DELIVERY; LAB-ON-A-CHIP; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; MEMS; MICROFLUIDICS; PURIFICATION; SENSORS; STEM CELLS;

TISSUE ENGINEERING;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENETIC PROCEDURES; INSTRUMENTATION; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROFLUIDICS; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROFLUIDICS; STEM CELLS; TISSUE ENGINEERING;

EID: 77957110430     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s100706623     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Squires, T.M.; Quake, S.R. Microfluidics: fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2005, 77, 977-1026.
2. Bringer, M.R.; Gerdts, C.J.; Song, H.; Tice, J.D.; Ismagilov, R.F. Microfluidic systems for chemical kinetics that rely on chaotic mixing in droplets. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 2004, 362, 1087-1104.
3. Weibel, D.B.; Whitesides, G.M. Applications of microfluidics in chemical biology. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2006, 10, 584-591.
4. Breslauer, D.N.; Lee, P.J.; Lee, L.P. Microfluidics-based system biology. Mol. Biosyst. 2006, 2, 97-112.
5. Hong, J.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Micro-and nanofluidic systems for high-throughput biological screening. Drug Discovery Today. 2009, 14, 134-146.
6. Sato, K.; Mawatari, K.; Kitamori, T. Microchip-based cell analysis and clinical diagnosis system. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1992-1998.
7. Gardeniers, J.G.E.; Berg, A.v.d. Lab-on-a-chip systems for biomedical and environmental monitoring. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 378, 1700-1703.
8. Harrison, D.J.; Fluri, K.; Seiler, K.; Fan, Z.; Effenhauser C.S.; Manz, A. Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip. Science 1993, 261, 895-897.
9. Andersson, H.; Berg, A.v.d. Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004, 15, 44-49.
10. Marcus, J.S.; Anderson W.F.; Quake S.R. Parallel picoliter RT-PCR assays using microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 956-958.
11. Tice, J.D.; Song, H.; Lyon, A.D.; Ismagilov, R.F. Formation of droplets and mixing in multiphase microfluidics at low values of the Reynolds and the capillary numbers. Langmuir. 2003, 19, 9127-9133.
12. Huebner, A.; Srisa-Art, M.; Holt, D.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F.; deMello, A.J.; Edel, J.B. Quantitative detection of protein expression in single cells using droplet microfluidics. Chem. Commun. 2007, 1218-1220.
13. Kelly, B.T.; Baret J.C.; Taly, V.; Griffiths, A.D. Miniaturizing chemistry and biology in microdroplets. Chem. Commun. 2007, 1773-1788.
14. Truong, T.Q.; Nguyen, N.T. A polymeric piezoelectric micropumps based on lamination technology. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 14, 632-638.
15. Cho, S.K.; Moon, H.; Kim, C.J. Creating, transporting, cutting, and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation for digital microfluidic circuits. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 1270-1280.
16. Lacharme, F.; Gijs, M.A.M. Pressure injection in continuous sample flow electrophoresis microchips. Sens. Actuator. A. 2006, 117, 384-390.
17. Darabi, J.; Rada, M.; Ohadi, M.; Lawler, J. Design, fabrication, and testing of an electrohydrodynamic ion-drag micropump. J. Microelectomech. Syst. 2002, 11, 684-690.
18. Jones, T.B. Liquid dielectrophoresis on the microscale. J. Electrostat. 2001, 51/52, 290-299
19. Pollack, M.G.; Fair, R.B.; Shenderov, A.D. Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1725-1727.
20. Pollack, M.G.; Shenderov, A.D.; Fair, R.B. Electrowetting-based actuation of droplets for integrated microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2002, 2, 96
21. Torkkeli, A.; Saarilahti, J.; Haara, A.; Harma, H.; Soukka, T.; Tolonen, P. Electrostatic transportation of water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces In The 14th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems: MEMS 2001, Interlaken, Switzerland, January 2001; pp. 475-478.
22. Mugele F.; Herminghaus, S. Electrostatic stabilization of fluid microstructures. App. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 2303-2305.
23. Linder, V.; Sia, S.K.; Whitesides, G.M. Reagent-loaded cartridges for valveless and automated fluid delivery in microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 64-71.
24. Marmottant, P.; Hilgenfeldt, S. A bubble-driven microfluidic transport element for bioengineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004, 101, 9523-9527.
25. Jun, T.K.; Kim, C.J. Valveless pumping using traversing vapor bubbles in microchannels. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 5658-5664.
26. Huh, D.; Tkaczyk, A.H.; Bahng, J.H.; Chang, Y.; Wei, H.H.; Grotberg, J.B.; Kim, C.J.; Kurabayashi, K.; Takayama, S.J. Reversible switching of high-speed air-liquid two-phase flows using electrowetting-assisted flow-pattern change. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14678-14679.
27. Gallardo, B.S.; Gupta, V.K.; Eagerton, F.D.; Jong, L.I.; Craig, V.S.; Shah R.R.; Abbott, N.L. Electrochemical principles for active control of liquids on submillimeter scales. Science 1999, 283, 57-60.
28. Green, N.G.; Ramos, A.; Gonzalez, A.; Morgan, H.; Castellanos, A. Fluid flow induced by nonuniform ac electric field in electrolytes on microelectrodes: I. Experimental measurements. Phys. Rev. E. 2000, 61, 4011-4018.
29. Brown, A.B.; Smith, C.G.; Rennie, A.R. Pumping of water with ac electric fields applied to asymmetric pairs of microelectrodes. Phys. Rev. E. 2000, 63, 16305
30. Moorthy, J.; Mensing, G.A.; Kim, D.; Mohanty, S.; Eddington, D.T.; Tepp, W.H.; Johnson, E.A.; Beebe, D.J. Microfluidic tectonics platform: A colorimetric, disposable botulinum toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 1705-1713.
31. Zhu, X.; Phadke, N.; Chang, J.; Cho, B.; Huh, D.; Takayama, S. Gravity-Driven Microfluidic Pump with a Steady Flow Rate. In Proceedings of the Micro Total Analysis Systems. Nara, Japan, November 2002; pp. 151-153.
32. Huh, D.; Wei, H.H.; Kripfgans, O.D.; Fowlkes, J.B.; Grotberg, J.B.; Takayama, S. Gravity-Driven Microhydrodynamics-Based Cell Sorter (microHYCS) for Rapid, Inexpensive, and Efficient Cell Separation and Size-Profiling. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE-EMBS Special Topics Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology, Madison, WI, USA, May 2002; pp. 466-469.
33. Su, Y.C.; Lin, L.W. A water-powered micro drug delivery system. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004, 13. 75-82.
34. Su, Y.C.; Lin, L.W.; Pisano, A.P. A water-powered osmotic microactuator. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2002, 11, 736-742.
35. Effenhauser, C.S.; Harttig, H.; Kramer, P. An evaporating-based disposable micropump concept for continuous monitoring applications. Biomed. Microdevices. 2002, 4, 27-32.
36. Eddington, D.T.; Beebe, D.J.; A valved responsive hydrogel microdispensing device with integrated pressure source. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004, 13, 586-593.
37. Brian T.; Christopher, N.; Davis, R.H. An effervescent reaction micropump for portable microfluidic systems. Lab Chip. 2006, 6, 659-666.
38. Bien, D.C.S.; Mitchell, S.J.N.; Gamble, H.S.; Fabrication and characterization of a micromachined passive valve. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 13, 557-562.
39. Nguyen, N.T.; Truong, T.Q.; Wong, K.K.; Ho, S.S.; Low-N, C.L. Micro check valves for integration into polymeric microfluidic devices. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2004, 14, 69-75.
40. Bien, D.C.S.; Mitchell, S.J.N.; Gamble, H.S. Fabrication and characterization of a micromachined passive valve. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2003, 13, 557-562.
41. Yamahata, C.; Lacharme, F.; Burri, Y.; Gijs, M.A.M. A ball valve micropump in glass fabricated by powder blasting. Sens. Actuator. B. 2005, 110, 1-7.
42. Pan, T.; McDonald S.J.; Kai E.M.; Ziaie, B. A magnetically driven PDMS micropump with ball check-valves. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2005, 15, 1021-1026.
43. Stemme, E.; Stemme, G. A valveless diffuser/nozzle-based fluid pump. Sens. Actuator. A. 1993, 39, 159-167.
44. Gerlach, T. Microdiffusers as dynamic passive valves for micropump applications. Sens. Actuator. A. 1998, 69, 181-191.
45. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Nilsson, P.; Enoksson, P.; Stemme, G. A valve-less diffuser micropump for microfluidic analytical systems. Sens. Actuator. B. 2001, 72, 259-265.
46. Jang, W.I.; Choi, C.A.; Jun, C.H.; Kima, Y.T.; Esashi, M. Surface micromachined thermally driven micropump. Sens. Actuator. A. 2004, 115, 151-158.
47. Koch, M.; Evans A.G.R.; Brunnschweiler A. The dynamic micropump driven with a screen printed PZT actuator. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1998, 8, 119-122.
48. Morris, C.J.; Forster, F.K. Low-order modeling of resonance for fixed-valve micropumps based on first principles pump. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 12, 325-334.
49. Feldt, C.; Chew, L. Geometry-based macro-tool evaluation of non-moving-part valvular microchannels. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2002, 12, 662-669.
50. Yamada, M.; Seki, M. Nanoliter-sized liquid dispenser array for multiple biochemical analysis in microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 895-899.
51. Melin, J.; Roxhed, N.; Gimenez, G.; Griss, P.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Stemme, G. A liquid-triggered liquid microvalve for on-chip flow control. Sens. Actuators B. 2004, 100, 463-468.
52. Leu, T.S.; Chang, P.Y. Pressure barrier of capillary stop valves in micro sample separators. Sens. Actuators A. 2004, 115, 508-515.
53. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Griss, P.; Niklaus F.; Stemme, G. Hydrophobic valves of plasma deposited octafluorocyclobutane in DRIE channels. Sens. Actuators B. 2001, 75, 136-141.
54. Andersson, H.; Wijngaart, W.v.d.; Stemme, G. Micromachined filter-chamber array with passive valves for biochemical assays on beads. Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 249-257.
55. Kamholz, A.E.; Weigl, B.H.; Finlayso B.A.; Yager P. Quantitative analysis of molecular interactive in microfluidic channel: the T-sensor. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 5340-5347.
56. Kamholz, A.E.; Yager, P. Molecular diffusive scaling laws in pressure-driven microfluidic channels: deviation from one-dimensional Einstein approximations. Sens. Actuators B. 2002, 82, 117-121.
57. Ismagilov, R.F.; Stroock, A.D.; Kenis, P.J.A.; Whitesides G. M.; Stone, H. A. Experimental and theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive broadening in two-phase laminar flows in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 2376-2378.
58. Veenstra, T.T.; Lammerink, T.S.J.; Elwenspoek, M.C.; Berg, A.v.d. Characterization method for a new diffusion mixer applicable in micro flow injection analysis systems. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 199-202.
59. Jackman, R.J.; Floyd, T.M.; Ghodssi, R.; Schmidt M.A.; Jensen, K.F. Microfluidic systems with on-line UV detection fabricated in photodefineable epoxy. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2001, 11, 263-269.
60. Koch, M.; Witt, H.; Evans, A.G.R.; Brunnschweiler, A. Improved characterization technique for micromixers. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 156-158.
61. Wang, H.; Iovenitti, P.; Harvey, E.; Masood, S. Optimizing layout of obstacles for enhanced mixing in microchannels. Smart Mater. Struct. 2002, 11, 662-667.
62. Johnson, T.J.; Ross, D.; Locascio, L.E. Rapid microfluidic mixing. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 45-51.
63. Stroock, A.D.; Dertinger, S.K.W.; Ajdari, A.; Mezi, I.; Stone, H.A.; Whitesides, G.M. Chaotic mixer for microchannels. Science 2002, 295, 647-651.
64. Yager, P.; Brody, J.P. Diffusion-based extraction in a microfabricated device. Sens. Actuator. 1997, 58, 13-18.
65. Wu, R.G.; Yang, C.S.; Wang, P.C.; Tseng, F.G. Nanostructured pillars based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as the stationary phase in micro-CEC. Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 2025-2031.
66. Wu, R.G.; Yang, C.S.; Lian, C.K.; Chieng, C.C.; Tseng, F.G. Dual-Asymmetry Electrokinetic Flow (DAEKF) Focusing for Pre-concentration and Analysis of Catecholamines in CEEC Nanochannels. Electrophoresis 2009, 12, 2025.
67. Sharma, N.R.; Lukyanov, A.; Bardell, R.L.; Seifried, L.; Shen, M. Development of an evaporation-based microfluidic sample concentrator. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Boston, MA, USA, January 2008, 6886, 68860R1-9.
68. Atencia, J.; Beebe, D.J. Controlled microfluidic interfaces. Nature 2005, 437, 648-655.
69. Huebner, A.; Sharma, S.; Srisa-Art, M.; Hollfelder, F.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Microdroplets: a sea of applications? Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1244-1254.
70. Teh, S.Y.; Lin, R.; Hung, L.H.; Lee, A.P. Droplet microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 198-220.
71. Zhang, Y.; Ozdemir, P. Microfluidic DNA amplification- a review. Anal. Chem. Act. 2009, 638, 115-125.
72. Song, H.; Chen, D.L.; Ismagilov, R.F. Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7336-7356.
73. Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 652-656.
74. Lee, Y.F.; Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Investigating the target recognition of DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase HhaI by library selection using in vitro compartmentalization. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 4937-4944.
75. Agresti, J.J.; Kelly, B.T.; Jäschke, A.; Griffiths, A.D. Selection of ribozymes that catalyse multiple-turnover Diels-Alder cycloadditions by using in vitro compartmentalization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005, 102, 16170-16175.
76. Ying, L.; Bruckbauer, A.; Zhou, D.; Gorelik, J.; Shevchuk, A.; Lab, M.; Korchev, Y.; Klenerman, D. The scanned nanopipette: a new tool for high resolution bioimaging and controlled deposition of biomolecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 2859-2866.
77. Ying, L.; Bruckbauer, A.; Rothery, A.M.; Korchev, Y.E.; Klenerman, D. Programmable delivery of DNA through a nanopipet. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1380-1385.
78. Thorsen, T.; Roberts, R.W.; Arnold, F.H.; Quake, S.R. Dynamic Pattern Formation in a Vesicle-Generating Microfluidic Device. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 86, 4163-4166.
79. Amici, E.; Tetradis-Meris, G.; Pulido de Torres, C.; Jousse, F. Alginate gelation in microfluidic channels. Food Hydrocoll. 2008, 22, 97-104.
80. Niu, X.Z.; Zhang, B.; Marszalek, R.T.; Ces, O.; Edel, J.B.; Klug, D.R.; deMello, A.J. Droplet-based compartmentalization of chemically separated components in two dimensional separations. Chem. Commun. 2009, 6159-6161, DOI: 10.1039/b918100h.
81. Mach, P.; Dolinski, M.; Baldwin, K.W.; Rogers, J.A.; Kerbage, C.; Windeler, R.S.; Eggleton, B.J. Tunable microfluidic optical fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 4294-4296.
82. Chin, L.K.; Liu, A.Q.; Zhang, J.B.; Lim, C.S.; Soh, Y.C. An on-chip liquid tunable grating using multiphase droplet microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 164107.
83. Liu, H.; Zhang, Y. Droplet formation in a T-shaped microfluidic junction. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 034906.
84. Anna, S.L.; Bontoux, N.; Stone, H.A. Formation of dispersions using "flow focusing" in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 82, 364-366.
85. Huang, S.H.; Tan, W.H.; Tseng, F.G.; Takeuchi, S. A monolithically three-dimensional flow-focusing device for formation of single/double emulsions in closed/open microfluidic systems. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 2336-2344.
86. Zourob, M.; Mohr, S.; Mayes, A.G.; Macaskill, A.; Pérez-Moral, N.; Fielden, P.R.; Goddard, N.J. A micro-reactor for preparing uniform molecularly imprinted polymer beads. Lab Chip. 2006, 6, 296-301.
87. Hufnagel, H.; Huebner, A.; Gülch, C.; Güse, K.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. An integrated cell culture lab on a chip: modular microdevices for cultivation of mammalian cells and delivery into microfluidic microdroplets. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 1576-1582.
88. Courtois, F.; Olguin, L.F.; Whyte, G.; Bratton, D.; Huck, W.T.S.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. An integrated device for monitoring time-dependent in vitro expression from single gene in picolitre droplets. Chem. BioChem. 2008, 9, 439-446.
89. Wang, K.L.; Jones, T.B.; Raisanen, A. Dynamic control of DEP actuation and droplet dispensing. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 76-80.
90. Pollack, M.G.; Fair, R.B.; Shenderov, A.D. Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1725-1726.
91. Zeng, J.; Korsmeyer, T. Principles of droplet electrohydrodynamics for lab-on-a-chip. Lab Chip. 2004, 4, 265-277.
92. Ho, C.E.; Chieng, C.C.; Chen, M.H.; Tseng, F.G. Rapid microarray system for passive batch-filling and in-parallel-printing protein solution. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2008, 17, 309-317.
93. Ho, C.E.; Chieng, C.C.; Chen, M.H.; Tseng, F.G. Micro-stamp systems for batch-filling, parallel-spotting, and continuously printing of multiple biosample fluids. J. Assoc. Lab. Autom. 2008, 13, 187-197.
94. Cordero, M.L.; Burnham, D.R.; Baroud, C.N.; McGloin, D. Thermocapillary manipulation of droplets using holographic beam shaping: microfluidic pin ball. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 034107.
95. Tseng, Y.T.; Tseng, F.G.; Chen, Y.F.; Chieng, C.C. Fundamental studies on micro-droplet movement by Marangoni and capillary effects. Sens. Act. A. 2004, 114, 292-301.
96. Brunet, P.; Eggers, J.; Deegan, R.D. Vibration-induced climbing of drops. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 144501.
97. Wixforth, A.; Strobl, C.; Gauer, C.; Toegl, A.; Scriba, J.; Guttenberg, Z. v. Acoustic manipulation of small droplets. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 379, 982-991.
98. Langelier, S.M.; Chang, D.S.; Zeitoun, R.I.; Burns, M.A. Acoustically driven programmable liquid motion using resonance cavities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009, 106, 12617-12622.
99. Morgenthaler, S.; Zink, C.; Spencer, N.D. Surface-chemical and -morphological gradients. Soft Matter. 2008, 4, 419-434.
100. Genzer, J.; Bhat, R.R. Surface-bound soft matter gradients. Langmuir. 2008, 24, 2294-2317.
101. Khoo, H.S.; Tseng, F.G. Spontaneous high-speed transport of subnanoliter water droplet on gradient nanotextured surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 063108.
102. Agastin, S.; King, M.R.; Jones, T.B. Rapid enrichment of biomolecules using simultaneous liquid and particulate dielectrophoresis. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 2319-2325.
103. Aghdaei, S.; Sandison, M.E.; Zagnoni, M.; Green, N.G.; Morgan, H. Formation of artificial lipid bilayers using droplet dielectrophoresis. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1617-1620.
104. Park, S.Y.; Kalim, S.; Callahan, C.; Teitell, M.A.; Chiou, E.P.Y. A light-induced dielectrophoretic droplet manipulation platform. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 3228-3235.
105. Mita, Y.; Li, Y.; Kubota, M.; Morishita, S.; Parkes, W.; Haworth, L.I.; Flynn, B.W.; Terry, J.G.; Tang, T.B.; Ruthven, A.D.; Smith, S.; Walton, A.J. Demonstration of a wireless driven MEMS pond skater that uses EWOD technology. Sol. Stat. Elec. 2009, 53, 798-802.
106. Fidalgo, L.M.; Abell, C.; Huck, W.T.S. Surface-induced droplet fusion in microfluidic devices. Lab Chip. 2007, 7, 984-986.
107. Niu, X.; Gulati, S.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Pillar-induced droplet merging in microfluidic circuits. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1837-1841.
108. Srisa-Art, M.; Dyson, E.C.; deMello, A.J.; Edel, J.B. Monitoring of real-time streptavidin-biotin binding kinetics using droplet microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7063-7067.
109. Huebner, A.; Bratton, D.; Whyte, G.; Yang, M.; deMello, A.J.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. Static microdroplet arrays: a microfluidic device for droplet trapping, incubation and release for enzymatic and cell-based assays. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 692-698.
110. Mazutis, L.; Baret, J.C.; Treacy, P.; Skhiri, Y.; Araghi, A.F.; Ryckelynck, M.; Taly, V.; Griffiths, A.D. Multi-step microfluidic droplet processing: kinetic analysis of an in vitro translated enzyme. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 2902-2908.
111. Fidalgo, L.M.; Whyte, G.; Ruotolo, B.T.; Benesch, J.L.P.; Stengel, F.; Abell, C.; Robinson, C.V.; Huck, W.T.S. Coupling microdroplet microreactors with mass spectrometry: reading the contents of single droplet online. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3665-3668.
112. Tetradis-Meris, G.; Rossetti, D.; de Torres, C.P.; Cao, R.; Lian, G.; Janes, R. Novel parallel integration of microfluidic device network for emulsion formation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 8881-8889.
113. Miller, O.J.; Bernath, K.; Agresti, J.J.; Amitai, G.; Kelly, B.T.; Mastrobattista, E.; Taly, V.; Magdassi, S.; Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A. D. Directed evolution by in vitro compartmentalization. Nat. Methods 2006, 3, 561-570.
114. Schaerliab, Y.; Hollfelder, F. The potential of microfluidic water-in-oil droplets in experimental biology. Mol. BioSyst. 2009, 5, 1392-1404.
115. Kumaresan, P.; Yang, C.J.; Cronier, S.A.; Blazej, R.G.; Mathies, R.A. High-throughput single copy DNA amplification and cell analysis in engineered nanoliter droplets. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 3522-3529.
116. Schaerli, Y.; Wootton, R.C.; Robinson, T.; Stein, V.; Dunsby, C.; Neil, M.A.A.; French, P.M.W.; deMello, A.J.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. Continuous-flow polymerase chain reaction of single-copy DNA in microfluidic microdroplets. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 302-306
117. Chabert, M.; Dorfman, K.D.; Cremoux, P.d.; Roeraade J.; Viovy, J.L. Automated microdroplet platform for sample manipulation and polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 7722-7728.
118. Kiss, M.; Lori, O.D.; Beer, N.; Warner, J.; Bailey, C.; Colston, B.; Rothberg, J.; Link D.; Leamon, J. High-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction in picoliter droplets. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 8975-8981.
119. Mohr, S., Zhang, Y.H.; Macaskill, A.; Day, P.J.R.; Barber, R.W.; Goddard, N.J.; Emerson, D.R.; Fielden, P.R. Numerical and experimental study of a droplet-based PCR chip. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2007, 3, 611-621.
120. Beer, N.; Wheeler, E.; Lauren, L.H.; Watkins, N.; Nasarabadi, S.; Hebert, N.; Leung, P.; Arnold, D.; Bailey, C.; Colston, B. On-chip single-copy real-time reverse-transcription PCR in isolated picoliter droplets. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 1854-1858.
121. Leemhuis, H.; Stein, V.; Griffiths, A.D.; Hollfelder, F. New genotype-phenotype linkages for directed evolution of functional proteins. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2005, 15, 472-478.
122. Abbadie, M.d.; Hofreiter, M., Vaisman, A.; Loakes, D.; Gasparutto, D.; Cadet, J.; Woodgate, R.; Pääbo, S.; Holliger, P. Molecular breeding of polymerases for amplification of ancient DNA. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 939-943.
123. Mastrobattista, E.; Taly, V.; Chanudet, E.; Treacy, P.; Kelly, B.T.; Griffiths, A.D. High-throughput screening of enzyme libraries: in vitro evolution of a beta-galactosidase by fluorescence-activated sorting of double emulsions. Chem. Biol. 2005, 12, 1291-1300.
124. Gan, R.; Yamanaka, Y.; Kojima, T.; Nakano, H. Microbeads display of proteins using emulsion PCR and cell-free protein synthesis. Biotechnol. Prog. 2008, 24, 1107-1114.
125. Monpichar, S.A.; Dyson, E.C.; deMello A.J.; Edel, J.B. Monitoring of real-time streptavidin-biotin binding kinetics using droplet microfluidics. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7063-7067.
126. Monpichar, S.A.; Kang, D.K.; Hong, J.; Park, H.; Leatherbarrow, R.J.; Edel, J.B.; Chang, S.I.; deMello, A.J. Analysis of protein-protein interactions by using droplet-based microfluidics. Chem. BioChem. 2009, 10, 1605-1611.
127. Huebner, A.; Sharma, S.; Monpichar, S.A.; Hollfelder, F.; Edel, J.B.; deMello, A.J. Microdroplets: A sea of applications. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1244-1254.
128. Song, H.; Chen D.L.; Ismagilov, R.F. Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7336-7356
129. Zhu, Y.; Power, B.E.; Lab-on-a-chip in vitro compartmentalization technologies for protein studies. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 2008, 110, 81-114.
130. Miller, O.J.; Bernath, K.; Agresti, J.J.; Amitai, G.; Kelly, B.T.; Mastrobattista, E.; Taly, V.; Magdassi, S.; Tawfik D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Overview: methods and applications for droplet compartmentalization of biology. Nat. Methods. 2006, 3, 561-570.
131. Schaerliab, Y.; Hollfelder, F. The potential of microfluidic water-in-oil droplets in experimental biology. Mol. BioSyst. 2009, 5, 1392-1404.
132. Kawaguchi, H. Functional polymer microspheres. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000, 25, 1171-1210.
133. Seong, G.H.; Heo, J.; Crooks, R.H. Measurement of enzyme kinetics using a continuous-flow microfluidic system. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3161-3167.
134. Arshady, R. Microspheres for biomedical applications: preparation of reactive and labelled microspheres. Biomaterials 1993, 14, 218-224.
135. Zhang, H.; Huang, H.; Lv, R.; Chen, M. Micron-size crosslinked microspheres bearing carboxyl groups via dispersion copolymerization. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects. 2005, 253, 217-221.
136. Seo, M.; Nie, Z.; Xu, S.; Lewis, P.C.; Kumacheva, E. Microfluidics: from dynamic lattices to periodic arrays of polymer disks. Langmuir 2005, 21, 4773-4775.
137. Nisisako, T.; Torii, T. Formation of biphasic janus droplets in a microfabricated channel for the synthesis of shape-controlled polymer microparticles. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1489-1493.
138. Takeuchi, S.; Garstecki, P.; Weibel, D.B.; Whitesides, G.M. An axisymmetric flow-focusing microfluidic device. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1067-1072.
139. Utada, A.S.; Lorenceau, E.; Link, D.R.; Kaplan, P.D.; Stone, H.A.; Weitz, D.A. Monodisperse double emulsions generated from a microcapillary device. Science 2005, 308, 537-541.
140. Huang, S.H; Khoo, H.S.; Tseng, F.G. Synthesis of bio-functionalized copolymer particles bearing carboxyl groups via a microfluidic device. Microfluid Nanofluid. 2008, 5, 459-468.
141. Clark, T.J.; McPherson, P.H.; Buechler, K.F. The triage cardiac panel: Cardiac markers for the triage system. Point Care. 2002, 1, 42-46.
142. Qureshi, Z.M.T.; Alocilja, E.C. Fabrication of a Disposable Biosensor for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Detection. IEEE Sensor. J. 2003, 3, 345-351.
143. Ryan, J.; Dave, K.; Emmerich, E.; Fernandez, B.; Turell, M., Johnson, J.; Gottfried, K.; Burkhalter, K.; Kerst, A.; Hunt, A.; Wirtz, R.; Nasci, R. Wicking Assays for the Rapid Detection of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viral Antigens in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 2003, 40, 95-99.
144. Fernandez-Sanchez, C.; Gallardo-Soto, A.M.; Rawson, K.; Nilsson, O.; McNeil, C.J. Quantitative Impedimetric Immunosensor for Free and Total Prostate Specific Antigen Based on a Lateral Flow Assay Format. Electrochem. Commun. 2004, 6, 138-143.
145. Yager, P.; Edwards, T.; Fu, E.; Helton, K.; Nelson, K.; Tam, M.R.; Weigl, B. H. Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 2006, 442, 412-418.
146. Ali, J.E.; Sorger, P.K.; Jensenl, K.F. Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery. Nature 2006, 442, 403-411.
147. Carlo, D.D.; Lee, L.P. Dynamic single-cell analysis for quantitative biology. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 7918-7925.
148. Rupak, D.; Philip, J.R. Scrapheap challenge and single cell. Lab Chip. 2008, 8, 1774-1778.
149. Tweedie, M.; Subramanian, R.; Lemoine, P.; Craig, I.; McAdams, E.T.; McLaughlin, J.A.; MacCraith, B.; Kent, N.; Fabrication of impedimetric sensors for label-free Point-of-Care immunoassay cardiac marker systems, with passive microfluidic delivery. In Proceedings of Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. New York, NY, USA. August 2006; pp. 4610-4614.
150. McMurray, A.A.; Ali, Z.; Kyselovik, J.; Mills, C.A.; Renault, N.J.; Santha, H.; Strohhöfer, C.A Novel Point of Care Diagnostic Device: Impedimetric Detection of a Biomarker in Whole Blood. In Proceedings of Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Lyon, France. August 2007; pp.115-118.
151. The Triage MeterPro Meter. Available online: http://www.biosite.com (accessed on 6 July 2010).
152. Nolan, J.P.; Sklar, L.A. Suspension array technology: Evolution of the flat array paradigm. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 9-12.
153. Walt, D.R. Fiber Optic Array Biosensors. Biotechniques 2006, 41, 529-535.
154. Rissin, D.M.; Walt, D.R. Duplexed sandwich immunoassays on a fiber-optic microarray. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2006, 564, 34-39.
155. Zhao, Y.J.; Zhao, X.W.; Hu, J.; Zhu, C.; Xu, H.; Sun, L.G.; Gu, Z.Z. Encoded porous beads for label-free multiplex detection of tumor markers. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 569-572.
156. Kim, S.H.; Jeon, S.J.; Yang, S.M. Optofluidic Encapsulation of Crystalline Colloidal Arrays into Spherical Membrane J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6040-6046.
157. Hu, J.; Zhao, X.W.; Zhao, Y.J.; Li, J.; Xu, W.Y.; Wen, Z.Y.; Xu, M.; Gu, Z.Z. Photonic crystal hydrogel beads used for multiplex biomolecular detection. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5730-5736.
158. Li, J.; Zhao, X.W.; Zhao, Y.J.; Hu, J.; Xu, M.; Gu, Z.Z. Colloidal crystal beads coated with multicolor CdTe quantum dots: microcarriers for optical encoding and fluorescence enhancement. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 6492-6497.
159. Zhao, J.; Zhao, X.W.; Hu, J.; Zhu, C.; Xu, H.; Sun, L.G.; Gu, Z.Z. Encoded porous beads for label-free multiplex detection of tumor markers. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 569-572.
160. Lu, X.; Huang, W.H.; Wang, Z.L.; Cheng, J.K. Recent developments in single-cell analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2004, 510, 127-138.
161. Kasicka, V. Recent developments in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of peptides. Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 142-175.
162. Sims, C.E.; Allbritton, N.L. Analysis of single mammalian cells on-chip. Lab Chip. 2007, 7, 423-440.
163. Andersson, H.; Berg, A.v.d. Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004, 15, 44-49.
164. Andersson, H.; Berg, A.v.d. Microfluidic devices for cellomics: A review. Sens. Actuators B. 2003, 92, 315-325.
165. Chao, T.C.; Ros, A. In vivo Osteocyte Death. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2008, 5, 139-150.
166. Bossi, A.; Piletsky, S.A.; Righetti, P.G.; Turner, P.F.; Capillary electrophoresis coupled to biosensor detection. J. Chromatogra. A. 2000, 892, 143-153.
167. Spegel, C.; Heiskanen, A.; Skjolding, H.D.; Emneus, J. Chip based electroanalytical systems for cell Analysis. Electroanalysis 2008, 6, 680-702.
168. Shim, J.; Olguin, L.F.; Whyte, G.; Scott, D.; Babtie, A.; Abell, C.; Huck, W.T.S.; Hollfelder, F. Simultaneous Determination of Gene Expression and Enzymatic Activity in Individual Bacterial Cells in Microdroplet Compartments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15251-15256.
169. Schmitz, C.H.J.; Rowat, A.C.; Köster S.; Weitz, D.A. Dropspots: a picoliter array in a microfluidic device. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 44-49.
170. Hufnagel, H.; Huebner, A.; Gülch, C.; Güse, K.; Abell, C.; Hollfelder, F. An integrated cell culture lab on a chip: modular microdevices for cultivation of mammalian cells and delivery into microfluidic microdroplets. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 1576-1582
171. Brouzes, E.; Medkova, M.; Savenelli, N.; Marran, D.; Twardowski, M.; Hutchison, J.B.; Rothberg, J.M.; Link, D.R.; Perrimon, N.; Samuels, M.L. Droplet microfluidic technology for single-cell high-throughput screening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009, 106, 14195-14200.
172. Johnsson, K. Visualizing biochemical activities in living cells. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2009, 5, 63-65
173. Carpenter, A.E. Extracting rich information from images. Methods Mol. Biol. 2009, 486, 193-211
174. Robinson, T.; Schaerli, Y.; Wootton, R.C.; Hollfelder, F.; Dunsby, C.; Baldwin, G.S.; Neil, M.A. A.; French, P.M.W.; deMello, A.J. Removal of background signals from fluorescence thermometry measurements in PDMS microchannels using fluorescence lifetime imaging. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 3437-3441.
175. Liau, A.; Karnik, R.; Majumdar, A.; Cate, J.H.D. Mixing crowded biological solutions in milliseconds. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 7618-7625.
176. Pei, J.; Li, Q.; Lee, M.S.; Valaskovic, G.A.; Kennedy, R.T. Analysis of samples stored as individual plugs in a capillary by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 6558-6561.
177. Wang, G.; Lim, C.; Chen, L.; Chon, H.; Choo, J.; Hong, J.; deMello, A.J. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in nanoliter droplets: towards high-sensitivity detection of mercury (II) ions. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 394, 1827-1832.
178. Choi, N.W.; Carbodi, M; Held, B; Gleghorn, J.P.; Bonassar, L.J.; Microfluidic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 908-915.
179. Wu, M.H.; Huang, S.B.; Cui, Z.; Cui, Z.; Lee, G.B. Development of perfusion-based micro 3-D culture platform and its application for high throughput drug testing. Sensor. Acuat. B. 2008, 129, 231-240.
180. Monat, C.; Domachuk, P.; Grillet, C.; Collins, M.; Eggleton, B.J.; Cronin-Golomb, M.; Mutzenich, S.; Mahmud, T.; Rosengarten, G.; Mitchell, A. Optofluidics: a Novel Generation of Reconfigurable and Adaptive Compact Architectures. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2008, 4, 81-95.
181. Noort, D.V.; Ong, S.M.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, S.; Arooz, S.; Yu, H. Stem Cell in Microfluidics. Biotechnol. Prog. 2009, 25, 52-60.
182. Uhrig, K.; Kurre, R.; Schmitz, C.; Curtis, J.E.; Haraszti, T.; Clemen, A.E.; Spatz, J.P. Optical Force Sensor Array in a Microfluidic Device based on Holographic Optical Tweezers. Lab Chip. 2009, 9, 661-668.
183. Zhang, H.; Liu, K.K. Optical Tweezers for Single Cells. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2008, 5, 671-690.
184. Andersson, H.; Berg, A.v.d. Microfabrication and Microfluidics for Tissue Engineering: State of the Art and Future Opportunities. Lab Chip. 2004, 4, 98-103.
185. Garcia-Alonso, J.; Greenway, G.M.; Hardege, J.D.; Haswell, S.J. A Prototype Microfluidic Chip using Fluorescent Detection of Toxic Compounds. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 1058-1511.
186. Vanapalli, S.A.; Duits, M.H.G.; Mugele, F. Microfluidics as a functional tool for cell mechanics. Biomicrofluidics 2009, 3, 012006.