Magic and the Mind: Mechanisms, Functions, and Development of Magical Thinking and Behavior

Magic and the Mind: Mechanisms, Functions, and Development of Magical Thinking and Behavior

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-216

  Subbotsky, Eugene ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Creativity; Magical beliefs; Magical reality; Magical thinking; Mind control; Participation; Subconsciousness; Suggestibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957069381     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393873.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (357)

1. Aaronson, B. S., & Osmond, H. (Eds.) (1971). Psychedelics: The uses and implications of hallucinogenic drugs. London: Hogart Press.
2. Aggernaes, A. (1994). Reality testing in schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 47-54.
3. Aguirre, G., & D'Esposito, M. (1997). Environmental knowledge is sub-served by separable dorsal/ventral neural areas. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2512-2518.
4. Al-Issa, I. (1995). The illusion of reality or the reality of illusion: Hallucinations and culture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 368-373.
5. Arieti, S. (1976). Creativity: The magic synthesis. New York: Basic Books.
6. Aristotle. (1976). Works, in four volumes (Vol. 1). Moscow: Mysl.
7. Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
8. Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of suicidal terrorism. Science, 2999, 1534-1539.
9. Atran, S., Axelrod, R., & Davis, R. (2007). Sacred barriers to conflict resolution. Science, 317, 1039-1040.
10. Attneave, F., & Pierce, C. R. (1978). Accuracy of extrapolating a pointer into perceived and imagined space. American Journal of Psychology, 91, 371-387.
11. Babin, L. A., & Garder, S. T. (1996). Viewers' recognition of brands placed within a film. International Journal of Advertising, 15, 140-151.
12. Baillargeon, R. (1987). Object permanence in 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23, 655-664.
13. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 1, 37-46.
14. Barrett, J. L. (2001). How ordinary cognition informs petitionary prayer. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 1(3), 259-269.
15. Barrett, J. L., & Keil, F. (1996). Conceptualizing a non-natural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 219-247.
16. Barrett, J. L., Richert, R. A, & Driesenga, A. (2001). God's beliefs versus mother's: The development of nonhuman agents concepts. Child Development, 72(1), 50-65.
17. Barrett, M. D., & Light, P. H. (1976). Symbolism and intellectual realism in children's drawings. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 198-202.
18. Belli, R. F., Schuman, H., & Jackson, B. (1997). Autobiographical misremembering: John Dean is not alone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 187-209.
19. Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C. (1994). Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an Anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 4-18.
20. Bering, J. (2006a). The cognitive psychology of belief in the supernatural. American Scientist, 94, 142-149.
21. Bering, J. (2006b). The folk psychology of souls. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 453-498.
22. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
23. Bettelheim, B. (1977). The uses of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales. New York: Vintage Books.
24. Bleuler, E. (1951). Autistic thinking. In D. Rapaport (Ed.), Organization and pathology of thought (pp. 199-437). New York: Columbia University Press. (Originally published in 1912.)
25. Bloom, P. (2004). Descartes' baby: How the science of child development explains what makes us human. New York: Basic Books.
26. Bloom, P., & Weisberg, D.S. (2007). Childhood origins of adult resistance to science. Science, 316, 996-997.
27. Bolton, D., Dearsley, P., Madronal-Luque, R., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). Magical thinking in childhood and adolescence: Development and relation to obsessive compulsion. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 479-494.
28. Borel, A. (1934). La pensée magique dans l'art. Revue Française de Psychanalyse, 7, 66-83.
29. Bower, T. G. R. (1971). The object in the world of an infant. Scientific American, 225(4), 30-38.
30. Bower, T. G. R. (1974). Development in infancy. San Françisco: Freeman.
31. Bower, T. G. R. (1989). The rational infant: Learning in infancy. New York: Freeman.
32. Boyer, P. (1994). The naturalness of religious ideas: A cognitive theory of religion. Berkley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press.
33. Boyer, P. (2008) Religion: Bound to believe? Nature, 455, 1038-1039.
34. Boyer, P., & Bergstrom, B. (2008). Evolutionary perspectives on religion. Annual Review of Anthropology, 37, 111-130.
35. Boyer, P., & Walker, S. (2000). Intuitive ontology and cultural input in the acquisition of religious concepts. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 130-156). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
36. Brehm, S. S., & Kassin, S. M. (1996). Social psychology (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
37. Bremner, G. J., & Moor, S. (1984). Prior visual inspection and object naming: Two factors that enhance hidden feature inclusion in young children's drawings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2, 371-376.
38. Browne, C. A., & Woolley, J. D. (2004). Preschoolers' magical explanations for violations of physical, social, and mental laws. Journal of Cognition and Development, 5(2), 239-260.
39. Bruck, M., & Ceci, S. J. (1999). The suggestibility of children's memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 419-439.
40. Bulgakov, M. (1967). The Master and Margarita. Translated from Russian by Michael Glenny. London: Collins and Harviell Press.
41. Bullock, M. (1985). Animism in childhood thinking: A new look at an old question. Developmental Psychology, 21, 217-225.
42. Bullock, M., & Gelman, R. (1979). Preschool children's assumptions about cause and effect: Temporal ordering. Child Development, 50(1), 89-96.
43. Burns, J. E. (1991). Contemporary models of consciousness: II. Journal of Mind and behavior, 12, 407-420.
44. Butler, R. A. (1954). Curiosity in monkeys. Scientific American, 190, 70-75.
45. Cahill-Solis, T. L., & Witryol, S. L. (1994). Children's exploratory play preferences for four levels of novelty in toy construction. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120(4), 393-408.
46. Cannon, W. (1957). Voodoo death. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 182-190.
47. Cantor, J. H., & Cantor, G. N. (1964). Observing behavior in children as a function of stimulus novelty. Child Development, 35, 119-128.
48. Carey, S. (1985). Conceptual change in childhood. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Carey, S. (1999). Sources of conceptual change. In E. K. Scholnick, K. Nelson, S. A. Gelman, & P. H. Miller (Eds.), Conceptual development: Piaget's legacy (pp. 293-326). Mahwah, NJ; London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
50. Carey, S., & Spelke, E. (1994). Domain-specific knowledge and conceptual change. In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 169-200). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
51. Cartwright, R. D. (1974). The influence of a conscious wish on dreams: A methodological study of dream meaning and function. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 387-393.
52. Castiglioni, A. (1946). Adventures of the mind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
53. Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 403-439.
54. Ceci, S. J., & Huffman, M. L. C. (1997). How suggestible are preschool children? Cognitive and social factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 948-958.
55. Ceci, S. J., Huffman, M. L. C., Smith, E., & Loftus, E. W. (1994). Repeatedly thinking about a non-event: Source misattribution among preschoolers. Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 388-407.
56. Champagne, A. B., Gunstone, R. F., & Klopfer, L. E. (1985). Instructional consequences of students' knowledge about physical phenomena. In L. H. T. West & A. L. Pines (Eds.), Cognitive structure and conceptual change (pp. 61-90). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
57. Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (1994). Surprising, magical, and miraculous turns of events: Children's reactions to violations of their early theories of mind and matter. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 83-96.
58. Chi, M. T. N. (1992). Conceptual change within and across ontological categories:Implications for learning and discovery in science. In R. Giere (Ed.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science: Vol. XV. Cognitive models of science (pp. 129-186). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
59. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition:A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. Review of Educational Research, 63, 1-49.
60. Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (2000). Knowledge change in response to data in science, religion, and magic. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 334-371). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
61. Christensen, S. M., & Turner, D. R. (1993). Introduction. In S. M. Christensen & D. R. Turner (Eds.), Folk psychology and the philosophy of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
62. Christiano, B. A., & Russ, S. W. (1996). Play as a predictor of coping and distress in children during an invasive dental procedure. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 130-138.
63. Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. New York: Harper Collins.
64. Clark, C. D. (1995). Flights of fancy, leaps of faith: Children's myths in contemporary America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 323-341). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
66. Cohen, F. W. (1981). Art therapy: Psychotic expression and symbolism. Arts in Psychotherapy, 8, 15-23.
67. Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
68. Comerford, B., & Witryol, S. L. (1993). Information metrics for novelty level preference of first-and fifth-grade children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154(2), 155-165.
69. Comstock, G., & Scharrer, E. (2006). Media and pop culture. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) and K. A. Reninger & I. Sigel (Volume Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, 6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
70. Coriat, I. H. (1923). Suggestion as a form of medical magic. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 18, 258-268.
71. Craig, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). Creativity and imagination in autism and Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 319-326.
72. Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York:Putnam Publishing.
73. Danilov-Danilian, V., Losev, K., & Reif, I. (2005). The main challenge of civilization: The Russian view. Moscow: Infra-M Publishers.
74. Dawkins, R. (2006). The God delusion. London: Transworld Publishers.
75. Delacour, J. (1995). An introduction to the biology of consciousness. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1061-1074.
76. DeLoache, J. S., Miller, K. F., & Rosengren, K. S. (1997). The credible shrinking room:Very young children's performance with symbolic and non-symbolic relations. Psychological Science, 8, 308-311.
77. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
78. Dennett, D. C., & Kinsbourne, M. (1992). Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 183-201.
79. Descartes, R. (1988). Meditations on first philosophy. In Descartes, Select philosophical writings. Translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dougald Murdoch. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (Originally published 1641.)
80. Dias, M., & Harris, P. L. (1988). The effect of make-believe play on deductive reasoning. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 207-221.
81. Donald, M. (1995). The neurobiology of human consciousness: An evolutionary approach. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1087-1102.
82. Dowling, J. E. (1998). Creating mind. How the brain works. New York: W.W. Norton.
83. Dunne, B. J. (1991). Co-operator experiments with an REG device. Princeton Engineering Anomalous Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Technical Note PEAR 91005.
84. Dunne, B. J., Nelson, R. D., & Jahn, R. G. (1988). Operator-related anomalies in a random mechanical cascade. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2, 155-179.
85. Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225.
86. Einstein, D. A, & Menzies, R.G (2004). Role of magical thinking in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an undergraduate sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225.
87. Eisenberger, R., Haskins, F., & Gambleten, P. (1999). Promised reward and creativity. Effects of prior experience. Journal of Experimental social Psychology, 35, 308-325.
88. Eriksen, H. R., Nordby, H., Olff, M., & Ursin, H. (2000). Effects of psychological defense on processing of neutral stimuli indicated by event-related potentials (ERPs). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 263-267.
89. Estes, D., Wellman, H. M., & Woolley, J. (1989). Children's understanding of mental phenomena. In H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 41-86). New York: Academic Press.
90. Evans, D. W., Milanak, M. E., Medeiros, B., & Ross, J. L. (2002). Magical beliefs and rituals in young children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 33, 43-58.
91. Eysenck, H. J., & Sargent, C. (1993). Explaining the unexplained. Mysteries of the paranormal. London; New York: Broadcast Agent Publishers.
92. Farah, M. J. (1994). Neuropsychological inference with an inactive brain: A critique of the 'locality' assumption. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 43-104.
93. Feldhusen, J. F., & Treffinger, D. J. (1975). Teachers' attitudes and practices in teaching creativity and problem solving to economically disadvantaged and minority children. Psychological Reports, 37, 1161-1162.
94. Feynman, R. (1974). Cargo cult science. Engineering and Science, 7, 10-13.
95. Filipowitch, A. (2006). From positive affect to creativity: The surprising role of surprise. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 141-152.
96. Flanagan, O. (1995). Consciousness and the natural method. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1103-1115.
97. Flavell, J. A., Green, F. L., & Flavell, E. R. (1986). Development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51, Serial No. 212.
98. Flavell, J. H. (1993). The development of children's understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 595-604.
99. Flavell, J. H., Green, F. L., Wahl, K. E., & Flavell, E. R. (1987). The effects of question clarification and memory aids on young children's performance on appearance-reality tasks. Cognitive Development, 2, 127-144.
100. Fodor, J. A. (1988). Precis of the modularity of mind. In A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial Intelligence (pp. 73-78). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kauffmann Publishers.
101. Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-36.
102. Forgas, J. P. (2002). Feeling and doing: Affective influences on interpersonal behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 1-28.
103. Frawley, W. (1997). Vygotsky and cognitive science: Language and the unification of the social and computational mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
104. Frazer, J. G. (1923). The golden bough: A study in magic and religion. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
105. Freeman, N. H., & Janikoun, R. (1972). Intellectual realism in children's drawings of a familiar object with distinctive features. Child Development, 43, 1116-1121.
106. Freska, E., & Kulcsar, Z. (1989). Social bonding in the modulation of the physiology of ritual trance. Ethos, 17, 70-87.
107. Freud, S. (1935). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Liveright.
108. Freud, S. (1976). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Penguin Books. (Originally published 1916.)
109. Freud, S. (1991). Case histories II. New York: Penguin Books.
110. Freud, S. (1995). Creative writers and daydreaming. In E. Spector Person, P. Fonagy, and S. A. Figueira (Eds.), On Freud's 'Creative writers and daydreaming'. Contemporary Freud: Turning points and critical issues (pp. 3-13). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Originally published 1908.)
111. Freyd, J. J., & Finke, R. A. (1984). Facilitation of length discrimination using real and imagined context frames. American Journal of Psychology, 97, 323-341.
112. Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
113. Fromm, E. (1961). The fear of freedom. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
114. Gasper, K. (2004). Do you see what I see? Affect and visual information processing. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 405-421.
115. Gellner, E. (1989). Plough, sword, and book: The structure of human history. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
116. Gelman, R., & Baillargeon, R. (1983). A review of some Piagetian concepts. In J. H. Flavell & E. M. Markman (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. III, pp. 166-230). New York:Wiley.
117. George, L., & Neufeld, R. W. (1987). Magical ideation and schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 778-779.
118. German, T. P., & Leslie, A. (2000). Attending to and learning about mental states. In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.), Children's reasoning and the mind (pp. 229-248). Hove, UK:Psychology Press.
119. Goldman, R. (1964). Religious thinking from childhood to adolescence. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.
120. Gopnik, A., & Astington, J. W. (1988). Children's understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false-belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 59, 26-37.
121. Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1992). Why the child's theory of mind really is a theory. Mind and Language, 7, 145-171.
122. Gopnik, A., & Wellman, H. M. (1994). The theory theory. In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 257-293). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
123. Gregory, R. L. (1980). The intelligent eye. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
124. Grobstein, P. (1990). Strategies for analysing complex organization in nervous system: I. Lesion experiments. In E. L. Schwartz (Ed.), Computational neuroscience (pp. 19-37). Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book.
125. Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454.
126. Gupta, P. B., & Lord, K. R. (1998). Product placement in movies: The effect of prominence and mode on audience recall. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 20(1), 47-59.
127. Hardcastle, V. G. (1993). The naturalists versus the sceptics: The debate over a scientific understanding of consciousness. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 14, 27-50.
128. Harlow, H. F. (1953). Mice, monkeys, men, and motives. Psychological Review, 60, 23-32.
129. Harris, P. L. (2000). The work of the imagination. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
130. Harris, P. L., Brown, E., Marriot, C., Whittal, S., & Harmer, S. (1991). Monsters, ghosts and witches: Testing the limits of the fantasy-reality distinction in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 105-123.
131. Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. (1993). Young children's understanding of pretence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1), Serial No. 231.
132. Heidegger, M. (1959). The introduction to metaphysics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
133. Henderson, B., & Moore, S. G. (1980). Children's responses to objects differing in novelty in relation to level of curiosity and adult behavior. Child Development, 51(2), 457-465.
134. Henkel, L. A., & Franklin, N. (1998). Reality monitoring of physically similar and conceptually related objects. Memory and Cognition, 26, 659-673.
135. Hergovich, A. (2003). Field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 195-209.
136. Howse, B. (1993). Cradle to college. Green Forest, AR: New Leaf Press.
137. Huang, I. (1930). Children's explanations of strange phenomena. Psychologische Forschung, 14, 63-183.
138. Humphreys, W. C. (1968). Anomalies and scientific theories. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper & Co.
139. Husserl, E. (1970). Cartesian meditations: An introduction to phenomenology. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.
140. Huston, A. C., & Wright, J. C. (1998). Mass media and children's development. In W. Damon (General Ed.) and I. E. Sigel, & K. A. Reninger (Volume Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.4. Child psychology in practice (pp. 999-1058). New York: Wiley.
141. Huston-Stein, A., Fox, S., Greer, D., Watkins, B. A., & Whitaker, J. (1981). The effects of TV action and violence on children's social behaviour. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 138, 183-191.
142. Ingold, T. (1992). Comment on "Beyond the original affluent society" by N. Bird-David. Current Anthropology, 33, 34-47.
143. Jackendoff, R. (1987). Consciousness and the computational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
144. Jahn, R. G., & Dunne, B. J. (2007). Change the rules! Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Technical Note PEAR 2007.01.
145. Jahoda, G. (1969). The psychology of superstition. London: Allen Lane.
146. James, W. (1980). The principles of psychology (Vol. II). London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd. (Originally published 1901.)
147. Jaynes, J. (1976). The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
148. Jersild, A. T. (1943). Studies of children's fears. In R. G. Barker, J. S. Kounin, & H. F. Wright (Eds.), Child behavior and development (pp. 329-344). New York: McGraw-Hill.
149. Jersild, A. T., & Holmes, F. B. (1935). Methods of overcoming children's fears. Journal of Psychology, 1, 75-104.
150. Johnson, C., & Harris, P. L. (1994). Magic: Special but not excluded. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 35-52.
151. Johnson, C. N., & Wellman, H. M. (1980). Children's developing understanding of mental verbs: Remember, know and guess. Child Development, 51(4), 1095-1102.
152. Johnson, M. K. (1988). Reality monitoring: An experimental-phenomenological approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 390-394.
153. Johnson, M. K., Foley, M. A., Suengas, A. G., & Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(4), 371-376.
154. Kant, I. (1929). Critique of pure reason. Translated by N.K. Smith. London: MacMillan. (Original work published 1781.)
155. Kara-Murza, S. G. (2007). The power of manipulation. Moscow: Academical Project.
156. Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1989). Constraints on representational change: Evidence from children's drawing. Cognition, 34, 57-83.
157. Karrh, J. A. (1998). Brand placement: A review. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 20(2), 31-49.
158. Kaufman, A. M. (1990). The role of fantasy in the treatment of a severely disturbed child. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 45, 235-256.
159. Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
160. Keinan, G. (1994). Effects of stress and tolerance of ambiguity on magical thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 48-55.
161. Kelly, M. H., & Keil, F. C. (1985). The more things change...: Metamorphoses and conceptual structure. Cognitive Science, 9, 403-416.
162. Killeen, P. R. (1977). Superstition: A matter of bias, not detectability. Science, 199, 88-90.
163. Kisch, I., & Braffman, W. (2001). Imaginative suggestibility and hypnotizability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 57-61.
164. Knight, N., Sousa, P., Barrett, J. L., & Atran, S. (2004). Children's attributions of beliefs to humans and God: Cross-cultural evidence. Cognitive Science, 28, 117-126.
165. Krellenstein, M. F. (1995). Unsolvable problems, visual imagery and explanatory satisfaction. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 16(3), 235-253.
166. Kuhn, D. (1989). Children and adults as intuitive scientists. Psychological Review, 96, 674-689.
167. Kuhn, G., Amlani, A., & Rensink, R. A. (2008). Towards a science of magic. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9, 349-354.
168. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
169. Kun, A. (1978). Evidence for preschoolers' understanding of causal direction in extended causal sequences. Child Development, 49(1), 218-222.
170. Lacatos, I. (1970). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 91-196). London: Cambridge University Press.
171. Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 311-328.
172. Larkin, J. H. (1983). The role of problem representation in physics. In D. Gentner & A. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 75-98). New York: Academic Press.
173. Laurendeau, M., & Pinard, A. (1962). Causal thinking in the child. Montreal, Canada:International University Press.
174. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: Mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon and Shuster.
175. Leevers, H. J., & Harris, P. L. (1998). Drawing impossible entities: A measure of the imagination in children with autism, children with learning disabilities, and normal 4-yearolds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 399-410.
176. Lehman, A. C., & Mayers, J. E. (1985). Magic, witchcraft, and religion. Palo Alto, CA:Mayfield.
177. Leslie, A. M. (1982). The perception of causality in infants. Perception, 11(2), 173-186.
178. Leslie, A. M. (1984). Infant perception of manual pick-up event. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2, 29-32.
179. Leslie, A. M. (1986). Getting development off the ground: Modularity and infant's perception of causality. In P. L. C. van Geert (Ed.), Theory building in developmental psychology (pp. 405-437). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers.
180. Levin, I., Siegler, R. S., Druyan, S., & Gardosh, R. (1990). Everyday and curriculum-based physics concepts: When does short-term training bring change where years of schooling failed to do so? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 269-279.
181. Lévy-Brühl, L. (1966). Primitive mentality. Boston: Beacon Press. (Original work published 1923.)
182. Lévy-Brühl, L. (1985). How natives think. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1926.)
183. Lewis, C., & Mitchell, P. (1994). Children's early understanding of mind: Origins and development. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.
184. Long, D., Elkind, D., & Spilka, B. (1967). The child's conception of prayer. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 6, 101-109.
185. Losev, A. F. (1978). Estetika Vosrozhdenija [Aesthetics of the renaissance]. Moscow:Mysl.
186. Luhrman, T. M. (1989). Persuasions of the witch's craft: Ritual magic and witchcraft in present-day England. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
187. Lundahl, C. R. (1993). The near-death experience: A theoretical summarization. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 12(2), 105-118.
188. Luria, A. R. (1931). Psychological expedition to Central Asia. Science, 74, 383-384.
189. Luria, A. R. (1971). Toward the problem of the historical nature of psychological processes. International Journal of Psychology, 6, 259-272.
190. Luria, A. R. (1976). Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
191. Luria, A. R. (1980). Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books.
192. Malinowski, B. (1935). Coral gardens and their magic. London: George Allen and Anwin.
193. Matthews, J. (2010). Magical thinking and commercial advertising: Adolescents' and adults' memories for magical and non-magical adverts. A dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BSc (Hon) in Psychology. Lancaster University, Psychology Department, UK.
194. Matuga, J. M. (2004). Situated creative activity: The drawings and private speech of young children. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 267-281.
195. May, E. C. (2006) Anomalous cognition: Two protocols for data collection and analysis. Unpublished manuscript. Available from
196. May, E. C., Faith, L. V., Blackman, M., Bourgeois, B., Kerr, N., & Woods, L. (1999). A target pool and database for anomalous cognition experiments. Parapsychological Association Meeting, Stanford, CA. Available from
197. McCloskey, M. (1983). Naïve theories of motion. In D. Gentner & A. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 299-324). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
198. McGinn, C. (1989). Can we solve the body-mind problem? Mind, 391, 349-366.
199. Mead, M. (1932). An investigation of the thought of primitive children, with special reference to animism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 62, 173-190.
200. Mendel, G. (1965). Children's preferences for differing degrees of novelty. Child Development, 36, 453-465.
201. Michotte, A. (1962). Causalite, permanence et realite phenomenales. Paris: Editions.
202. Milgram, S. (1992). The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
203. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
204. Mills, F. B. (1998). The easy and hard problems of consciousness: A Cartesian perspective. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 19, 119-140.
205. Mindel, A. (1993). The shaman's body: A new shamanism for transferring healthy relationships and community. San Francisco: Harper.
206. Mitchell, P., Robinson, E. J., Isaacs, J. E., & Nye, R. M. (1996). Contamination in reasoning about false belief: An instance of realist bias in adults but not children. Cognition, 59, 1-26.
207. Mithen, S. J. (2005). The prehistory of the mind: A search for the history of art, religion and science. London: Phoenix.
208. Moody, R. (1976). Life after life: The investigation of a phenomenon-survival of body death. New York: Bantam Books.
209. Moor, C., Pure, K., & Furrow, P. (1990). Children's understanding of the modal expression of certainty and uncertainty and its relation to the development of a representational theory of mind. Child Development, 61, 7222-7730.
210. Morrison, P., & Gardner, H. (1978). Dragons and dinosaurs: The child's capacity to differentiate fantasy from reality. Child Development, 49, 642-648.
211. Mouchiroud, C., & Lubart, T. (2001). Children's original thinking: An empirical examination of alternative measures derived from divergent thinking tasks. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162, 382-401.
212. Needham, J. (1925). Science, religion and reality. London: The Sheldon Press.
213. Nelson, R., Bradish, G., Jahn, R. G., & Dunne, B. J. (1994). A linear pendulum experiment:Effects of operator intention on damping rate. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 8, 471-489.
214. Nemeroff, C. (1995). Magical thinking about illness virulence: Conceptions of germs from "safe" versus "dangerous" others. Health Psychology, 14, 147-151.
215. Nemeroff, C., & Rozin, P. (1992). Sympathetic magical beliefs and kosher dietary practice:The interaction of rules and feelings. Ethos, 20(1), 96-115.
216. Nemeroff, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). The contagion concept in adult thinking in the United States: Transmission of germs and an interpersonal influence. Ethos, 22(2), 158-186.
217. Nemeroff, C., & Rozin, P. (2000). The making of the magical mind: The nature and function of sympathetic magical thinking. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 1-34). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
218. Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
219. Penfield, W. (1975). The mystery of the mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
220. Perleth, C., & Sierwald, W. (1993). Selected results of the Munich longitudinal study of giftedness: The multidimensional/typo- logical giftedness model. Roeper Review, 15, 149-155.
221. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
222. Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987). Three-year-olds' difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 125-137.
223. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
224. Phelps, K. E., & Woolley, J. D. (1994). The form and function of young children's magical beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 30, 385-394.
225. Piaget, J. (1927). La causalite physique chez l'enfant. Paris: Alcan.
226. Piaget, J. (1937). La formation du symbol chez l'enfant. Neuchatel-Paris: Delachaux et Niestle.
227. Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books. (Originally published 1937.)
228. Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. Translated by C. Gattegno and F. M. Hodgson. New York: Norton. (Original work published in 1937.)
229. Piaget, J. (1971). The child's conception of the world. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published in 1929.)
230. Piaget, J. (1976). The grasp of consciousness: Action and concept in the young child. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Originally published 1974.)
231. Plato. (1968). Works, in three volumes (Vol. 1). Moscow: Mysl.
232. Pliner, P., Pelchat, M., & Grabski, M. (1993). Reduction of neophobia in humans by exposure to novel food. Appetite, 20(2), 111-123.
233. Plotkin, H. (1998). Evolution in mind: An introduction to evolutionary psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
234. Plucker, J. A. (1999). Is the proof in the pudding? Reanalyses of Torrance's (1958 to present) longitudinal data. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 103-114.
235. Prawat, R. S., Anderson, A. H., & Hapkiewicz, W. (1983). Is the scariest monster also the least real? An examination of children's reality classification. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146(2), 7-12.
236. Prentice, N. M., Manosevitz, M., & Hubbs, L. (1978). Imaginary figures of early childhood: Santa Claus, Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 618-628.
237. Principe, G. F., & Smith, E. (2008). Seeing things unseen: Fantasy beliefs and false reports. Journal of Cognition and Development, 9, 89-111.
238. Procter, P. (Ed.). (1995). Cambridge international dictionary of English. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
239. Punamäki, R. L., Kanninen, K., Qouta, S., & El-Sarraj, E. (2002). The role of psychological defences in moderating between trauma and post-traumatic symptoms among Palestinian men. International Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 286-296.
240. Pyysiäinen, I. (2004). Magic, miracles and religion: A scientist's perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
241. Redfield, R. (1968). The folk culture of Yucatan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
242. Reisman, F. K., Pellegrini, A. D., Floyd, B., Paguio, L., & Torrance, E. P. (1980). Performance on Torrance's thinking creatively in action and movement as a predictor of cognitive development. Unpublished research report, Department of Early Childhood and Elementary Education, University of Georgia.
243. Torrance, E. P. (1981). Thinking creatively in action and movement. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service, Inc.
244. Rice, C. K., Koinis, D., Sullivan, K., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (1997). When 3-year-olds pass the appearance-reality test. Developmental Psychology, 1, 54-61.
245. Richards, R. (1993). Everyday creativity, eminent creativity, and psychopathology. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 212-217.
246. Richardson, G., & Kelly, T. P. (2004). A study in the relationship between interrogative suggestibility, compliance and social desirability in institutionalized adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 485-494.
247. Richert, R. A. (2003). The effect of fantasy context on preschoolers' analogical problem solving. Poster presented at the 2003 meeting of the Jean Piaget Society, Chicago, IL.
248. Rittenhouse, C. D., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (1994). Constraint on the transformation of characters, objects, and settings in dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 100-113.
249. Roffwarg, H. P., Herman, J. H., Bowe-Anders, C., & Tauber, E. S. (1978). The effect of sustained alterations of waking visual input on dream content. In A. M. Arkin, J. S. Antrobus, & S. J. Ellman (Eds.), The mind in sleep (pp. 295-349). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
250. Rosengren, K. S., & Hickling, A. K. (1994). Seeing is believing: Children's explanations of commonplace, magical, and extraordinary transformations. Child Development, 65, 1605-1626.
251. Rosengren, K. S., & Hickling, A. K. (2000). Metamorphosis and magic: The development of children's thinking about possible events and plausible mechanisms. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific, and religious thinking in children (pp. 75-98). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
252. Rosengren, K. S., Kalish, C. W., Hickling, A. K., & Gelman, S. A. (1994). Exploring the relation between preschool children's magical beliefs and causal thinking. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 69-82.
253. Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & McCauley, C. R. (1994). The nature of aversion to indirect contact with another person: AIDS aversion as a composite of aversion to strangers, infection, moral taint and misfortune. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 495-504.
254. Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & Nemeroff, C. (1992). Magical contagion beliefs and fear of AIDS. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1081-1092.
255. Rozin, P., Markwith, M., & Ross, B. (1990). The sympathetic magical law of similarity, nominal realism, and neglect of negatives in response to negative labels. Psychological Science, 1, 383-384.
256. Rozin, P., Millman, L., & Nemeroff, C. (1986). Operation of laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 703-712.
257. Runco, M. A., Nemiro, J., & Walberg, H. J. (1998). Personal explicit theories of creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 32, 1-17.
258. Russ, S. W. (1998). Play, creativity, and adaptive functioning: Implications for play interventions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 469-480.
259. Russ, S. W., & Kaugars, A. S. (2001). Emotion in children's play and creative problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 211-219.
260. Russ, S. W., Robins, A. L., & Christiano, B. A. (1999) Pretend play: Longitudinal prediction of creativity and affect in fantasy in children. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 129-139.
261. Samarapungavan, A. (1992). Children judgements in theory choice tasks: Scientific rationality in childhood. Cognition, 45, 1-32.
262. Sasaki, T. (2006). Magical thinking as a function of educational background and religious belief. A dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BSc (Hon) in Psychology. Lancaster University, Psychology Department, UK.
263. Scott, F. J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1996). Imagining real and unreal things: Evidence of a dissociation in autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 371-382.
264. Scott, F. J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Leslie, A. (1999). If pigs could fly: A test of counterfactual reasoning and pretence in children with autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 349-362.
265. Sejourne, L. (1976). Burning water: Thought and religion in ancient Mexico. Berkeley, CA: Shambala.
266. Selby, H. A. (1974). Zapotec deviance: The convergence of folk and modern sociology. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
267. Sextus Empiricus. (1976). Works, book 1. Moscow: Mysl.
268. Shafran, R., Thordarson, M. A., & Rachman, S. (1996). Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 379-391.
269. Sharon, T., & Woolley, J. D. (2004). Do monsters dream? Young children's understanding of the fantasy/reality distinction. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 293-310.
270. Sherif, M. (1966). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper and Row.
271. Shtulman, A., & Carey, S. (2007). Improbable or impossible? How children reason about the possibility of extraordinary events. Child Development, 78(3), 1015-1032.
272. Shultz, T. R., Fisher, G. W., Pratt, C. C., & Rulf, S. (1986). Selection of causal rules. Child Development, 49, 143-152.
273. Shweder, R. A. (1977). Likeness and likelihood in everyday thought: Magical thinking in judgments about personality. Current Anthropology, 18, 637-658.
274. Singer, M., Goldstein, H., Langone, H., Miller, J. S., Temerlin, M. K., & West, L. J. (1986). Report of the APA task force on deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control.
275. Singer, D., & Singer, J.(Eds.). (2001). Handbook of children and the media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
276. Singer, D. L., & Singer, J. (1990) The house of make-believe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
277. Skinner, B. F. (1948). 'Superstition' in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.
278. Skolnick, D., & Bloom, P. (2006). What does Batman think about SpongeBob? Children's understanding of the fantasy/fantasy distinction. Cognition, 101, 9-18.
279. Smith, G. J. W. (2005). How should creativity be defined? Creativity Research Journal, 17, 293-295.
280. Smith, C., Carey, S., & Wiser, M. (1985). On differentiation: A case study of the development of the concepts of size, weight, and density. Cognition, 21, 177-237.
281. Sobel, D. M. (2006). How fantasy benefits young children's understanding of pretense. Developmental Science, 9, 63-75.
282. Sperber, D. (1997). Intuitive and reflective beliefs. Mind and Language, 12(1), 67-83.
283. Stafford, P. (2003). Psychedelics. Oakland, CA: Ronin Publishing.
284. Staley, A. A., & O'Donnell, J. P. (1984). A developmental analysis of mothers' reports of normal children fears. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 144, 165-178.
285. Stanford, R. G., & Rust, P. (1977). Psi-mediated helping behavior: Experimental paradigm and initial results. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris(Eds.), Research in parapsychology (pp. 109-110). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow.
286. Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 607-627.
287. Strandberg, T., & Terry, J. D. (2004). Are you rapture ready? Signs, prophecies, warnings, and suspicions that the endtime is now. New York: Penguin Books.
288. Stuss, D., & Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.
289. Subbotsky, E. V. (1985). Preschool children's perception of unusual phenomena. Soviet Psychology, 23, 91-114.
290. Subbotsky, E. V. (1991a). Existence as a psychological problem: Object permanence in adults and preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 14(1), 67-82.
291. Subbotsky, E. V. (1991b). A life span approach to object permanence. Human Development, 34, 125-137.
292. Subbotsky, E. V. (1993). Foundations of the mind: Children's understanding of reality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
293. Subbotsky, E. V. (1994). Early rationality and magical thinking in preschoolers: Space and time. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 97-108.
294. Subbotsky, E. V. (1996). Explaining impossible phenomena: Object permanence beliefs and memory failures in adults. Memory, 4, 199-223.
295. Subbotsky, E. V. (1997a). Explanations of unusual events: Phenomenalistic causal judgments in children and adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 13-36.
296. Subbotsky, E. (1997b). Understanding the distinction between sensations and physical properties of objects by children and adults. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 321-347.
297. Subbotsky, E. V. (2000a). Causal reasoning and behavior in children and adults in a technologically advanced society: Are we still prepared to believe in magic and animism? In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.), Children's reasoning and the mind (pp. 227-347). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
298. Subbotsky, E. (2000b). Phenomenalistic perception and rational understanding in the mind of an individual: A fight for dominance. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 35-74). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
299. Subbotsky, E. (2000c). Phenomenalistic reality: The developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 20, 438-474.
300. Subbotsky, E. V. (2001). Causal explanations of events by children and adults: Can alternative causal modes coexist in one mind? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 23-46.
301. Subbotsky, E. (2004). Magical thinking in judgments of causation: Can anomalous phenomena affect ontological causal beliefs in children and adults? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 123-152.
302. Subbotsky, E. (2005). The permanence of mental objects: Testing magical thinking on perceived and imaginary realities. Developmental Psychology, 41, 301-318.
303. Subbotsky, E. (2007) Children's and adults' reactions to magical and ordinary suggestion:Are suggestibility and magical thinking psychologically close relatives? British Journal of Psychology, 98, 547-574.
304. Subbotsky, E. (2009a). Can magical intervention affect subjective experiences? Adults' reactions to magical suggestion. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 517-537.
305. Subbotsky, E. (2009b). Curiosity and exploratory behavior towards possible and impossible events in children and adults. British Journal of Psychology (accepted for publication)
306. Subbotsky, E. (2010). Discrimination between fantastic and ordinary visual displays by children and adults (Unpublished manuscript).
307. Subbotsky, E., Chesnokova, O., & Greenfield, S. (2002). Object permanence beliefs and memory failures in children and adults. Paper presented at the conference on memory, University of Tsukuba, Japan, March 8-10, 2002. Available from
308. Subbotsky, E., & Hysted, C. (2008). Magical thinking and creativity in preschool children. Paper presented at XXth Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, July 13-17, 2008, Wurzburg, Germany.
309. Subbotsky, E., Hysted, C., & Jones, N. (2009). Watching Harry Potter: Magical thinking and creativity in children. Unpublished manuscript. Available from
310. Subbotsky, E., & Quinteros, G. (2002). Do cultural factors affect causal beliefs? Rational and magical thinking in Britain and Mexico. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 519-543.
311. Subbotsky, E., & Ryan, A. (2009). Motivation, belief and geomagnetic activity in a remote viewing task. Paper presented at the Society for Psychical Research Annual Conference, Nottingham, UK, September 4-6, 2009.
312. Subbotsky, E. V., & Trommsdorff, G. (1992). Object permanence in adults: A crosscultural perspective. Psychologische Beiträge, 34, 62-79.
313. Swinburne, R. (1979). The existence of god? New York: Oxford University Press.
314. Swinburne, R. (1996). Is there a god? Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
315. Tambiah, S. J. (1990). Magic, science, religion, and the scope of rationality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
316. Taylor, M., & Carlson, S. (1997). The relation between individual differences in fantasy and theory of mind. Child Development, 68, 436-455.
317. Taylor, M., & Carlson, S. (2000). The influence of religious beliefs on parental attitudes about children's fantasy behavior. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 247-268). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
318. Taylor, M., & Flavell, J. H. (1984). Seeing and believing: Children's understanding of the distinction between appearance and reality. Child Development, 55, 1710-1720.
319. Taylor, M., & Hort, B. (1990). Can children be trained in making the distinction between appearance and reality? Cognitive Development, 5, 89-99.
320. Taylor, B., & Howell, R. (1973). The ability of three-, four-, and five-year-old children to distinguish ordinary from magical reality. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 122, 315-318.
321. Thalbourne, M. A. (1994). Belief in the paranormal and its relationship to schizophreniarelevant measures: A confirmatory study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 78-80.
322. Thalbourne, M. A., & Delin, P. S. (1994). A common thread underlying belief in the paranormal, creative personality, mystical experience and psychopathology. Journal of Parapsychology, 58(1), 3-38.
323. Thalbourne, M., & French, C. C. (1995). Paranormal beliefs, manic-depressiveness and magical ideation: A replication. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(2), 291-292.
324. Thomas, K. (1971). Attitudes and behavior. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books.
325. Tissot, R., & Burnard, Y. (1980). Aspects of cognitive activity in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 10, 657-663.
326. Torrance, E. P. (1962). Guiding creative talent. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
327. Torrance, E. P. (1981). Thinking creatively in action and movement. Bensenville, IL:Scholastic Testing Service, Inc.
328. Tulviste, P. (1991). The cultural-historical development of verbal thinking. Commack, NY:Nova Science Publishers.
329. Vikan, A., & Clausen, S.E. (1993). Freud, Piaget, or neither? Beliefs in controlling others by wishful thinking and magical behavior in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154(3), 297-314.
330. Vinden, P. (1996). Junin Quechua children's understanding of mind. Child Development, 67, 1707-1716.
331. Vygotsky, L. S. (1982). Memory and its development in childhood. In L. S. Vygotsky (Ed.), Works, in six volumes, Volume 2. Moscow: Pedagogica.
332. Vygotsky, L. S. (1999). Tool and sign in the development of the child. In The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky. Volume 6: Scientific legacy. New York: Kluwer/Plenum. (Original work written in 1930.)
333. Vyse, S. A. (1997). Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition. New York; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
334. Walker, S. (1992). Developmental changes in the representation of word-meaning: Crosscultural findings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 285-299.
335. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Pink elephant tramples white bear: The evasion of suppression. Psycoloquy, 5, 40.
336. Wegner, D. M., & Erskine, J. A. K. (2003). Voluntary involuntariness: Thought suppression and the regulation of the experience of will. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(4), 684-694.
337. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., III, & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 5-13.
338. Wellman, H. M., & Bartsch, K. (1988). Young children's reasoning about beliefs. Cognition, 30, 239-277.
339. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 3, 655-684.
340. Wellman, H. M., & Estes, D. (1986). Early understanding of mental entities: A reexamination of childhood realism. Child Development, 57, 910-923.
341. Wertsch, J. (1991). Voices of the mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
342. Westen, D. (2007). The political brain: The role of emotion in deciding the fate of the nation. New York: Public Affairs.
343. Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
344. Wiseman, R., & Watt, C. (2004). Measuring superstitious belief: Why lucky charms matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1533-1541.
345. Wiser, M., & Carey, S. (1983). When heat and temperature were one. In: D. Gentner & A. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 75-98). New York: Academic Press.
346. Wolpert, L. (2006). Six impossible things before breakfast: The evolutionary origins of beliefs. London: Faber & Faber.
347. Woolley, J. D. (1997). Thinking about fantasy: Are children fundamentally different thinkers and believers from adults? Child Development, 98, 991-1011.
348. Woolley, J. D. (2000). The development of beliefs about direct mental-physical causality in imagination, magic, and religion. In K. S. Rosengren, C. N. Johnson, & P. L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific and religious thinking in children (pp. 99-129). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
349. Woolley, J., Boerger, E. A., & Markman, A. B. (2004). A visit from the Candy Witch: Factors influencing children's belief in a novel fantastic entity. Developmental Science, 7, 456-468.
350. Woolley, J. D., Browne, C. A., & Boerger, E. A. (2006). Constraints on children's judgments of magical causality. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7(2), 253-277.
351. Woolley, J. D., & Cox, V. (2007). Development of beliefs about storybook reality. Developmental Science, 10, 681-693.
352. Woolley, J. D., & Phelps, K. E. (1994). Young children's practical reasoning about imagination. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 53-67.
353. Woolley, J. D., Phelps, K. E., Davis, D. L., & Mandell, D. J. (1999). Where theories of mind meet magic: The development of children's beliefs about wishing. Child Development, 70, 571-587.
354. Woolley, J. D., & Wellman, H. M. (1993). Origin and truth: Young children's understanding of imaginary mental representations. Child Development, 64(1), 1-17.
355. Zaitchek, D. (1990). When representation conflict with reality: The preschoolers problem with false beliefs and "false" photographs. Cognition, 35, 41-68.
356. Zusne, L. (1985). Magical thinking and parapsychology. In P. Kurtz (Ed.), A sceptical handbook of parapsychology (pp. 688-700). New York: Prometheus Books.
357. Zusne, L., & Jones, W. H. (1982). Anomalistic psychology: A study of extraordinary phenomena of behavior and experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.