Exposure assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in pasteurised bovine milk using probabilistic modelling

Chemosphere

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 509-516

  Adekunte, Adefunke O ^a   Tiwari, Brijesh K ^a   O'Donnell, Colm P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Bovine milk; Dioxin like PCBs; Dioxins; Exposure assessment; Monte Carlo simulation

Indexed keywords

ADDITIVES; INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS; MAMMALS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PASTEURIZATION; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

BOVINE MILK; DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS; DIOXINS; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; MONO-ORTHO PCBS; PROBABILISTIC EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; PROBABILISTIC MODELLING; SIMULATED MODEL;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; FOOD ADDITIVE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; DIOXIN; POLLUTANT;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DIOXIN; FOOD CHAIN; FOOD CONSUMPTION; MILK; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; PCB; POLLUTION EXPOSURE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; MALE; MILK; MODEL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PASTEURIZATION; PROBABILITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; BOVINAE; DRINKING; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; POLLUTANT; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

BOVINAE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CATTLE; DIOXINS; DRINKING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MILK; MODELS, STATISTICAL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77956878649     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.038     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Abad E., Llerena J.J., Sauló J., Caixach J., Rivera J. Study on PCDDs/PCDFs and co-PCBs content in food samples from Catalonia (Spain). Chemosphere 2002, 46(9-10):1435-1441.
2. Arisawa K., Takeda H., Mikasa H. Background exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs/PCBs and its potential health effects: a review of epidemiologic studies. J. Med. Invest. 2005, 52:10-21.
3. Ashraf European dioxins-contaminated food crisis grows and grows. Lancet 1999, 353(9169):2049.
4. Bernard A., Fierens S. The Belgian PCB/dioxins incident: a critical review of health risks evaluations. Int. J. Toxicol. 2002, 21:333-340.
5. Bilau M., Matthys C., Baeyens W., Bruckers L., De Backer G., Den Hond E., Keune H., Koppen G., Nelen V., Schoeters G., Van Larebeke N., Willems J.L., De Henauw S. Dietary exposure to dioxins-like compounds in three age groups: results from the Flemish environment and health study. Chemosphere 2008, 70:584-592.
6. Bocio A., Domingo J.L. Daily intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in foodstuffs consumed in Tarragona, Spain: a review of recent studies (2001-2003) on human PCDD/PCDF exposure through the diet. Environ. Res. 2005, 97:1-9.
7. Brambilla G., Fochi I., Falce M., De Filippis S.P., Ubaldi A., di Domenico A. PCDD and PCDF depletion in milk from dairy cows according to the herd metabolic scenario. Chemosphere 2008, 73(1):S216-S219.
8. Chovancová J., Kocan A., Jursa S. PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in food of animal origin (Slovakia). Chemosphere 2005, 61(9):1305-1311.
9. Codex Alimentarius (CODEX), 2004. Code of hygienic practice for milk and milk products. http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10087/CXP_057e.pdf.
10. Coffey R., Cummins E., Ward S. Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in dairy milk. Food Control 2009, 20:239-249.
11. Concannon, C., 2001. Dioxins concentrations in the Irish environment: second assessment (Summer 2000). Based on concentrations in cows' milk. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, ISBN 1-84095-056-0.
12. Concannon, C., 2005. Dioxins in the Irish environment: third assessment (Summer 2004). Based on concentrations in cows' Milk. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, ISBN 1-84095-172-9.
13. Concannon, C., 2008. Dioxins concentrations in the Irish environment: Fourth assessment (Summer 2000). Based on concentrations in cows' milk. Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, ISBN 1-84095-056-0.
14. De Mul A., Bakker M.I., Zeilmaker M.J., Traag W.A., van Leeuwen S.P.J., Hoogenboom R.L.A.P., Boon P.E., van Klaveren J.D. Dietary exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in the Netherlands anno 2004. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 51(3):278-287.
15. Douben P.E.T., Alcock R.E., Jones K.C. Congener specific transfer of PCDD/Fs from air to cows' milk: an evaluation of current modelling approach. Environ. Pollut. 1997, 95(3):333-344.
16. Durand B., Dufour B., Vindel E., Fraisse D. A survey of PCDD and PCDF in French long-life half-skimmed drinking milk. Chemosphere 2000, 41(6):865-869.
17. Durand B., Dufour B., Fraisse D., Defour S., Duhem K., Le-Barillec K. Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxins-like PCBs in raw cow's milk collected in France in 2006. Chemosphere 2008, 70(4):689-693.
18. European Commission (EC), 2006a. European Union (EU) Regulation No. 199/2006 Regulation No. 199/2006 of 3 February 2006 Amending Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 setting Maximum Concentrations for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs as Regards Dioxins and Dioxins-like PCBs.
19. European Commission (EC), 2006b. Commission Recommendation of 6 February 2006 on the Reduction of the Presence of Dioxins, Furans and PCBs in Feedingstuffs and Foodstuffs (2006/88/EC).
20. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Guidance of the scientific committee on a request from EFSA related to uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment. EFSA J. 2006, 438:1-54.
21. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010. Results of the monitoring of dioxin levels in food and feed. EFSA Journal 8(3), 1385-1420. doi:. http://www.efsa.europa.eu.
22. Esposito M., Cavallo S., Serpe F.P., D'Ambrosio R., Gallo P., Colarusso G., Pellicanò R., Baldi L., Guarino A., Serpe A. Levels and congener profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in cow's milk collected in Campania, Italy. Chemosphere 2009, 77(9):1212-1216.
23. Fattore E., Fanelli R., Aida Turrini., di Domenico A. Current dietary exposure to polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in Italy. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2006, 50(10):915-921.
24. Fiedler H. Dioxins in milk, meat, eggs and fish. Food Safety: Contaminants and Toxins 2003, 153-174. Oxford University Press. J.P.F. D'Mello (Ed.).
25. Fingerhut M.A., Halperin W.E., Marlow D.A., Piacitelli L.A., Honchar P.A., Sweeney M.H., Greife A.L., Dill P.A., Steenland K., Suruda A.J. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. New Engl. J. Med. 1991, 324:212-218.
26. Firestone D., Clower M., Borsetti A.P., Teske R.H., Long P.E. Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed technical pentachlorophenol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27:1171-1177.
27. Focant J.F., Eppe G., Pirard C., Massart A.C., Andre J.E., De Pauw E. Concentrations and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in Belgian foodstuffs - assessment of dietary intake. Chemosphere 2002, 48:167-179.
28. Food Standards Agency (FSA), 2006. Dioxins and Dioxins-like PCBs in Foods - EU monitoring, 2005. Food Survey Information Sheet, 16/06. http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2006/fsis1606.
29. Food Standards Agency (FSA), 2007. Dioxins and Dioxins-like PCBs in Foods - EU Monitoring, 2006. Food Survey Information Sheet 04/07. http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2007/fsis0407.
30. Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI), 2005. Investigation into Concentrations of Dioxins, Furans, PCBs and PBDEs in Irish Foods. http://www.fsai.ie/resources_and_publications/surveys.html.
31. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), 2004. Dioxins in Food: Dietary Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterisation. Technical report Series No. 27. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au.
32. Fürst P., Fürst C., Groebel W. Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in food-stuffs from the Federal Republic of Germany. Chemosphere 1990, 20(7-9):787-792.
33. Fürst P., Krause G.H.M., Hein D., Delschen T., Wilmers K. PCDD/PCDF in cow's milk in relation to their levels in grass and soil. Chemosphere 1993, 27(8):1349-1357.
34. Gallani B., Verstraete F., Boix A., von Holst C., Anklam E. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed in Europe. Organohalogen Compd. 2004, 66:1893-1900.
35. Gehrs B.C., Smailowicz R.J. Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Toxicology 1999, 134(1):79-88.
36. Gray L.E., Ostby J.S., Kelce W.R. A dose-response analysis of the reproductive effects of a single gestational dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) in male Long Evans hooded rat offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997, 146(1):11-20.
37. Gruemping, R., 2006. New EU Regulations on Dioxins and Dioxins-like PCBs in Foods and Feeding Stuffs. EUROFINS, No. 2, March 2006.
38. Hsu M.S., Hsu K.Y., Wang S.M., Chou U., Chen S.Y., Huang N.C., Liao C.Y., Yu T.P., Ling Y.C. A total diet study to estimate PCDD/Fs and dioxins-like PCBs intake from food in Taiwan. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9):S65-S70.
39. Huwe J.K., Smith D.J. Laboratory and on-farm studies on the bioaccumulation and elimination of dioxins from a contaminated mineral supplement fed to dairy cows. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53:2362-2370.
40. Ingelido A., di Domenico F., Iacovella S., Spagnesi V., De Felip E. Concentrations and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in feedstuffs and milk from farms in the vicinity of incineration plants in Tuscany, Italy. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 59:397-404.
41. Irish Universities Nutrition Alliance (IUNA), 2001. North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. http://www.safefood.eu/Global/Publications/Research/reports.
42. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (JECFA), 2002. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. In: Canady, R., Crump, K., Feeley, M., Freijer, J., Kogevinas, M., Malisch, R., Verger, P., Wilson, J., Zeilmaker, M., (Eds.), Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Report of the 57th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series, vol. 48. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 451-664.
43. Jensen D.J., Hummel R.A. Secretion of TCDD in milk and cream following the feeding of TCDD to lactating dairy cows. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982, 29:440-446.
44. Kiviranta H., Ovaskainen M.L., Vartiainen T. Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in Finland. Environ Int. 2004, 30(7):923-932.
45. Kleter G.A., Groot M.J., Poelman M., Kok E.J., Marvin H.J.P. Timely awareness and prevention of emerging chemical and biochemical risks in foods: proposal for a strategy based on experience with recent cases. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47:992-1008.
46. Kociba R.J., Keyes D.G., Beyer J.E., Carreon R.M., Wade C.E., Dittenber D., Kalnins R., Frauson L., Park C.N., Barnard S., Hummel R., Humiston C.G. Results of a two years chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978, 46(2):279.
47. Li J.G., Wu Y.N., Zhang L., Zhao Y.F. Dietary intake of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxins-like polychlorinated biphenyls from foods of animal origin in China. Food Addit. Contam. A 2007, 186-193.
48. Licata P., Trombetta D., Cristani M., Giofrè F., Martino D., Calò M., Naccari F. Levels of " toxic" and " essential" metals in samples of bovine milk from various dairy farms in Calabria, Italy. Environ. Int. 2004, 30(1):1-6.
49. Llobet J.M., Domingo J.L., Bocio A., Casas C., Teixidó A., Müller L. Human exposure to dioxins through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Chemosphere 2003, 50(9):1193-1200.
50. Lorber M., Winters D. Survey of dioxins-like compounds in dairy feeds in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55(2):386-395.
51. Mably T., Moore R.W., Goy R.W., Peterson R.E. In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. 2. Effects on sexual behaviour and the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in adulthood. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992, 114:108-117.
52. Malisch R. Increase of PCDD/F-contamination of milk, butter and meat samples by use of contaminated citrus pulp. Chemosphere 2000, 40:1041-1053.
53. Malisch R. PCDD/F in kaolinitic clays and its relevance for feedingstuff, food and cosmetics. Organohalogen Compd. 2000, 47:326-329.
54. McLachlan M.S. Mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorine compounds in a lactating cow. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41(3):474-480.
55. McLachlan M.S. Model of the fate of hydrophobic contaminants in cows. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28:2407-2414.
56. McLachlan M., Richter W. Uptake and transfer of PCDD/Fs by cattle fed naturally contaminated feedstuffs and feed contaminated as a result of sewage sludge application. 1. Lactating cows. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46(3):1166-1172.
57. McLachlan M.S., Thoma H., Reissinger M., Hutzinger O. PCDD/F in an agricultural food chain. Part 1: PCDD/F mass balance of a lactating cow. Chemosphere 1990, 20:1013-1020.
58. Olling M., Derks H.J.G.M., Berende P.L.M., Liem A.K.D., de Jong A.P.J.M. Toxicokinetics of eight 13C-labelled polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in lactating cows. Chemosphere 1991, 23(8-10):1377-1385.
59. Papadopoulos A., Vassiliadou I., Costopoulou D., Papanicolaou C., Leondiadis L. Concentrations of dioxins and dioxins-like PCBs in food samples on the Greek market. Chemosphere 2004, 57(5):413-419.
60. Parzefall W. Risk assessment of dioxins contamination in human food. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40(8):1185-1189.
61. Rier S.E., Martin D.C., Bowman R.E., Dmowski W.P., Becker J.L. Endometriosis in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1993, 21:433-441.
62. Sapkota A.R., Lefferts L.Y., McKenzie S., Walker P. What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115(5):663-670.
63. Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), 2001. European Commission, Scientific Committee on Food, Brussels, Belgium. Opinion on the Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in food (22 November, 2000). http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out78.en.pdf.
64. Schantz S.L., Bowman R.E. Learning in monkeys exposed perinatally to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD). Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1989, 11(1):13-19.
65. Schecter A., Startin J., Wright C., Kelly M., Päpke O., Lis A., Ball M., Olson J.R. Congener-specific concentrations of dioxins and dibenzofurans in US food and estimated daily dioxins toxic equivalent intake. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102(11):962-966.
66. Schmid P., Gujer E., Zennegg M., Studer C. Temporal and local trends of PCDD/F concentrations in cows milk in Switzerland. Chemosphere 2003, 53:129-136.
67. Schuler F., Schmid P., Schlatter C. Transfer of airborne polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans into dairy milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45(10):4162-4167.
68. Schwarz M., Appel K.E. Carcinogenic risks of dioxin: mechanistic considerations. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 43(1):19-34.
69. Thomas G.O., Sweetman A.J., Lohmann R., Jones K.C. Derivation and field testing of air-milk and feed-milk transfer factors for PCBs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32(22):3522-3528.
70. Thomas G.O., Sweetman A.J., Jones K.C. Metabolism and body-burden of PCBs in lactating dairy cows. Chemosphere 1999, 39:1533-1544.
71. Thomas G.O., Sweetman A.J., Jones K.C. Input-output balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in a long term study of lactating dairy cows. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33:104-112.
72. Tsutsumi T., Yanagi T., Nakamura M., Kono Y., Uchibe H., Iida T., Hori T., Nakagawa R., Tobiishi K., Matsuda R., Sasaki K., Toyoda M. Update of daily intake of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxins-like PCBs from food in Japan. Chemosphere 2001, 45:1129-1137.
73. Vose, D., 2000. Quantifying Uncertainty about Model Parameters. Risk Analysis, second ed. Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York, NY, USA, pp. 111-122.
74. Wang I.C., Wu Y.L., Lin L.F., Chang-Chien G.P. Human dietary exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in Taiwan. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 164:621-626.
75. Welsch-Pausch K., McLachlan M.S. Fate of airborne polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in an agricultural ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 1998, 102:129-137.
76. Windal I., Vandevijvere S., Maleki M., Goscinny S., Vinkx C., Focant J.F., Eppe G., Hanot V., Van Loco J. Dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs of the Belgian population. Chemosphere 2010, 79(3):334-340.
77. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2010. Dioxins and their effects on human health. Fact sheet No 225, May 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/index.html.
78. Yoshida K., Ikeda S., Nakanishi J. Assessment of human health risk of dioxins in Japan. Chemosphere 2000, 40(2):177-185.