Signaling pathways in the epithelial origins of pulmonary fibrosis

Cell Cycle

Volumn 9, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 2841-2848

  Hardie, William D ^a   Hagood, James S ^a   Dave, Vrushank ^b   Perl, Anne Karina T ^b   Whitsett, Jeffrey A ^b   Korfhagen, Thomas R ^b   Glasser, Stephan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidermal growth factor receptor; Epithelial mesenchymal transition; Transforming growth factor alpha

Indexed keywords

CLARA CELL SECRETORY PROTEIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; SECRETORY PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FIBROBLAST; LUNG FIBROSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; VIRUS INFECTION;

MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 77956814632     PISSN: 15384101     EISSN: 15514005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.14.12268     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: new insights. Clin Perinatol 2004; 31:613-28.
2. Postma DS, Timens W. Remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:434-9. (Pubitemid 44033359)
3. Rennard SI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: linking outcomes and pathobiology of disease modification. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:276-80.
4. Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A, Canuet M, Kessler R. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 30:458-70.
5. Kim R, Meyer KC. Therapies for interstitial lung disease: past, present and future. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2008; 2:319-38.
6. Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Lezotte DC, Norris JM, Wilson CG, Brown KK. Mortality from pulmonary fibrosis increased in the United States from 1992 to 2003. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:277-84.
7. Crystal RG, Gadek JE, Ferrans VJ, Fulmer JD, Line BR, Hunninghake GW. Interstitial lung disease: current concepts of pathogenesis, staging and therapy. Am J Med 1981; 70:542-68.
8. King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1171-81.
9. Cook DN, Brass DM, Schwartz DA. A matrix for new ideas in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:122-4.
10. Bucala R, Spiegel LA, Chesney J, Hogan M, Cerami A. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol Med 1994; 1:71-81.
11. Yang L, Scott PG, Dodd C, Medina A, Jiao H, Shankowsky HA, et al. Identification of fibrocytes in postburn hypertrophic scar. Wound Repair Regen 2005; 13:398-404. (Pubitemid 41060421)
12. Sakai N, Wada T, Yokoyama H, Lipp M, Ueha S, Matsushima K, et al. Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21)/CCR7 signaling regulates fibrocytes in renal fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:14098-103. (Pubitemid 44452986)
13. Schmidt M, Sun G, Stacey MA, Mori L, Mattoli S. Identification of circulating fibrocytes as precursors of bronchial myofibroblasts in asthma. J Immunol 2003; 171:380-9. (Pubitemid 36745311)
14. Wang CH, Huang CD, Lin HC, Lee KY, Lin SM, Liu CY, et al. Increased circulating fibrocytes in asthma with chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:583-91.
15. Moore BB, Kolodsick JE, Thannickal VJ, Cooke K, Moore TA, Hogaboam C, et al. CCR2-mediated recruitment of fibrocytes to the alveolar space after fibrotic injury. Am J Pathol 2005; 166:675-84. (Pubitemid 40315625)
16. Andersson-Sjoland A, de Alba CG, Nihlberg K, Becerril C, Ramirez R, Pardo A, et al. Fibrocytes are a potential source of lung fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2129-40.
17. Hashimoto N, Jin H, Liu T, Chensue SW, Phan SH. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:243-52. (Pubitemid 38544209)
18. Rojas M, Xu J, Woods CR, Mora AL, Spears W, Roman J, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in repair of the injured lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:145-52. (Pubitemid 41473051)
19. Ortiz LA, Gambelli F, McBride C, Gaupp D, Baddoo M, Kaminski N, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:8407-11. (Pubitemid 36842558)
20. Loebinger MR, Aguilar S, Janes SM. Therapeutic potential of stem cells in lung disease: progress and pitfalls. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:99-108.
21. Tanjore H, Xu XC, Polosukhin VV, Degryse AL, Li B, Han W, et al. Contribution of epithelial-derived fibroblasts to bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:657-65.
22. Kasai H, Allen JT, Mason RM, Kamimura T, Zhang Z. TGFbeta1 induces human alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT). Respir Res 2005; 6:56. (Pubitemid 41410179)
23. Wu Z, Yang L, Cai L, Zhang M, Cheng X, Yang X, et al. Detection of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in airways of a bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis model derived from an alpha-smooth muscle actin-Cre transgenic mouse. Respir Res 2007; 8:1.
24. Kim KK, Kugler MC, Wolters PJ, Robillard L, Galvez MG, Brumwell AN, et al. Alveolar epithelial cell mesenchymal transition develops in vivo during pulmonary fibrosis and is regulated by the extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:13180-5. (Pubitemid 44338936)
25. Willis BC, Liebler JM, Luby-Phelps K, Nicholson AG, Crandall ED, du Bois RM, et al. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta1: potential role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2005; 166:1321-32. (Pubitemid 40586504)
26. Yamada M, Kuwano K, Maeyama T, Hamada N, Yoshimi M, Nakanishi Y, et al. Dual-immunohistochemistry provides little evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:453-62.
27. Kottmann RM, Hogan CM, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Determinants of initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2009; 14:917-33.
28. Laurent GJ, McAnulty RJ, Hill M, Chambers R. Escape from the matrix: multiple mechanisms for fibroblast activation in pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:311-5. (Pubitemid 351520683)
29. Selman M, Pardo A. Role of epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from innocent targets to serial killers. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:364-72. (Pubitemid 43845414)
30. Sisson TH, Mendez M, Choi K, Subbotina N, Courey A, Cunningham A, et al. Targeted injury of type II alveolar epithelial cells induces pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:254-63.
31. Hardie WD, Glasser SW, Hagood JS. Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2009; 175:3-16.
32. Glasser SW, Detmer EA, Ikegami M, Na CL, Stahlman MT, Whitsett JA. Pneumonitis and emphysema in sp-C gene targeted mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14291-8. (Pubitemid 36799978)
33. Lawson WE, Polosukhin VV, Stathopoulos GT, Zoia O, Han W, Lane KB, et al. Increased and prolonged pulmonary fibrosis in surfactant protein C-deficient mice following intratracheal bleomycin. Am J Pathol 2005; 167:1267-77. (Pubitemid 41541413)
34. Egan JJ, Stewart JP, Hasleton PS, Arrand JR, Carroll KB, Woodcock AA. Epstein-Barr virus replication within pulmonary epithelial cells in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1995; 50:1234-9.
35. Stewart JP, Egan JJ, Ross AJ, Kelly BG, Lok SS, Hasleton PS, et al. The detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1336-41.
36. Tang YW, Johnson JE, Browning PJ, Cruz-Gervis RA, Davis A, Graham BS, et al. Herpesvirus DNA is consistently detected in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2633-40. (Pubitemid 36712478)
37. Konishi K, Gibson KF, Lindell KO, Richards TJ, Zhang Y, Dhir R, et al. Gene expression profiles of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:167-75.
38. Mapel DW, Samet JM, Coultas DB. Corticosteroids and the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Past, present and future. Chest 1996; 110:1058-67.
39. Kubiak J, Mitra MM, Steve AR, Hunt JD, Davies P, Pitt BR. Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in late-gestation fetal rat lung. Pediatr Res 1992; 31:286-90.
40. Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Reddy P, Stocking KL, Sunnarborg SW, Lee DC, et al. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science 1998; 282:1281-4. (Pubitemid 28524483)
41. Polosa R, Prosperini G, Leir SH, Holgate ST, Lackie PM, Davies DE. Expression of c-erbB receptors and ligands in human bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:914-23. (Pubitemid 129540850)
42. Fernandes AM, Hamburger AW, Gerwin BI. Production of epidermal growth factor related ligands in tumorigenic and benign human lung epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 1999; 142:55-63.
43. Dammann CE, Nielsen HC, Carraway KL. Role of neuregulin-1beta in the developing lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1711-6.
44. Lemjabbar H, Li D, Gallup M, Sidhu S, Drori E, Basbaum C. Tobacco smoke-induced lung cell proliferation mediated by tumor necrosis factor alphaconverting enzyme and amphiregulin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26202-7. (Pubitemid 36835389)
45. Vermeer PD, Einwalter LA, Moninger TO, Rokhlina T, Kern JA, Zabner J, et al. Segregation of receptor and ligand regulates activation of epithelial growth factor receptor. Nature 2003; 422:322-6. (Pubitemid 36378360)
46. Zhang L, Rice AB, Adler K, Sannes P, Martin L, Gladwell W, et al. Vanadium stimulates human bronchial epithelial cells to produce heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor: a mitogen for lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:123-31. (Pubitemid 32152073)
47. Madtes DK, Raines EW, Sakariassen KS, Assoian RK, Sporn MB, Bell GI, et al. Induction of transforming growth factor-alpha in activated human alveolar macrophages. Cell 1988; 53:285-93.
48. Stahlman MT, Orth DN, Gray ME. Immunocytochemical localization of epidermal growth factor in the developing human respiratory system and in acute and chronic lung disease in the neonate. Lab Invest 1989; 60:539-47.
49. Strandjord TP, Clark JG, Guralnick DE, Madtes DK. Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-receptor in normal and injured developing human lung. Pediatr Res 1995; 38:851-6.
50. Hardie WD, Bejarano PA, Miller MA, Yankaskas JR, Ritter JH, Whitsett JA, et al. Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1999; 2:415-23.
51. Baughman RP, Lower EE, Miller MA, Bejarano PA, Heffelfinger SC. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor-receptor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999; 16:57-61.
52. Wang X, Huong SM, Chiu ML, Raab-Traub N, Huang ES. Epidermal growth factor receptor is a cellular receptor for human cytomegalovirus. Nature 2003; 424:456-61. (Pubitemid 36917497)
53. Gallucci RM, Simeonova PP, Toriumi W, Luster MI. TNFalpha regulates transforming growth factor-alpha expression in regenerating murine liver and isolated hepatocytes. J Immunol 2000; 164:872-8. (Pubitemid 30043712)
54. Booth BW, Adler KB, Bonner JC, Tournier F, Martin LD. Interleukin-13 induces proliferation of human airway epithelial cells in vitro via a mechanism mediated by transforming growth factor-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:739-43. (Pubitemid 33124691)
55. Bogdan S, Klambt C. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Curr Biol 2001; 1:292-5.
56. Jorissen RN, Walker F, Pouliot N, Garrett TP, Ward CW, Burgess AW. Epidermal growth factor receptor: mechanisms of activation and signalling. Exp Cell Res 2003; 284:31-53. (Pubitemid 36331965)
57. Madtes DK, Rubenfeld G, Klima LD, Milberg JA, Steinberg KP, Martin TR, et al. Elevated transforming growth factor-alpha levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:424-30. (Pubitemid 28378168)
58. Hardie WD, Le Cras TD, Jiang K, Tichelaar JW, Azhar M, Korfhagen TR. Conditional expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in adult mouse lung causes pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:741-9.
59. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Mossman B, Schwarz MI, Sheppard D, Almasy L, et al. Future research directions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: summary of a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute working group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:236-46. (Pubitemid 34765460)
60. Selman M, King TE, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:136-51. (Pubitemid 32096342)
61. Selman M, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: misunderstandings between epithelial cells and fibroblasts? Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2004; 21:165-72.
62. Hardie WD, Davidson C, Ikegami M, Leikauf GD, Le Cras TD, Prestridge A, et al. EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors diminish transforming growth factor-alpha-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:1217-25.
63. Hardie WD, Korfhagen TR, Sartor MA, Prestridge A, Medvedovic M, Le Cras TD, et al. Genomic profile of matrix and vasculature remodeling in TGFalpha induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:309-21. (Pubitemid 350067610)
64. Hardie WD, Korfhagen TR, Sartor MA, Prestridge A, Medvedovic M, Le Cras TD, et al. Genomic Profile of Matrix and Vasculature Remodeling in TGF{alpha} Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:309-21.
65. Cantley LC. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, Science 2002; 296:1655-7.
66. Sawyers CL. Will kinase inhibitors have a dark side? N Engl J Med 2006; 355:313-5.
67. White ES, Atrasz RG, Hu B, Phan SH, Stambolic V, Mak TW, et al. Negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation by PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on chromosome 10). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:112-21.
68. Xia H, Diebold D, Nho R, Perlman D, Kleidon J, Kahm J, et al. Pathological integrin signaling enhances proliferation of primary lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 2008; 205:1659-72.
69. Kang HR, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Semaphorin 7A plays a critical role in TGFbeta1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 2007; 204:1083-93.
70. Hartford CM, Ratain MJ. Rapamycin: something old, something new, sometimes borrowed and now renewed. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:381-8.
71. Kramer S, Wang-Rosenke Y, Scholl V, Binder E, Loof T, Khadzhynov D, et al. Low-dose mTOR inhibition by rapamycin attenuates progression in anti-thy1-induced chronic glomerulosclerosis of the rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:440-9.
72. Gerasimovskaya EV, Tucker DA, Stenmark KR. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin is necessary for hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblast proliferation. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98:722-31.
73. Yang Y, Wang J, Qin L, Shou Z, Zhao J, Wang H, et al. Rapamycin prevents early steps of the development of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27:495-502. (Pubitemid 47482007)
74. Parsons CJ, Takashima M, Rippe RA. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:79-84.
75. Simler NR, Howell DC, Marshall RP, Goldsack NR, Hasleton PS, Laurent GJ, et al. The rapamycin analogue SDZ RAD attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:1124-7.
76. Korfhagen TR, Le Cras TD, Davidson CR, Schmidt SM, Ikegami M, Whitsett JA, et al. Rapamycin prevents transforming growth factor-alpha-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:562-72.
77. Ikegami M, Le Cras TD, Hardie WD, Stahlman MT, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR. TGFalpha perturbs surfactant homeostasis in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:34-43.
78. Lee JM, Dedhar S, Kalluri R, Thompson EW. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition: new insights in signaling, development and disease. J Cell Biol 2006; 172:973-81.
79. Kalluri R, Neilson EG. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1776-84.
80. Zavadil J, Haley J, Kalluri R, Muthuswamy SK, Thompson E. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9574-7.
81. Kim KK, Wei Y, Szekeres C, Kugler MC, Wolters PJ, Hill ML, et al. Epithelial cell alpha3beta1 integrin links beta-catenin and Smad signaling to promote myofibroblast formation and pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:213-24.