Towards high resolution optical imaging of beta cells in vivo

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 16, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 1595-1608

  Villiger, M ^a   Goulley, J ^a   Martin Williams, E J ^a   Grapin Botton, A ^a   Lasser, T ^a  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Beta cell mass; Diabetes mellitus; Extended focus optical coherence microscopy (xFOCM); Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) in vitro imaging; In vivo imaging; Insulin; Islet of langerhans; Optical coherence microscopy (OCM); Optical coherence tomography (OCT); Optical microscopy

Indexed keywords

FLUORESCENT DYE; GLUCOSE;

ARTICLE; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY; CELL INTERACTION; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; IMAGING; IN VIVO IMAGING; IN VIVO STUDY; INSULIN RELEASE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; CELL CULTURE; CYTOLOGY; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; PANCREAS ISLET; REVIEW;

CELLS, CULTURED; GLUCOSE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; MICROSCOPY; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL COHERENCE;

EID: 77956193626     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161210791164153     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Holmberg D, Ahlgren U. Imaging the pancreas: from ex vivo to non-invasive technology. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 2148-54.
2. Souza F, Freeby M, Hultman K, Simpson N, Herron A, Witkowsky P, et al. Current progress in non-invasive imaging of beta cell mass of the endocrine pancreas. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 2761-73.
3. Leitgeb RA, Villiger M, Bachmann AH, Steinmann L, Lasser T. Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy. Optics Lett 2006; 31: 2450-2.
4. Villiger M, Goulley J, Friedrich M, Grapin-Botton A, Meda P, Lasser T, et al. In vivo imaging of murine endocrine islets of Langerhans with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1599-607.
5. MacDonald PE, Obermuller S, Vikman J, Galvanovskis J, Rorsman P, Eliasson L. Regulated exocytosis and kiss-and-run of synapticlike microvesicles in INS-1 and primary rat beta-cells. Diabetes 2005; 54: 736-43.
6. Meissner HP. Electrophysiological evidence for coupling between beta-cells of pancreatic-islets. Nature 1976; 262: 502-4.
7. Bonuccelli S, Muscelli E, Gastaldelli A, Barsotti E, Astiarraga BD, Holst JJ, et al. Improved tolerance to sequential glucose loading (Staub-Traugott effect): size and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297: E532-7.
8. Mari A, Gastaldelli A, Natali A, Ostergard T, Schmitz O, Ferrannini E. Characterization of beta-cell function impairment in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects: modeling analysis of 24-h triple-meal tests. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E541-6.
9. Ferrannini E, Balkau B, Coppack SW, Dekker JM, Mari A, Nolan J, et al. Insulin resistance, insulin response, and obesity as indicators of metabolic risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2885-92.
10. Ferrannini E, Camastra S, Gastaldelli A, Maria Sironi A, Natali A, Muscelli E, et al. beta-cell function in obesity: effects of weight loss. Diabetes 2004; 53 (Suppl 3): S26-33.
11. Ferrannini E, Mari A. How to measure insulin sensitivity. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 895-906.
12. Brissova M, Fowler MJ, Nicholson WE, Chu A, Hirshberg B, Harlan DM, et al. Assessment of human pancreatic islet architecture and composition by laser scanning confocal microscopy. J HistoChem CytoChem 2005; 53: 1087-97.
13. Cabrera O, Berman DM, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Berggrern PO, Caicedo A. The unique cytoarchitecture of human pancreatic islets has implications for islet cell function. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2334-9.
14. Kim A, Miller K, Jo J, Kilimnik G, Pawel W, Hara M. Islet archtiecture: a comparative study. Islets 2009; 1: 8.
15. Goulley J, Dahl U, Baeza N, Mishina Y, Edlund H. BMP4- BMPR1A signaling in beta cells is required for and augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Cell Metab 2007; 5: 207-19.
16. Hama K, Provost E, Baranowski TC, Rubinstein AL, Anderson JL, Leach SD, et al. In vivo imaging of zebrafish digestive organ function using multiple quenched fluorescent reporters. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296: G445-53.
17. Kalra SP. Central leptin gene therapy ameliorates diabetes type 1 and 2 through two independent hypothalamic relays; a benefit beyond weight and appetite regulation. Peptides 2009; 309(10): 1957-63.
18. Herrera PL, Nepote V, Delacour A. Pancreatic cell lineage analyses in mice. Endocrine 2002; 19: 267-78.
19. Hara M, Wang XY, Kawamura T, Bindokas VP, Dizon RF, Alcoser SY, et al. Transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein-labeled pancreatic beta-cells. Am J Physiology-Endocrinol Metabol 2003; 284: E177-83.
20. Charollais A, Gjinovci A, Huarte J, Bauquis J, Nadal A, Martin F, et al. Junctional communication of pancreatic beta cells contributes to the control of insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. J Clin Investig 2000; 106: 235-43.
21. Hauge-Evans AC, King AJ, Carmignac D, Richardson CC, Robinson IC, Low MJ, et al. Somatostatin secreted by islet deltacells fulfills multiple roles as a paracrine regulator of islet function. Diabetes 2009; 58: 403-11.
22. Bertram R, Previte J, Sherman A, Kinard TA, Satin LS. The phantom burster model for pancreatic beta-cells. Biophysical J 2000; 79: 2880-92.
23. Pedersen MG, Bertram R, Sherman A. Intra- and inter-islet synchronization of metabolically driven insulin secretion. Biophys J 2005; 89: 107-19.
24. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2131-57.
25. Postic C, Shiota M, Magnuson MA. Cell-specific roles of glucokinase in glucose homeostasis. Recent Prog Horm Res 2001; 56: 195-217.
26. Postic C, Shiota M, Niswender KD, Jetton TL, Chen Y, Moates JM, et al. Dual roles for glucokinase in glucose homeostasis as determined by liver and pancreatic beta cell-specific gene knockouts using Cre recombinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 305-15.
27. Tiedge M, Steffeck H, Elsner M, Lenzen S. Metabolic regulation, activity state, and intracellular binding of glucokinase in insulinsecreting cells. Diabetes 1999; 48: 514-23.
28. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell 2007; 130: 456-69.
29. Salvioli B, Bovara M, Barbara G, De Ponti F, Stanghellini V, Tonini M, et al. Neurology and neuropathology of the pancreatic innervation. JOP 2002; 3: 26-33.
30. Zsombok A, Smith BN. Plasticity of central autonomic neural circuits in diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1792: 423-31.
31. Gilon P, Henquin JC. Mechanisms and physiological significance of the cholinergic control of pancreatic beta-cell function. Endocrine Rev 2001; 22: 565-604.
32. Moore A, Sun PZ, Cory D, Hogemann D, Weissleder R, Lipes MA. MRI of insulitis in autoimmune diabetes. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47: 751-8.
33. Alanentalo T, Loren CE, Larefalk A, Sharpe J, Holmberg D, Ahlgren U. High-resolution three-dimensional imaging of isletinfiltrate interactions based on optical projection tomography assessments of the intact adult mouse pancreas. J Biomedical Optics 2008; 13(5): 054010.
34. Eizirik DL, Colli ML, Ortis F. The role of inflammation in insulitis and beta-cell loss in type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 219-26.
35. Escalante-Pulido M, Escalante-Herrera A, Milke-Najar ME, Alpizar-Salazar M. Effects of weight loss on insulin secretion and in vivo insulin sensitivity in obese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003; 16: 277-83.
36. Borissova AM, Tankova TI, Koev DJ. Insulin secretion, peripheral insulin sensitivity and insulin-receptor binding in subjects with different degrees of obesity. Diabetes Metab 2004; 30: 425-31.
37. Grapin-Botton A. Ductal cells of the pancreas. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 504-10.
38. Brennand K, Huangfu D, Melton D. All beta cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance. PLoS Biol 2007; 5: e163.
39. Brennand K, Melton D. Slow and steady is the key to beta-cell replication. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13: 472-87.
40. Baeyens L, Bouwens L. Cellular plasticity of the pancreas. Biol Chem 2009; 390(10): 995-1001.
41. Dor Y, Melton DA. Facultative endocrine progenitor cells in the adult pancreas. Cell 2008; 132: 183-4.
42. Dor Y, Brown J, Martinez OI, Melton DA. Adult pancreatic betacells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation. Nature 2004; 429: 41-6.
43. Baeyens L, Bonne S, Bos T, Rooman I, Peleman C, Lahoutte T, et al. Notch signaling as gatekeeper of rat acinar-to-beta-cell conversion in vitro. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1750-60, e1713.
44. Alanentalo T, Asayesh A, Morrison H, Loren CE, Holmberg D, Sharpe J, et al. Tomographic molecular imaging and 3D quantification within adult mouse organs. Nat Methods 2007; 4: 31-3.
45. Lammert E, Cleaver O, Melton D. Induction of pancreatic differentiation by signals from blood vessels. Science 2001; 294: 564-7.
46. Ballian N, Brunicardi FC. Islet vasculature as a regulator of endocrine pancreas function. World J Surg 2007; 31: 705-14.
47. Aharinejad S, Macdonald IC, Schmidt EE, Bock P, Hagen D, Groom AC. Scanning and transmission electron-microscopy and high-resolution intravital video-microscopy of capillaries in the mouse exocrine pancreas, with special emphasis on endothelialcells. Anatomical Record 1993; 237: 163-77.
48. Menger MD, Yamauchi J, Vollmar B. Revascularization and microcirculation of freely grafted islets of Langerhans. World J Surgery 2001; 25: 509-15.
49. Freeby M, Goland R, Ichise M, Maffei A, Leibel R, Harris P. VMAT2 quantitation by PET as a biomarker for beta-cell mass in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10(Suppl 4): 98-108.
50. Harris PE, Ferrara C, Barba P, Polito T, Freeby M, Maffei A. VMAT2 gene expression and function as it applies to imaging betacell mass. J Mol Med 2008; 86: 5-16.
51. Pileggi A, Ricordi C, Alessiani M, Inverardi L. Factors influencing Islet of Langerhans graft function and monitoring. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 310: 3-16.
52. Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ, Auchincloss H, Lindblad R, Robertson RP, et al. International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1318-30.
53. Eich T, Eriksson O, Sundin A, Estrada S, Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, et al. Positron emission tomography: A real-time tool to quantify early islet engraftment in a preclinical large animal model. Transplantation 2007; 84: 893-8.
54. Kim SJ, Doudet DJ, Studenov AR, Nian C, Ruth TJ, Gambhir SS, et al. Quantitative micro positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for the in vivo determination of pancreatic islet graft survival. Nat Med 2006; 12: 1423-8.
55. Vonesch C, Aguet F, Vonesch JL, Unser M. The colored revolution of bioimaging. IEEE Signal Process Mag 2006; 23: 20-31.
56. Conchello JA, Lichtman JW. Optical sectioning microscopy. Nat Met 2005; 2: 920-31.
57. Helmchen F, Denk W. Deep tissue two-photon microscopy. Nat Met 2005; 2: 932-40.
58. Hitzenberger CK. Optical Measurement of the Axial Eye Length by Laser Doppler Interferometry. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991; 32: 616-24.
59. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science 1991; 254: 1178-81.
60. Fercher AF, Hitzenberger CK, Kamp G, Elzaiat SY. Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry. Optics Commun 1995; 117: 43-8.
61. Born M, Wolf E. Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. 7th expanded ed. USA: Cambridge University Press 1999.
62. Izatt JA, Hee MR, Owen GM, Swanson EA, Fujimoto JG. Optical Coherence Microscopy in Scattering Media. Optics Lett 1994; 19: 590-2.
63. Huang SW, Aguirre AD, Huber RA, Adler DC, Fujimoto JG. Swept source optical coherence microscopy using a Fourier domain modelocked laser. Optics Express 2007; 15: 6210-7.
64. McGloin D, Dholakia K. Bessel beams: diffraction in a new light. Contemp Phys 2005; 46: 15-28.
65. Stout AL, Axelrod D. Evanescent field excitation of fluorescence by epi-illumination microscopy. Appl Optics 1989; 28: 5237-42.
66. Axelrod D. Selective imaging of surface fluorescence with very high aperture microscope objectives. J Biomed Optics 2001; 6: 6-13.
67. Steyer JA, Horstmann H, Almers W. Transport, docking and exocytosis of single secretory granules in live chromaffin cells. Nature 1997; 388: 474-8.
68. Ravier MA, Tsuboi T, Rutter GA. Imaging a target of Ca2+ signalling: Dense core granule exocytosis viewed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Methods 2008; 46: 233-8.
69. Ohara-Imaizumi M, Nagamatsu S. Insulin exocytotic mechanism by imaging technique. J BioChem 2006; 140: 1-5.
70. Nagamatsu S. TIRF microscopy analysis of the mechanism of insulin exocytosis. Endocrine J 2006; 53: 433-40.
71. Tsuboi T, Zhao C, Terakawa S, Rutter GA. Simultaneous evanescent wave imaging of insulin vesicle membrane and cargo during a single exocytotic event. Curr Biol 2000; 10: 1307-10.
72. Takahashi N, Kishimoto T, Nemoto T, Kadowaki T, Kasai H. Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet. Science 2002; 297: 1349-52.
73. Ma L, Bindokas VP, Kuznetsov A, Rhodes, C, Hays L, Edwardson JM, et al. Direct imaging shows that insulin granule exocytosis occurs by complete vesicle fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 9266-71.
74. Watkins S, Geng XH, Li LH, Papworth G, Robbins PD, Drain P. Imaging secretory vesicles by fluorescent protein insertion in propeptide rather than mature secreted peptide. Traffic 2002; 3: 461-71.
75. Tsuboi T, Ravier MA, Parton LE, Rutter GA. Sustained exposure to high glucose concentrations modifies glucose signaling and the mechanics of secretory vesicle fusion in primary rat pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1057-65.
76. Wasmeier C, Hutton JC. Molecular cloning of phogrin, a proteintyrosine phosphatase homologue localized to insulin secretory granule membranes. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 18161-70.
77. Pouli AE, Emmanouilidou E, Zhao C, Wasmeier C, Hutton JC, Rutter GA. Secretory-granule dynamics visualized in vivo with a phogrin green fluorescent protein chimaera. Biochem J 1998; 333: 193-9.
78. Leung YM, Sheu L, Kwan E, Wang GT, Tsushima R, Gaisano H. Visualization of sequential exocytosis in rat pancreatic islet beta cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292: 980-6.
79. Ohara-Imaizumi M, Nakamichi Y, Tanaka T, Katsuta H, Ishida H, Nagamatsu S. Monitoring of exocytosis and endocytosis of insulin secretory granules in the pancreatic beta-cell line MIN6 using pHsensitive green fluorescent protein (pHluorin) and confocal laser microscopy. Biochem J 2002; 363: 73-80.
80. Gee KR, Zhou ZL, Qian WJ, Kennedy R. Detection and imaging of zinc secretion from pancreatic β-cells using a new fluorescent zinc indicator. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124: 776-8.
81. Qian WJ, Gee KR, Kennedy RT. Imaging of Zn2+ release from pancreatic beta-cells at the level of single exocytotic events. Anal Chem 2003; 75: 3468-75.
82. Rutter GA, Hill EV. Insulin vesicle release: walk, kiss, pause. then run. Physiology 2006; 21: 189-96.
83. MacDonald PE, Rorsman P. The ins and outs of secretion from pancreatic {beta}-cells: control of single-vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Physiology 2007; 22: 113-21.
84. Baltrusch S, Lenzen S. Monitoring of glucose-regulated single insulin secretory granule movement by selective photoactivation. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 989-96.
85. Rutter GA, Loder MK, Ravier MA. Rapid three-dimensional imaging of individual insulin release events by Nipkow disc confocal microscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34: 675-8.
86. Quesada I, Todorova MG, Soria B. Different metabolic responses in alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells of the islet of Langerhans monitored by redox confocal microscopy. Biophysical J 2006; 90: 2641-50.
87. Hermann M, Pirkebner D, Draxl A, Margreiter R, Hengster P. Real-time assessment of human islet preparations with confocal live cell imaging. Transpl Proc 2005; 37: 3409-11.
88. Gunawardana SC, Hara M, Bell GI, Head WS, Magnuson MA, Piston DW. Imaging beta cell development in real-time using pancreatic explants from mice with green fluorescent proteinlabeled pancreatic beta cells. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Anim 2005; 41: 7-11.
89. Puri S, Hebrok M. Dynamics of embryonic pancreas development using real-time imaging. Develop Biol 2007; 306: 82-93.
90. Meneghel-Rozzo T, Rozzo A, Poppi L, Rupnik M. In vivo and in vitro development of mouse pancreatic beta-cells in organotypic slices. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 316: 295-303.
91. Wandzioch E, Zaret KS. Dynamic signaling network for the specification of embryonic pancreas and liver progenitors. Science 2009; 324: 1707-10.
92. Hara M, Dizon RF, Glick BS, Lee CS, Kaestner KH, Piston DW, et al. Imaging pancreatic beta-cells in the intact pancreas. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metabol 2006; 290: E1041-7.
93. Ahnfelt-Ronne J, Jorgensen MC, Hald J, Madsen OD, Serup P, Hecksher-Sorensen J. An Improved Method for Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Protein Expression Patterns in Intact Mouse and Chicken Embryos and Organs. J HistoChem CytoChem 2007; 55: 925-30.
94. Sharpe J, Ahlgren U, Perry P, Hill B, Ross A, Hecksher-Sorensen J, et al. Optical projection tomography as a tool for 3D microscopy and gene expression studies. Science 2002; 296: 541-5.
95. Dodt HU, Leischner U, Schierloh A, Jahrling N, Mauch CP, Deininger K, et al. Ultramicroscopy: three-dimensional visualization of neuronal networks in the whole mouse brain. Nat Meth 2007; 4: 331-6.
96. Bennett BD, Jetton TL, Ying GT, Magnuson MA, Piston DW. Quantitative subcellular imaging of glucose metabolism within intact pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 3647-51.
97. Kasai H, Kishimoto T, Nemoto T, Hatakeyama H, Liu TT, Takahashi N. Two-photon excitation imaging of exocytosis and endocytosis and determination of their spatial organization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 850-77.
98. Benninger RKP, Hao M, Piston DW. Reviews of Physiology, BioChem and Pharmacology, Springer-Verlag Berlin 2008; vol. 160: pp. 71-92.
99. Speier S, Nyqvist D, Cabrera O, Yu J, Molano RD, Pileggi A, et al. Noninvasive in vivo imaging of pancreatic islet cell biology. Nat Med 2008; 14: 574-8.
100. Speier S, Rupnik M. A novel approach to in situ characterization of pancreatic beta-cells. Pflugers Arch-Eur J Physiol 2003; 446: 553-8.
101. Gunawardana SC, Benninger RKP, Piston DW. Subcutaneous transplantation of embryonic pancreas for correction of type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 296: E323-32.
102. Ludwig R, Kretschmer M, Caspar G, Bojunga J, Oldenburg A, Schumm-Draeger P, et al. In vivo microscopy of murine islets of Langerhans: increased adhesion of transferred lymphocytes to islets depends on macrophage-derived cytokines in a model of organspecific insulitis. Immunology 1999; 98: 111-5.
103. Keck T, Campo-Ruiz V, Warshaw AL, Anderson RR, Castillo CFD, Gonzalez S. Evaluation of morphology and microcirculation of the pancreas by ex vivo and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy. Pancreatology 2001; 1: 48-57.
104. Martinic MM, von Herrath MG. Real-time imaging of the pancreas during development of diabetes. Immunol Rev 2008; 221: 200-13.
105. Nyman LR, Wells KS, Head WS, McCaughey M, Ford E, Brissova M, et al. Real-time, multidimensional in vivo imaging used to investigate blood flow in mouse pancreatic islets. J Clin Investig 2008; 118: 3790-7.
106. Leitgeb RA, Schmetterer L, Drexler W, Fercher AF, Zawadzki RJ, Bajraszewski T. Real-time assessment of retinal blood flow with ultrafast acquisition by color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Optics Express 2003; 11: 3116-21.
107. White BR, Pierce MC, Nassif N, Cense B, Park BH, Tearney GJ, et al. In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography. Optics Express 2003; 11: 3490-7.
108. Bachmann AH, Villiger ML, Blatter C, Lasser T, Leitgeb RA. Resonant Doppler flow imaging and optical vivisection of retinal blood vessels. Optics Express 2007; 15: 408-22.
109. Makita S, Hong Y, Yamanari M, Yatagai T, Yasuno Y. Optical coherence angiography. Optics Express 2006; 14: 7821-40.
110. Faber DJ, Mik EG, Aalders MCG, van Leeuwen TG. Toward assessment of blood oxygen saturation by spectroscopic optical coherence tomography. Optic Lett 2005; 30: 1015-7.
111. Tearney GJ, Brezinski ME, Bouma BE, Boppart SA, Pitris C, Southern JF, et al. In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography. Science 1997; 276: 2037-9.
112. Yun SH, Tearney GJ, Vakoc BJ, Shishkov M, Oh WY, Desjardins AE, et al. Comprehensive volumetric optical microscopy in vivo. Nat Med 2006; 12: 1429-33.
113. Yaqoob Z, Wu JG, McDowell EJ, Heng X, Yang CH. Methods and application areas of endoscopic optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Optics 2006; 11.
114. Goetz M, Memadathil B, Biesterfeld S, Schneider C, Gregor S, Galle PR, et al. In vivo subsurface morphological and functional cellular and subcellular imaging of the gastrointestinal tract with confocal mini-microscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 2160-5.
115. Flusberg BA, Cocker ED, Piyawattanametha W, Jung JC, Cheung ELM, Schnitzer, MJ. Fiber-optic fluorescence imaging. Nat Methods 2005; 2: 941-50.
116. Boppart SA, Oldenburg AL, Xu CY, Marks DL. Optical probes and techniques for molecular contrast enhancement in coherence imaging. J Biomed Optic 2005; 10: 14.
117. Detzer A, Overhoff M, Mescalchin A, Rompf M, Sczakiel G. Phosphorothioate-stimulated cellular uptake of siRNA: a cell culture model for mechanistic studies. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(34): 3666-73.
118. Goto Y, Yagi H, Yamaguchi K, Chatani E, Ban T. Structure, formation and propagation of amyloid fibrils. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(30): 3205-18.
119. Rodrigues JC, de Souza W. Ultrastructural alterations in organelles of parasitic protozoa induced by different classes of metabolic inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(9): 925-38.