Spectroscopic characterizations of individual single-crystalline GaN nanowires in visible/ultra-violet regime

Micron

Volumn 41, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 827-832

  Wu, Chien Ting ^a   Chu, Ming Wen ^a   Chen, Li Chyong ^a   Chen, Kuei Hsien ^b   Chen, Chun Wei ^a   Chen, Cheng Hsuan ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Electron energy loss spectroscopy; GaN; Scanning transmission electron microscope; Surface modes

Indexed keywords

BAND GAPS; ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE; ELECTRON PROBE; GAN; GAN NANOMATERIALS; GAN NANOWIRES; LATERAL DIMENSION; NANO-MATERIALS; OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY; SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE; SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPES; SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE; SPATIALLY RESOLVED; SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION; SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS; SURFACE EXCITON POLARITONS; SURFACE GUIDED MODES; SURFACE MODES;

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; DISSOCIATION; ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPES; ELECTRON SCATTERING; ELECTRONS; GALLIUM ALLOYS; GALLIUM NITRIDE; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOWIRES; PROBES; SCANNING; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 77955919470     PISSN: 09684328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Aizpurua J., Howie A., de Abajo F.J.G. Valence-electron energy loss near edges, truncated slabs, and junctions. Phys. Rev. B 1999, 60:11149-11162.
2. Arslan I., Hyun J.K., Erni R., Fairchild M.N., Hersee S.D., Muller D.A. Using electrons as a high-resolution probe of optical modes in individual nanowires. Nano Lett. 2009, 9:4073-4077.
3. Batson P.E. Surface plasmon coupling in clusters of small spheres. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1982, 49:936-940.
4. Benedict L.X., Wethkamp T., Wilmers K., Cobet C., Esser N., Shirley E.L., Richter W., Cardona M. Dielectric function of wurtzite GaN and AlN thin films. Solid State Commun. 1999, 112:129-133.
5. Brockt G., Lakner H. Nanoscale EELS analysis of dielectric function and bandgap properties in GaN and related materials. Micron 2000, 31:435-440.
6. Chen C.C., Yeh C.C., Chen C.H., Yu M.Y., Liu H.L., Wu J.J., Chen K.H., Chen L.C., Peng J.Y., Chen Y.F. Catalytic growth and characterization of gallium nitride nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123:2791-2798.
7. Chen C.H., Silcox J., Vincent R. Electron-energy losses in silicon: bulk and surface plasmons and Čherenkov radiation. Phys. Rev. B 1975, 12:64-71.
8. Chen L., Towe E. Coupled optoelectronic modeling and simulation of nanowire lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100:044305.
9. Chu M.-W., Chen C.H., de Abajo F.J.G., Deng J.P., Mou C.Y. Surface exciton polaritons in individual Au nanoparticles in the far-ultraviolet spectral regime. Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77:245402.
10. Chu M.-W., Myroshnychenko V., Chen C.H., Deng J.P., Mou C.Y., de Abajo F.J.G. Probing bright and dark surface-plasmon modes in individual and coupled noble metal nanoparticles using an electron beam. Nano Lett. 2009, 9:399-404.
11. Chu M.-W., Sharma P., Chang C.P., Liou S.C., Tsai K.T., Wang J.K., Wang Y.L., Chen C.H. Probing surface plasmons in individual Ag nanoparticles in the ultra-violet spectral regime. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:235705.
12. Cui Y., Lieber C.M. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 2001, 291:851-853.
13. de Abajo F.J.G., Howie A. Retarded field calculation of electron energy loss in inhomogeneous dielectrics. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65:115418.
14. de Abajo F.J.G., Kociak M. Probing the photonic local density of states with electron energy loss spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100:106804.
15. de Abajo F.J.G., Pattantyus-Abraham A.G., Zabala N., Rivacoba A., Wolf M.O., Echenique P.M. Čherenkov effect as a probe of photonic nanostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91:143902.
16. de Abajo F.J.G., Rivacoba A., Zabala N., Yamamoto N. Boundary effects in Čherenkov radiation. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 69:155420.
17. Erni R., Browning N.D. The impact of surface and retardation losses on valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2008, 108:84-99.
18. Esser N., Rakel M., Cobet C., Schmidt W.G., Braun W., Cardona M. VUV-ellipsometry on GaN: probing conduction band properties by core level excitations. Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 2005, 242:2601-2609.
19. Ferrell T.L., Enchenique P.M. Generation of surface excitations on dielectric spheres by an external electron-beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 55:1526-1529.
20. Gan Q.Q., Zhou L.C., Dierolf V., Bartoli F.J. Direct mapping of the UV surface plasmons. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34:1324-1326.
21. Gu L., Srot V., Sigle W., Koch C., van Aken P., Scholz F., Thapa S.B., Kirchner C., Jetter M., Ruhle M. Band-gap measurements of direct and indirect semiconductors using monochromated electrons. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75:195214.
22. Huang Y., Duan X.F., Cui Y., Lieber C.M. Gallium nitride nanowire nanodevices. Nano Lett. 2002, 2:101-104.
23. Johnson J.C., Choi H.J., Knutsen K.P., Schaller R.D., Yang P.D., Saykally R.J. Single gallium nitride nanowire lasers. Nat. Mater. 2002, 1:106-110.
24. Johnson J.C., Yan H.Q., Yang P.D., Saykally R.J. Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107:8816-8828.
25. Kawashima T., Yoshikawa H., Adachi S., Fuke S., Ohtsuka K. Optical properties of hexagonal GaN. J. Appl. Phys. 1997, 82:3528-3535.
26. 1-xN measured with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66:125319.
27. Kimoto K., Asaka T., Nagai T., Saito M., Matsui Y., Ishizuka K. Element-selective imaging of atomic columns in a crystal using STEM and EELS. Nature 2007, 450:702-704.
28. Kröger E. Calculations of energy losses of fast electrons in thin foils with retardation. Z. Phys. 1968, 216:115-135.
29. Kuo C.K., Hsu C.W., Wu C.T., Lan Z.H., Mou C.Y., Chen C.C., Yang Y.J., Chen L.C., Chen K.H. Self-regulating and diameter-selective growth of GaN nanowires. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:S332-S337.
30. Lari L., Murray R.T., Bullough T.J., Chalker P.R., Gass M., Cheze C., Geelhaar L., Riechert H. Nanoscale compositional analysis of Ni-based seed crystallites associated with GaN nanowire growth. Physica E 2008, 40:2457-2461.
31. 2: an electron energy-loss spectroscopy study. New J. Phys. 2009, 11:103009.
32. 2 interface plasmon peak. Phys. Rev. B 1997, 56:6774-6781.
33. Myroshnychenko V., Rodiquez-Fernandez J., Pastorizaa-Santos I., Funston A.M., Novo C., Mulvaney P., Liz-Marzan L.M., de Abajo F.J.G. Modelling the optical response of gold nanoparticles. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37:1792-1805.
34. Nelayah J., Kociak M., Stephan O., de Abajo F.J.G., Tence M., Henrard L., Taverna D., Pastoriza-Santos I., Liz-Marzan L.M., Colliex C. Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle. Nat. Phys. 2007, 3:348-353.
35. Qian F., Li Y., Gradecak S., Wang D.L., Barrelet C.J., Lieber C.M. Gallium nitride-based nanowire radial heterostructures for nanophotonics. Nano Lett. 2004, 4:1975-1979.
36. Sánchez A.M., Gass M., Papworth A.J., Goodhew P.J., Ruterana P. Nanoscale EELS analysis of InGaN/GaN heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70:035325.
37. Stéphan O., Taverna D., Kociak M., Suenaga K., Henrard L., Colliex C. Dielectric response of isolated carbon nanotubes investigated by spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy: from multiwalled to single-walled nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66:155422.
38. Stoger-Pollach M., Franco H., Schattschneider P., Lazar S., Schaffer B., Grogger W., Zandbergen H.W. Cerenkov losses: a limit for bandgap determination and Kramers-Kronig analysis. Micron 2006, 37:396-402.