A Comparative view of face perception

Journal of Comparative Psychology

Volumn 124, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 233-251

  Leopold, David A ^a   Rhodes, Gillian ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Comparative; Face; Perception; Recognition; Vision

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FACE; HUMAN; PAN TROGLODYTES; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PRIMATE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); FACE; HUMANS; PAN TROGLODYTES; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PRIMATES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 77955822048     PISSN: 07357036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019460     Document Type: Article

References (304)

1. Adachi I., Fujita K. Cross-modal representation of human caretakers in squirrel monkeys. Behavioural Processes 2007, 74:27-32.
2. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 2002, 12:169-177.
3. Adolphs R., Gosselin F., Buchanan T.W., Tranel D., Schyns P., Damasio A.R. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 2005, 433(7021):68-72.
4. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 1998, 393(6684):470-474.
5. Allison T., Puce A., McCarthy G. Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:267-278.
6. Allman J.M. Evolution of the visual system in early primates. Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology 1977, 7:1-53. Academic Press, New York. J. Sprague, A.N. Epstein (Eds.).
7. Andino S.L., Menendez R.G., Khateb A., Landis T., Pegna A.J. Electrophysiological correlates of affective blindsight. Neuroimage 2009, 44:581-589.
8. Andrew R.J. The display given by passerines in courtship and reproductive fighting: A review. Ibis 1961, 103:315-348.
9. Andrew R.J. Evolution of facial expression. Science 1963, 142:1034-1041.
10. Arendes L. Superior colliculus activity related to attention and to connotative stimulus meaning. Cognitive Brain Research 1994, 2:65-69.
11. Baerends G.P., Baeronds-Van Roon J.M. An introduction to the study of the ethology of the cichlid fishes. Behaviour 1950, 1(Suppl.):1-243.
12. Barlow R.B., Ireland L.C., Kass L. Vision has a role in Limulus mating behaviour. Nature 1982, 296(5852):65-66.
13. Bekoff M. Social communication in canids: Evidence for the evolution of a stereotyped mammalian display. Science 1977, 197(4308):1097-1099.
14. Bell A.H., Hadj-Bouziane F., Frihauf J.B., Tootell R.B., Ungerleider L.G. Object representations in the temporal cortex of monkeys and humans as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurophysiology 2009, 101:688-700.
15. Bern C., Herzog H.A. Stimulus control of defensive behaviors in garter snakes (Thamnofis sirtalis): Effects of eye spots and movement. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1994, 108:353-357.
16. Bessette B.B., Hodos W. Intensity, color, and pattern discrimination deficits after lesions of the core and belt regions of the ectostriatum. Visual Neuroscience 1989, 2:27-34.
17. Bird C.D., Emery N.J. Using video playback to investigate the social preferences of rooks, Corvus frugilegus. Animal Behaviour 2008, 76:679-687.
18. Blair R.J., Morris J.S., Frith C.D., Perrett D.I., Dolan R.J. Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain 1999, 122(Pt 5):883-893.
19. Boal J.G. A review of simultaneous visual discrimination as a method of training octopuses. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1996, 71:157-190.
20. Boal J.G. Social recognition: A top down view of cephalopod behavior. Vie et Milieu 2006, 56:69-79.
21. Bolhuis J.J., Honey R.C. Imprinting, learning and development: From behaviour to brain and back. Trends in Neurosciences 1998, 21:306-311.
22. Bouvier S.E., Engel S.A. Behavioral deficits and cortical damage loci in cerebral achromatopsia. Cerebral Cortex 2006, 16:183-191.
23. Bovet D., Washburn D. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) categorize unknown conspecifics according to Their dominance relations. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2003, 117:400-405.
24. Bradley B., Mundy N. The primate palette: The evolution of primate coloration. Evolutionary Anthropology 2008, 17:97-111.
25. Brazas M.L., Shimizu T. Significance of visual cues in choice behavior in the female zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis). Animinal Cognition 2002, 5:91-95.
26. Brennan P.A., Kendrick K.M. Mammalian social odours: Attraction and individual recognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2006, 361(1476):2061-2078.
27. Broad K.D., Mimmack M.L., Kendrick K.M. Is right hemisphere specialization for face discrimination specific to humans?. European Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 12:731-741.
28. Brooks D.R., McLennan D.A. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: A research program in comparative biology 1991, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
29. Brown S.D., Dooling R.J. Perception of conspecific faces by budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): I. Natural faces. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1992, 106:203-216.
30. Brown S.D., Dooling R.J. Perception of conspecific faces by budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): II. Synthetic models. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1993, 107:48-60.
31. Bruce C., Desimone R., Gross C.G. Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 1981, 46:369-384.
32. Bruce V., Young A. In the eye of the beholder: The science of face perception 1998, Oxford University Press, New York.
33. Bshary R., Wickler W., Fricke H. Fish cognition: A primate's eye view. Animal Cognition 2002, 5:1-13.
34. Bugnyar T., Stowe M., Heinrich B. Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2004, 271:1331-1336.
35. Burger J. Antipredator behaviour of hatchling snakes: Effects of incubation temperature and simulated predators. Animal Behaviour 1998, 56:547-553.
36. Burghardt G.M., Greene H.W. Predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes. Animal Behaviour 1988, 36:1842-1844.
37. Burrows A. The facial expression musculature in primates and its evolutionary significance. Bioessays 2008, 30:212-225.
38. Burrows A.M., Waller B.M., Parr L.A., Bonar C.J. Muscles of facial expression in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): descriptive, comparative and phylogenetic contexts 2. Journal of Anatomy 2006, 208:153-167.
39. Bushnell I.W., Sai F., Mullin J.T. Neonatal recognition of the mother's face. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1989, 7:3-15.
40. Butler A.B., Hodos W. Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy 2005, Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
41. Butterworth G., Jarrett N. What minds have in common in space: Spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1991, 9:55-72.
42. Calder A., Young A. Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2005, 6:641-651.
43. Carey S. Becoming a face expert. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1992, 335:95-103.
44. Carey S., Diamond R., Woods B. Development of face recognition: A maturational component?. Developmental Psychology 1980, 16:269.
45. Caro T. Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
46. Carpenter C.C. Communication and displays in snakes. American Zoologist 1977, 17:217-223.
47. Carter J., Lyons N.J., Cole H.L., Goldsmith A.R. Subtle cues of predation risk: Starlings respond to a predator's direction of eye-gaze. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 275(1644):1709-1715.
48. Changizi M.A., Zhang Q., Shimojo S. Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate colour vision. Biological Letters 2006, 2:217-221.
49. Clark D.L., Uetz G.W. Video image recognition by the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae). Animal Behaviour 1990, 40:884-890.
50. Cook M., Mineka S. Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fear-irrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989, 98:448-459.
51. Coss R.G. Development of face aversion by the jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus, Gill 1862). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 1978, 48:28-46.
52. Coss R.G. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by normal and psychotic children: The role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 1978, LXIX(3-4):228-254.
53. Coss R.G. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), the role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 1978, LXIV(3-4):248-270.
54. Coss R.G. Delayed plasticity of an instinct: Recognition and avoidance of 2 facing eyes by the jewel fish. Developmental Psychobiolology 1979, 12:335-345.
55. Coss R.G., Goldthwaite R.O. The persistence of old designs for perception. Perspectives in ethology 11: Behavioural design 1995, Plenum Press, New York. N.S. Thompson (Ed.).
56. Coss R.G., Marks S., Ramakrishnan U. Early environment shapes the development of gaze aversion by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Primates 2002, 43:217-222.
57. Coss R.G., Ramakrishnan U., Schank J. Recognition of partially concealed leopards by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). The role of the spotted coat. Behavioural Processes 2005, 68:145-163.
58. Coulon M., Deputte B., Heyman Y., Baudoin C. Individual recognition in domestic cattle (Bos taurus): Evidence from 2D-images of heads from different breeds. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4441.
59. Coulon M., Deputte B.L., Heyman Y., Delatouce L., Richard C., Baudoin C. Visual discrimination by heifers (Bos taurus) of their own species. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2007, 121:198-204.
60. Crookes K., McKone E. Early maturity of face recognition: No childhood development of holistic processing, novel face encoding, or face-space. Cognition 2009, 111:219-247.
61. Curio E. The functional organization of anti-predator behaviour in the pied flycatcher: A study of avian visual perception. Animal Behaviour 1975, 23:1s-115s.
62. D'Eath R.B., Stone R.J. Chickens use visual cues in social discrimination: An experiment with coloured lighting. Applied Animal Behavioral Science 1999, 62:233-242.
63. Da Costa A., Leigh A., Man M., Kendrick K. Face pictures reduce behavioural, autonomic, endocrine and neural indices of stress and fear in sheep. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2004, 271(1552):2077-2084.
64. Dale J., Lank D.B., Reeve H.K. Signaling individual identity versus quality: A model and case studies with ruffs, queleas, and house finches. The American Naturalist 2001, 158:75-86.
65. Damasio A.R., Damasio H., Van Hoesen G.W. Prosopagnosia: Anatomic basis and behavioral mechanisms. Neurology 1982, 32:331-341.
66. Darwin C. The expression of emotions in man and animals 1872, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
67. Davies W.G. Cluster analysis applied to the classification of postures in the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Animal Behaviour 1978, 26:381-388.
68. Deaner R.O., Khera A.V., Platt M.L. Monkeys pay per view: Adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques. Current Biology 2005, 15:543-548.
69. Deaner R.O., Platt M.L. Reflexive social attention in monkeys and humans. Current Biology 2003, 13:1609-1613.
70. Delfour F., Marten K. Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: Killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Behavioural Processes 2001, 53:181-190.
71. Demaria C., Thierry B. Responses to animal stimulus photographs in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides). Primates 1988, 29:237-244.
72. Desimone R., Albright T.D., Gross C.G., Bruce C. Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 1984, 4:2051-2062.
73. Detto T., Backwell P.R., Hemmi J.M., Zeil J. Visually mediated species and neighbour recognition in fiddler crabs (Uca mjoebergi and Uca capricornis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2006, 273(1594):1661-1666.
74. Diamond R., Carey S. Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1986, 115:107-117.
75. Dittrich W.H. Representation of faces in longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Ethology 1990, 85:265-278.
76. Dobson S. Allometry of facial mobility in anthropoid primates: Implications for the evolution of facial expression. American Journal Physical Anthropology 2009, 138(1):70-81.
77. Dobzhansky T. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The American Biology Teacher 1973, 35:125-129.
78. Dufour V., Pascalis O., Petit O. Face processing limitation to own species in primates: A comparative study in brown capuchins, Tonkean macaques and humans 18. Behavioural Processes 2006, 73:107-113.
79. Dyer A. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) vision can discriminate between and recognise images of human faces. Journal of Experimental Biology 2005, 208:4709-4714.
80. Dyer A.G., Vuong Q.C. Insect brains use image interpolation mechanisms to recognise rotated objects. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e4086.
81. Ekman P., Sorenson E.R., Friesen W.V. Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion 19. Science 1969, 164(875):86-88.
82. Emery N. The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2000, 24:581-604.
83. Emery N., Clayton N. Comparative social cognition. Annual Review Psychology 2009, 60:87-113.
84. Emery N.J., Lorincz E.N., Perrett D.I., Oram M.W., Baker C.I. Gaze following and joint attention in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Psychology 1997, 111:286-293.
85. Engell A.D., Haxby J.V. Facial expression and gaze-direction in human superior temporal sulcus. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:3234-3241.
86. Fairhall S.L., Ishai A. Effective connectivity within the distributed cortical network for face perception. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17:2400-2406.
87. Farah M.J., Wilson K.D., Drain M., Tanaka J.N. What is " special" about face perception?. Psychological Review 1998, 105:482-498.
88. Ferrari P.F., Kohler E., Fogassi L., Gallese V. The ability to follow eye gaze and its emergence during development in macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000, 97:13997-14002.
89. Fox M.W. The anatomy of aggression and its ritualization in Canidae: A developmental and comparative study. Behaviour 1969, 35:242-258.
90. Fox M.W. A comparative study of facial expressions in canids; Wolf, coyote, and foxes. Behaviour 1970, 36:177-191.
91. Fujita K. Species recognition by five macaque monkeys. Primates 1987, 28:353-366.
92. Fujita K. Development of visual preference for closely related species by infant and juvenile macaques with restricted social experience. Primates 1993, 34:141-150.
93. Gácsi M., Miklósi A., Varga O., Topál J., Csányi V. Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention. Animal Cognition 2004, 7:1-10.
94. Gallup G.G. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 1970, 167(3914):86-87.
95. Gallup G.G. Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror 38. Developmental Psychobiology 1977, 10:281-284.
96. Gallup J. Mirrors, minds, and cetaceans. Consciousness and Cognition 1995, 4:226-228.
97. Gaspar A. Universals and individuality in facial behavior: Past and future of an evolutionary perspective. Acta Ethologica 2006, 9:1-14.
98. Gerald M., Waitt C., Little A.C. Pregnancy coloration in macaques may act as a warning signal to reduce antagonism by conspecifics. Behavioural Processes 2009, 80:7-11.
99. Ghazanfar A.A., Logothetis N.K. Neuroperception: Facial expressions linked to monkey calls. Nature 2003, 423(6943):937-938.
100. Ghazanfar A.A., Nielsen K., Logothetis N.K. Eye movements of monkey observers viewing vocalizing conspecifics 4. Cognition 2006, 101:515-529.
101. Goren C.C., Sarty M., Wu P.Y. Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics 1975, 56:544-549.
102. Gothard K., Battaglia F., Erickson C., Spitler K., Amaral D. Neural responses to facial expression and face identity in the monkey amygdala. Journal of Neurophysiology 2007, 97:1671.
103. Gothard K., Brooks K., Peterson M. Multiple perceptual strategies used by macaque monkeys for face recognition. Animal Cognition 2009, 12:155-167.
104. Grosenick L., Clement T.S., Fernald R.D. Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature 2007, 445(7126):429-432.
105. Gross C.G. Single neuron studies of inferior temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:841-852.
106. Gross C.G., Rocha-Miranda C.E., Bender D.B. Visual properties of neurons in inferotemporal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 1972, 35:96-111.
107. Guo K., Robertson R.G., Mahmoodi S., Tadmor Y., Young M.P. How do monkeys view faces? A study of eye movements. Experimental Brain Research 2003, 150:363-374.
108. Hadidian J. Yawning in an Old World monkey, Macaca nigra (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Behaviour 1980, 75:133-147.
109. Hampson R.E., Pons T.P., Stanford T.R., Deadwyler S.A. Categorization in the monkey hippocampus: A possible mechanism for encoding information into memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:3184-3189.
110. Hampton R.R. Sensitivity to information specifying the line of gaze of humans in sparrows (Passer domesticus). Behaviour 1994, 130:41-51.
111. Hare B. The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science 2002, 298(5598):1634-1636.
112. Hare B., Tomasello M. Human-like social skills in dogs?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005, 9:439-444.
113. Harland D.P., Jackson R.R. Influence of cues from the anterior medial eyes of virtual prey on Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic jumping spider. Journal of Experimental Biology 2002, 205(pt 13):1861-1868.
114. Hasselmo M.E., Rolls E.T., Baylis G.C. The role of expression and identity in the face-selective responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex of the monkey. Behavioural Brain Research 1989, 32:203-218.
115. Hauser M.D. Right hemisphere dominance for the production of facial expression in monkeys 46. Science 1993, 261(5120):475-477.
116. Hauser M.D., Miller C.T., Liu K., Gupta R. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self-exploration 25. American Journal of Primatology 2001, 53:131-137.
117. Haxby J.V., Hoffman E.A., Gobbini M.I. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:223-233.
118. Heisenberg M. Pattern recognition in insects. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 1995, 5:475-481.
119. Hennig C.W. Effects of simulated predation on tonic immobility in Anolis carolinensis: The role of eye contact. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1977, 9:239-242.
120. Henry J.D., Herrero S.M. Social play and the American black bear: Its similarity to canid social play and an examination of its identifying characteristics. American Zoologist 1974, 14:371-389.
121. Hess E.H. Imprinting. Science 1959, 130(3377):733.
122. Hödl W., Amezquita A., Ryan M.J. Visual signaling in anuran amphibians. Anuran communication 2001, 121-141. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC. M.J. Ryan (Ed.).
123. Hoffman E.A., Haxby J.V. Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3:80-84.
124. Hoffman K.L., Gothard K.M., Schmid M.C., Logothetis N.K. Facial-expression and gaze-selective responses in the monkey amygdala. Current Biology 2007, 17:766-772.
125. Huber E. Evolution of facial musculature and facial expression 1931, Oxford University Press, London.
126. Humphreys G.W., Donnelly N., Riddoch M.J. Expression is computed separately from facial identity, and it is computed separately for moving and static faces: Neuropsychological evidence. Neuropsychologia 1993, 31:173-181.
127. Hunt S., Kilner R.M., Langmore N.E., Bennett A.T. Conspicuous, ultraviolet-rich mouth colours in begging chicks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2003, 1(Suppl.):S25-S28.
128. Isbell L. The fruit, the tree, and the serpent: Why we see so well 2009, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
129. Janecka J.E., Miller W., Pringle T.H., Wiens F., Zitzmann A., Helgen K.M., et al. Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science 2007, 318(5851):792-794.
130. Jarvi T., Bakken M. The function of the variation in the breast stripe of the great tit (Parus major). Animal Behaviour 1984, 32:590-596.
131. Jellema T., Perrett D.I. Cells in monkey STS responsive to articulated body motions and consequent static posture: A case of implied motion?. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:1728-1737.
132. Jennsen T.A. Evolution of anoline lizard display behavior. American Zoologist 1977, 17:203-215.
133. Johnson M.H. Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2005, 6:766-774.
134. Johnson M.H., Dziurawiec S., Ellis H., Morton J. Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition 1991, 40:1-19.
135. Johnson M.H., Griffin R., Csibra G., Halit H., Farroni T., de H.M., et al. The emergence of the social brain network: Evidence from typical and atypical development. Developmental Psychopathology 2005, 17:599-619.
136. Johnson M.H., Horn G. The role of a restricted region of the chick forebrain in the recognition of individual conspecifics. Behavioural Brain Research 1987, 23:269-275.
137. Kaminski J., Riedel J., Call J., Tomasello M. Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task. Animal Behaviour 2005, 69:11-18.
138. Kanazawa S. Recognition of facial expressions in a Japanese monkey. Primates 1996, 37:25-38.
139. Kanwisher N. Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3:759-763.
140. Kanwisher N., McDermott J., Chun M.M. The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 17:4302-4311.
141. Kanwisher N., Yovel G. The fusiform face area: A cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2006, 361(1476):2109-2128.
142. Keating C.F., Keating E.G. Visual scan patterns of rhesus monkeys viewing faces. Perception 1982, 11:211-219.
143. Kelly D.J., Quinn P.C., Slater A.M., Lee K., Ge L., Pascalis O. The other-race effect develops during infancy: Evidence of perceptual narrowing. Psychological Science 2007, 18:1084-1089.
144. Kendrick K.M. How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans. Journal of Animal Science 1991, 69:5008-5016.
145. Kendrick K.M. Neurobiological correlates of visual and olfactory recognition in sheep. Behavioural Processes 1994, 33:89-112.
146. Kendrick K.M. Sheep senses, social cognition and capacity for consciousness. The Welfare of Sheep 2008, 6:135-157.
147. Kendrick K.M., Atkins K., Hinton M., Broad K.D., Fabre-Nys C., Keverne B. Facial and vocal discrimination in sheep. Animal Behaviour 1995, 49:1665-1676.
148. Kendrick K.M., Baldwin B.A. Cells in temporal cortex of conscious sheep can respond preferentially to the sight of faces 57. Science 1987, 236(4800):448-450.
149. Kendrick K.M., da Costa A.P., Leigh A.E., Hinton M.R., Peirce J.W. Sheep don't forget a face. Nature 2001, 414(6860):165-166.
150. Kendrick K.M., Hinton M.R., Atkins K., Haupt M.A., Skinner J.D. Mothers determine sexual preferences 19. Nature 1998, 395(6699):229-230.
151. Kilner R., Davies N.B. Nestling mouth colour: Ecological correlates of a begging signal. Animal Behaviour 1998, 56:705-712.
152. Kilner R., Noble D.G., Davies N.B. Signals of need in parent-offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo. Nature 1999, 397:667-672.
153. Kiltie R.A. Scaling of visual acuity with body size in mammals and birds. Functional Ecology 2000, 14:226-234.
154. Kobayashi H., Kohshima S. Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature 1997, 387(6635):767-768.
155. Koeslag J.H. Koinophilia groups sexual creatures into species, promotes stasis, and stabilizes social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1990, 144:15-35.
156. Krutzfeldt N.O., Wild J.M. Definition and novel connections of the entopallium in the pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Neurology 2005, 490:40-56.
157. Kuwahata H., Adachi I., Fujita K., Tomonaga M., Matsuzawa T. Development of schematic face preference in macaque monkeys. Behavioural Processes 2004, 66:17-21.
158. Kyes R.C., Candland D.K. Baboon (Papio hamadryas) visual preferences for regions of the face. Journal of Comp Psychology 1987, 101:345-348.
159. Langbauer W. Elephant communication. Zoo Biology 2000, 19:425-445.
160. Langridge K.V., Broom M., Osorio D. Selective signalling by cuttlefish to predators. Current Biology 2007, 17:R1044-R1045.
161. Leonard C.M., Rolls E.T., Wilson F.A., Baylis G.C. Neurons in the amygdala of the monkey with responses selective for faces. Behavioural Brain Research 1985, 15:159-176.
162. Leopold D.A., Bondar I. Adaptation to complex visual patterns in humans and monkeys. Fitting the mind to the world: Adaptation and aftereffects in high-level vision 2005, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. C.W. Clifford, G. Rhodes (Eds.).
163. Leopold D.A., Bondar I.V., Giese M.A. Norm-based face encoding by single neurons in the monkey inferotemporal cortex. Nature 2006, 442(7102):572-575.
164. Levey D.J., Londono G.A., Ungvari-Martin J., Hiersoux M.R., Jankowski J.E., Poulsen J.R., et al. Urban mockingbirds quickly learn to identify individual humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA of the United States of America 2009, 106:8959-8962.
165. Loffler G., Yourganov G., Wilkinson F., Wilson H. fMRI evidence for the neural representation of faces. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:1386-1391.
166. Logothetis N.K., Guggenberger H., Peled S., Pauls J. Functional imaging of the monkey brain. Nature Neuroscience 1999, 2:555-562.
167. Lorenz K. On aggression 1966, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.
168. Lorincz E.N., Baker C.I., Perrett D.I. Visual cues for attention following in rhesus monkeys. Picture perception in animals 1999, Psychology Press, East Sussex, United Kingdom. J. Fagot (Ed.).
169. Maestripieri D., Wallen K. Affiliative and submissive communication in rhesus macaques. Primates 1997, 38:127-138.
170. Malpass R.S., Kravitz J. Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1969, 13:330-334.
171. Manning J.T., Chamberlain A.T. Fluctuating asymmetry, sexual selection and canine teeth in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1993, 251(1331):83-87.
172. Marino L., Connor R., Fordyce R., Herman L., Hof P., Lefebvre L., et al. Cetaceans have complex brains for complex cognition. PLoS Biology 2007, 5:e139.
173. Marten K., Psarakos S. Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Consciousness and Cognition 1995, 4:205-224.
174. Martin-Malivel J., Okada K. Human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Role of exposure and impact on categorical perception. Behavioral Neuroscience 2007, 121:1145-1155.
175. Martinez L., Matsuzawa T. Auditory-visual intermodal matching based on individual recognition in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Animal Cognition 2009, 12(Suppl. 1):S71-S85.
176. Marzluff J.M., Walls J., Cornell H.N., Withey J.C., Craig D.P. Lasting recognition of threatening people by wild American crows. Animal Behaviour 2010, 79:699-707.
177. McKone E., Kanwisher N., Duchaine B.C. Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces?. Trends Cognitive Sciences 2007, 11:8-15.
178. Medina L., Reiner A. Do birds possess homologues of mammalian primary visual, somatosensory and motor cortices?. Trends in Neurosciences 2000, 23:1-12.
179. Meissner C., Brigham J. Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2001, 7:3-35.
180. Meltzoff A.N., Moore M.K. Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development 1983, 54:702-709.
181. Miklosi A. Dog: Behavior, evolution, and cognition 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
182. Moeller S., Freiwald W., Tsao D. Patches with links: A unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe. Science 2008, 320(5881):1355.
183. Mondloch C.J., Geldart S., Maurer D., Le Grand R. Developmental changes in face processing skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2003, 86:67-84.
184. Mondloch C.J., Le Grand R., Maurer D. Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing. Perception 2002, 31:553-566.
185. Morris J.S., Frith C.D., Perrett D.I., Rowland D., Young A.W., Calder A.J., et al. A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 1996, 383(6603):812-815.
186. Morris J.S., Ohman A., Dolan R.J. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating " unseen" fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96:1680-1685.
187. Myowa-Yamakoshi M., Yamaguchi M.K., Tomonaga M., Tanaka M., Matsuzawa T. Development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Cognitive Development 2005, 20:49-63.
188. Nakamura T., Croft D.B., Westbrook R.F. Domestic pigeons (Columba livia) discriminate between photographs of individual pigeons. Learning and Behavior 2003, 31:307-317.
189. Nash L.T. Moonlight and behavior in nocturnal and cathemeral primates, especially Lepilemur leucopus: Illuminating possible anti-predator efforts. Primate antipredator strategies 2007, Springer, New York. S. Gursky, K.A.I. Nekaris (Eds.).
190. Nissani M., Hoefler-Nissani D. Absence of mirror self-referential behavior in two Asian elephants. Journal of Veterinary Science 2007, 1:1-6.
191. Noden D., Francis-West P. The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles. Developmental Dynamics 2006, 235:1194-1218.
192. Okamoto-Barth S., Call J., Tomasello M. Great apes' understanding of other individuals' line of sight. Psychological Science 2007, 18:462-468.
193. Olsson M. Rival recognition affects male contest behavior in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1994, 35:249-252.
194. Ord T., Evans C. Interactive video playback and opponent assessment in lizards. Behavioural Processes 2002, 59:55.
195. Ortolani A. Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: Predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1999, 67:433-476.
196. Pack A., Herman L. Dolphin social cognition and joint attention: Our current understanding. Aquatic Mammals 2006, 32(4):443.
197. Pack A., Herman L. The dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of human gazing and pointing: Knowing what and where. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2007, 121:34-45.
198. Palermo R., Rhodes G. Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:75-92.
199. Parr L. The Discrimination of Faces and Their Emotional Content by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003, 1000:56-78.
200. Parr L. Perceptual biases for multimodal cues in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) affect recognition. Animal Cognition 2004, 7:1-8.
201. Parr L., Heintz M., Pradhan G. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) lack expertise in face processing. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2008, 122:390-402.
202. Parr L.A., de Waal F.B. Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees. Nature 1999, 399(6737):647-648.
203. Parr L.A., Dove T., Hopkins W.D. Why faces may be special: Evidence of the inversion effect in chimpanzees. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1998, 10:615-622.
204. Parr L.A., Heintz M., Akamagwuna U. Three studies on configural face processing by chimpanzees 21. Brain and Cognition 2006, 62:30-42.
205. Parr L.A., Hopkins W.D., de Waal F.B. The perception of facial expressions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Evolution of Communication 1998, 2:1-23.
206. Parr L.A., Waller B.M., Fugate J. Emotional communication in primates: Implications for neurobiology 4. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 2005, 15:716-720.
207. Parr L.A., Winslow J.T., Hopkins W.D. Is the inversion effect in rhesus monkeys face-specific?. Animal Cognition 1999, 2:123-129.
208. Parr L.A., Winslow J.T., Hopkins W.D., de Waal F.B. Recognizing facial cues: Individual discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Psychology 2000, 114:47-60.
209. Parron C., Fagot J. Baboons (Papio papio) spontaneously process the first-order but not second-order configural properties of faces. American Journal of Primatology 2007, 70:415-422.
210. Pascalis O. What can bees really tell us about the face processing system in humans?. Journal of Experimental Biology 2006, 209:3266.
211. Pascalis O., Bachevalier J. Face recognition in primates: A cross-species study. Behavioural Processes 1998, 43:87-96.
212. Pascalis O., de Haan M., Nelson C.A. Is Face Processing Species-Specific During the First Year of Life?. Science 2002, 296(5571):1321-1323.
213. Pascalis O., de Schonen S., Morton J., Deruelle C., Fabre-Grenet M. Mother's face recognition by neonates: A replication and an extension. Infant Behavior and Development 1995, 18:79-85.
214. Pascalis O., Kelly D.J. The origins of face processing in humans: Phylogeny and ontogeny. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2009, 4:200-209.
215. Pascalis O., Scott L.S., Kelly D.J., Shannon R.W., Nicholson E., Coleman M., et al. Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2005, 102:5297-5300.
216. Peirce J.W., Kendrick K.M. Functional asymmetry in sheep temporal cortex. Neuroreport 2002, 13:2395-2399.
217. Peirce J.W., Leigh A., Kendrick K. Configurational coding, familiarity and the right hemisphere advantage for face recognition in sheep. Neuropsychologia 2000, 38:475-483.
218. Peirce J.W., Leigh A.E., daCosta A.P., Kendrick K.M. Human face recognition in sheep: Lack of configurational coding and right hemisphere advantage. Behavioural Processes 2001, 55:13-26.
219. Pelphrey K.A., Vander Wyk B.C. Functional and neural mechanisms for eye gaze processing. Handbook of Face Perception 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. A.J. Calder, G. Rhodes, M.H. Johnson, J.V. Haxby (Eds.).
220. Perrett D.I., Rolls E.T., Caan W. Visual neurones responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Experimental Brain Research 1982, 47:329-342.
221. Perrett D.I., Smith P.A., Potter D.D., Mistlin A.J., Head A.S., Milner A.D., et al. Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1985, 223(1232):293-317.
222. Pessoa L., Ungerleider L. Neuroimaging studies of attention and the processing of emotion-laden stimuli. Progress in Brain Research 2004, 144:171-182.
223. Peterson M.A., Rhodes G. Perception of faces, objects, and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
224. Pettigrew J.D., Konishi M. Neurons selective for orientation and binocular disparity in the visual Wulst of the barn owl (Tyto alba). Science 1976, 193(4254):675-678.
225. Phelps M.T., Roberts W.A. Memory for pictures of upright and inverted primate faces in humans (Homo sapiens), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of Comparative Psychology 1994, 108:114-125.
226. Pinsk M.A., Arcaro M., Weiner K.S., Kalkus J.F., Inati S.J., Gross C.G., et al. Neural representations of faces and body parts in macaque and human cortex: A comparative fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology 2009, 101:2581-2600.
227. Pinsk M.A., DeSimone K., Moore T., Gross C.G., Kastner S. Representations of faces and body parts in macaque temporal cortex: A functional MRI study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:6996-7001.
228. Plotnik J.M., de Waal F.B., Reiss D. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:17053-17057.
229. Povinelli D.J., Rulf A.B., Landau K.R., Bierschwale D.T. Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1993, 107:347-372.
230. Preuschoft S., van Hooff J.A. Homologizing primate facial displays: A critical review of methods. Folia Primatologica 1995, 65:121-137.
231. Prior H., Schwarz A., Gunturkun O. Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition. PLoS Biology 2008, 6:e202.
232. Pruett-Jones S.G., Pruett-Jones M.A. Sexual selection through female choice in Lawes' Parotia, a lek-mating bird of paradise. Evolution 1990, 44:486-501.
233. Quiroga R.Q., Reddy L., Kreiman G., Koch C., Fried I. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature 2005, 435(7045):1102-1107.
234. Reiss D. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:5937-5942.
235. Rhodes G. The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology 2006, 57:199-226.
236. Rhodes G., Leopold D.A. Adaptive norm-based coding of face identity. Handbook of face perception 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. A.J. Calder, G. Rhodes, M.H. Johnson, J.V. Haxby (Eds.).
237. Rhodes G., Simmons L. Symmetry, attractiveness, and sexual selection. Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology 2007, Oxford University Press, New York. R. Dunbar, L. Barrett (Eds.).
238. Robertson K.A., Monteiro A. Female Bicyclus anynana butterflies choose males on the basis of their dorsal UV-reflective eyespot pupils. Proceedings of the Royal Soceity B: Biological Sciences 2005, 272(1572):1541-1546.
239. Rolls E.T., Critchley H.D., Browning A.S., Inoue K. Face-selective and auditory neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. Experimental Brain Research 2006, 170:74-87.
240. Ross C.F. Into the light: The origin of anthropoidea. Annual Review of Anthropology 2000, 29:147-194.
241. Rossion B., Gauthier I. How does the brain process upright and inverted faces?. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2002, 1:63-75.
242. Ryan C.M.E., Lea S.E.G. Images of conspecifics as categories to be discriminated by pigeons and chickens: Slides, video tapes, stuffed birds and live birds. Behavioural Processes 1994, 33:155-176.
243. Sackett G.P. Response of rhesus monkeys to social stimulation presented by means of colored slides. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1965, 20(Suppl. 8):1027-1028.
244. Sackett G.P. Monkeys reared in isolation with pictures as visual input: Evidence for an innate releasing mechanism 58. Science 1966, 154(755):1468-1473.
245. Sandem A.I., Janczak A.M., Salte R., Braastad B.O. The use of diazepam as a pharmacological validation of eye white as an indicator of emotional state in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2006, 96:177-183.
246. Scaife M. The response to eye-like shapes by birds. I. The effect of context: A predator and a strange bird. Animal Behaviour 1976, 24:195-199.
247. Scaife M. The response to eye-like shapes by birds. II. The importance of staring, pairedness and shape. Animal Behaviour 1976, 24:200-206.
248. Schloegl C., Kotrschal K., Bugnyar T. Do common ravens (Corvus corax) rely on human or conspecific gaze cues to detect hidden food?. Animal Cognition 2008, 11:231-241.
249. Schloegl C., Kotrschal K., Bugnyar T. Modifying the object-choice task: Is the way you look important for ravens?. Behavioural Processes 2008, 77:61-65.
250. Schmidt K.L., Cohn J.F. Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2001, 33(Suppl.):3-24.
251. Setchell J.M., Wickings E.J. Dominance, status signals, and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Ethology 2005, 111:25-50.
252. Smith E.O. Yawning: An evolutionary perspective. Human Evolution 1999, 14:191-198.
253. Springer M.S., Murphy W.J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S.J. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100:1056-1061.
254. Stephen I.D., Coetzee V., Law S.M., Perrett D.I. Skin blood perfusion and oxygenation colour affect perceived human health. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5083.
255. Stevens M. The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. Biological Reviews 2005, 80:573-588.
256. Sugita Y. Face perception in monkeys reared with no exposure to faces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:394-398.
257. Swaddle J.P., Cuthill I.C. Female zebra finches prefer males with symmetric chest plumage. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1994, 258(1353):267-271.
258. Swartz K.B. What is mirror self-recognition in nonhuman primates, and what is it not?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997, 818:64-71.
259. Tanaka K., Saito H., Fukada Y., Moriya M. Coding visual images of objects in the inferotemporal cortex of the macaque monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 1991, 66:170-189.
260. Tanibuchi I., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dissociation of spatial-, object-, and sound-coding neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus of the primate thalamus. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003, 89:1067-1077.
261. Tate A.J., Fischer H., Leigh A.E., Kendrick K.M. Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2006, 361(1476):2155-2172.
262. Thierry B., Demaria C., Preuschoft S., Desportes C. Structural convergence between silent bared-teeth display and relaxed open-mouth display in the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana). Folia Primatologica 1989, 52:178-184.
263. Thompson P. Margaret Thatcher: A new illusion. Perception 1980, 9:483-484.
264. Thornhill R., Moller A.P. The relative importance of size and symmetry in sexual selection. Behavioral Ecology 1998, 9(6):546-551.
265. Thorpe W.H. Perceptual basis for group organization in social vertebrates, especially birds. Nature 1968, 220(5163):124-128.
266. Tibbetts E.A. Visual signals of individual identity in the wasp Polistes fuscatus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2002, 269(1499):1423-1428.
267. Tomasello M., Call J., Hare B. Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Animal Behaviour 1998, 55:1063-1069.
268. Tomasello M., Hare B., Lehmann H., Call J. Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: The cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 52(3):314-320.
269. Tomonaga M. How laboratory-raised Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) perceive rotated photographs of monkeys. Primates 1994, 35:155-165.
270. Tomonaga M. Visual search for orientation of faces by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Face-specific upright superiority and the role of facial configural properties. Primates 2007, 48:1-12.
271. Tomonaga M., Itakura S., Matsuzawa T. Superiority of conspecific faces and reduced inversion effect in face perception by a chimpanzee. Folia Primatologica 1993, 61:110-114.
272. Tomonaga M., Tanaka M., Matsuzawa T., Myowa-Yamakoshi M., Kosugi D., Mizuno Y., et al. Development of social cognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Face recognition, smiling, gaze, and the lack of triadic interactions. Japanese Psychological Research 2004, 46:227-235.
273. Trainor B.C., Basolo A.L. An evaluation of video playback using Xiphophorus helleri. Animal Behaviour 2000, 59:89.
274. Tsao D.Y., Freiwald W.A., Knutsen T.A., Mandeville J.B., Tootell R.B. Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6:989-995.
275. Tsao D.Y., Livingstone M.S. Mechanisms of face perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2008, 31:411-437.
276. Tsao D.Y., Moeller S., Freiwald W.A. Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:19514-19519.
277. Tschudin A., Call J., Dunbar R.I., Harris G., van der E.C. Comprehension of signs by dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 2001, 115:100-105.
278. van den Bos R., de Vries H. Clusters in social behavior of female domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) living in confinement. Journal of Ethology 1996, 14:123-131.
279. Van Der Velden J., Zheng Y., Patullo B., Macmillan D., Brembs B. Crayfish Recognize the Faces of Fight Opponents. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1695.
280. Van Dyk D., Evans C. Familiar-unfamiliar discrimination based on visual cues in the Jacky dragon, Amphibolurus muricatus. Animal Behaviour 2007, 74:33-44.
281. Vane-Wright R.I., Boppre M. Visual and chemical signalling in butterflies: Functional and phylogentic perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1993, 340(1292):197-205.
282. van Hooff J.A.R.A.M. Facial expressions in higher primates. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 1962, 8:97-125.
283. van Rhijn J.G. Units of behavior in the black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus L. Animal Behaviour 1981, 29:597.
284. Virányi Z., Gácsi M., Kubinyi E., Topál J., Belényi B., Ujfalussy D., et al. Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal Cognition 2008, 11:373-387.
285. von Bayern A.M., Emery N.J. Jackdaws respond to human attentional states and communicative cues in different contexts. Current Biology 2009, 19:602-606.
286. Waas J.R., Wordsworth A.F. Female zebra finches prefer symmetrically banded males, but only during interactive mate choice tests. Animal Behaviour 1999, 57:1113-1119.
287. Waitt C., Gerald M., Little A., Kraiselburd E. Selective attention toward female secondary sexual color in male rhesus macaques. American Journal of Primatology 2006, 68:738-744.
288. Waitt C., Little A. Preferences for symmetry in conspecific facial shape among Macaca mulatta. International Journal of Primatology 2006, 27:133-145.
289. Waitt C., Little A., Wolfensohn S., Honess P., Brown A., Buchanan-Smith H., Perrett D.I. Evidence from rhesus macaques suggests that male coloration plays a role in female primate mate choice. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2003, 270:S144-S146.
290. Waller B., Parr L., Gothard K., Burrows A., Fuglevand A. Mapping the contribution of single muscles to facial movements in the rhesus macaque. Physiology and Behavior 2008, 95:93-100.
291. Watanabe S., Ito Y. Discrimination of individuals in pigeons. Bird Behavior 1991, 9:20-29.
292. Watanabe S., Maier U., Bischof H. Pattern discrimination is affected by entopallial but not by hippocampal lesions in zebra finches. Behavioural Brain Research 2008, 190:201-205.
293. Weigel R.M. The facial expressions of the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Behaviour 1979, 68:250-276.
294. Weiss D., Kralik J., Hauser M. Face processing in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Animal Cognition 2001, 3:191-205.
295. Wenzel J.W. Behavioral homology and phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1992, 23:361-381.
296. Westhoff G., Tzschatzch K., Bleckmann H. The spitting behavior of two species of spitting cobras. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 2005, 191:873-881.
297. Whalen P.J., Kagan J., Cook R.G., Davis F.C., Kim H., Polis S., et al. Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science 2004, 306(5704):2061.
298. Whitfield D.P. Plumage variability, status signalling, and individual recognition in avian flocks. Tree 1987, 2:13-18.
299. Wilson F.A., Scalaidhe S.P., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 1993, 260(5116):1955-1958.
300. Wright A.A., Roberts W.A. Monkey and human face perception: Inversion effects for human faces but not for monkey faces or scenes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1996, 8:278-290.
301. Wu H.M., Holmes W.G., Medina S.R., Sackett G.P. Kin preference in infant Macaca nemestrina. Nature 1980, 285(5762):225-227.
302. Wyatt T.D. Pheromones and animal behavior: Communication by smell and taste 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
303. Yin R.K. Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1969, 81:141-145.
304. Zangenehpour S., Chaudhuri A. Patchy organization and asymmetric distribution of the neural correlates of face processing in monkey inferotemporal cortex. Current Biology 2005, 15:993-1005.