Comparative social cognition

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 60, Issue , 2009, Pages 87-113

  Emery, Nathan J ^a   Clayton, Nicola S ^b  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Competition; Cooperation; Mental attribution; Object choice task; Relationship intelligence; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANIMAL; APPETITE; COGNITION; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; COOPERATION; CROW; DOG; ETHOLOGY; HUMAN; LEARNING; OBJECT RELATION; PAN TROGLODYTES; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECALL; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIALIZATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; ANIMALS; APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; BONDING, HUMAN-PET; COGNITION; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; CROWS; DOGS; ETHOLOGY; HUMANS; MENTAL RECALL; PAN TROGLODYTES; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIALIZATION; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 60549083310     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: 15452085     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163526     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Agnetta B, Hare B, Tomasello M. 2000. Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use. Anim. Cogn. 3:107-12
2. Anderson JR, Mitchell RW. 1999. Macaques but not lemurs co-orient visually with humans. Folia Primatol. 70:17-22
3. Anderson JR, Montant M, Schmidt D. 1996. Rhesus macaques fail to use gaze direction as an experimentergiven cue in an object-choice task. Behav. Proc. 37:47-55
4. Anderson JR, Sallaberry P, Barbier H. 1995. Use of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by capuchin monkeys. Anim. Behav. 49:201-8
5. Andrews K. 2005. Chimpanzee theory of mind: looking in all the wrong places? Mind Lang. 20:521-36
6. Barth J, Reaux JE, Povinelli DJ. 2005. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use of gaze cues in object-choice tasks: different methods yield different results. Anim. Cogn. 8:84-92
7. Bednekoff PA, Balda RP. 1996a. Observational spatial memory in Clark's nutcrackers and Mexican jays. Anim. Behav. 52:833-39
8. Bednekoff PA, Balda RP. 1996b. Social caching and observational spatial memory in pinyon jays. Behaviour 133:807-26
9. Bennett J. 1978. Some remarks about concepts. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:557-60
10. Bloom P, German TP. 2000. Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory mind. Cognition 77:B25-31
11. Boesch C. 1994. Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 48:653-67
12. Brauer J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2005. All great ape species follow gaze to distant locations and around barriers. J. Comp. Psychol. 119:145-54
13. Brauer J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2007. Chimpanzees really know what others can see in a competitive situation. Anim. Cogn. 10:439-48
14. Brauer J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2008. Chimpanzees do not take into account what others can hear in a competitive situation. Anim. Cogn. 11:175-78
15. Bugnyar T. 2007. An integrative approach to the study of "theory of mind"-like abilities in ravens. Jap. J. Anim. Psychol. 57:15-27
16. Bugnyar T, Heinrich B. 2005. Ravens, Corvus corax, differentiate between knowledgeable and ignorant conspecifics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 272:1641-46
17. Bugnyar T, Heinrich B. 2006. Pilfering ravens, Corvus corax, adjust their behaviour to social context and identity of competitors. Anim. Cogn. 9:369-76
18. Bugnyar T, Kotrschal K. 2002. Observational learning and the raiding of food caches in ravens, Corvus corax: Is it "tactical" deception? Anim. Behav. 64:185-95
19. Bugnyar T, Schwab C, Schloegl C, Kotrschal K, Heinrich B. 2007. Ravens judge competitors through experience with play caching. Curr. Biol. 17:1804-8
20. Bugnyar T, Stowe M, Heinrich B. 2004. Ravens, Corvus corax, follow gaze direction of humans around obstacles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271:1351-36
21. Burger J, Gochfeld M, Murray B. 1992. Risk discrimination of eye contact and directedness of approach in black iguanas (Ctenosaura simillis). J. Comp. Psychol. 106:97-101
22. Burkart J, Heschl A. 2006. Geometrical gaze following in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J. Comp. Psychol. 120:120-30
23. Byrne RW, Whiten A, eds. 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Clarendon
24. Byrnit JT. 2004. Nonenculturated orangutans' (Pongo pygmaeus) use of experimenter-given manual and facial cues in an object-choice task. J. Comp. Psychol. 118:309-15
25. Call J. 2001. Chimpanzee social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 5:399-405
26. Call J, Agnetta B, Tomasello M. 2000. Social cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects. Anim. Cogn. 3:23-34
27. Call J, Brauer J, Kaminski J, Tomasello M. 2003. Domestic dogs are sensitive to the attentional state of humans. J. Comp. Psychol. 117:257-63
28. Call J, Hare B, Carpenter M, Tomasello M. 2004. "Unwilling" versus "unable": chimpanzees' understanding of human intentional action. Dev. Sci. 7:488-98
29. Call J, Hare B, Tomasello M. 1998. Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task. Anim. Cogn. 1:89-99
30. Call J, Tomasello M. 1998. Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 112:192-206
31. Call J, Tomasello M. 1999. A nonverbal false belief task: the performance of children and great apes. Child Dev. 70:381-95
32. Clarkson K, Eden SF, Sutherland WJ, Houston AI. 1986. Density dependence and magpie food hoarding. J. Anim. Ecol. 55:111-21
33. Clayton NS, Dally JM, Emery NJ. 2007. Social cognition by food-caching corvids: the western scrub-jay as a natural psychologist. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 362:507-22
34. Clayton NS, Emery NJ, Dickinson A. 2006. The rationality of animal memory. In Rational Animals?, ed. M Nudds, S Hurley, pp. 197-216. London: Oxford Univ. Press
35. Clayton NS, Griffiths DP, Bennett AD. 1996. Storage of stones by jays Garrulus glandarious. Ibis 136:331-34
36. Clayton NS, Griffiths DP, Emery NJ, Dickinson A. 2001. Elements of episodic-like memory in animals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356:1483-91
37. Cooper JJ, Ashton C, Bishop S, West R, Mills DS, Young RJ. 2003. Clever hounds: social cognition in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 81:229-44
38. Coss RG. 1978. Perceptual determinants of gaze aversion by the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus): the role of two facing eyes. Behaviour 64:248-67
39. Dally JM, Clayton NS, Emery NJ. 2006a. The behaviour and evolution of cache protection and pilferage. Anim. Behav. 72:13-23
40. Dally JM, Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2004. Cache protection strategies in western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica): hiding food in the shade. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271:S387-90
41. Dally JM, Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2005a. Cache protection strategies in western scrub-jays: implications for social cognition. Anim. Behav. 70:1251-63
42. Dally JM, Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2005b. The social suppression of caching by western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica). Behaviour 142:961-77
43. Dally JM, Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2006b. Food-caching scrub-jays keep track of who was watching when. Science 312:1662-65
44. de Waal FBM. 1982. Chimpanzee Politics. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Univ. Press
45. Dennett DC. 1978. Beliefs about beliefs. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:568-70
46. Emery NJ. 2000. The eyes have it: the neuroethology, evolution and function of social gaze. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24:581-604
47. Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2001. Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays. Nature 414:443-46
48. Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2004. Comparing the complex cognition of birds and primates. In Comparative Vertebrate Cognition: Are Primates Superior to Nonprimates?, ed. LJ Rogers, G Kaplan, pp. 3-55. New York: Kluwer Acad.
49. Emery NJ, Clayton NS. 2008. How to build a scrub-jay that reads minds. In Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary and Developmental Views, ed. S Itakura, K Fujita. Kyoto, Japan: Springer-Verlag. In press
50. Emery NJ, Dally JM, Clayton NS. 2004. Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) use cognitive strategies to protect their caches from thieving conspecifics. Anim. Cogn. 7:37-43
51. Emery NJ, Lorincz EN, Perrett DI, Oram MW, Baker CI. 1997. Gaze following and joint attention in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Psychol. 111:286-93
52. Emery NJ, Seed AM, von Bayern AMP, Clayton NS. 2007. Cognitive adaptations of social bonding in birds. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 362:489-505
53. Flombaum JI, Santos LR. 2005. Rhesus monkeys attribute perceptions to others. Curr. Biol. 15:447-52
54. Gacsi M, Miklosi A, Varga O, Topal J, Csanyi V. 2004. Are readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention. Anim. Cogn. 7:144-53
55. Gomez JC. 1991. Visual behaviour as a window for reading the minds of others in primates. In Natural Theories of Mind, ed. AWhiten, pp. 195-207. Oxford: Blackwell Sci.
56. Gomez JC. 1996a. Nonhuman primate theories of (nonhuman primate) minds: some issues concerning the origins of mindreading. In Theories of Theories of Mind, ed. P Carruthers, PK Smith, pp. 330-43. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
57. Gomez JC. 1996b. Ostensive behavior in the great apes: the role of eye contact. In Reaching Into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes, ed. A Russon, ST Parker, KA Bard, pp. 330-43. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
58. Hampton RR. 1994. Sensitivity to information specifying the line of gaze of humans in sparrows. Behaviour 130:41-51
59. Hare B. 2001. Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition? Anim. Cogn. 4:269-80
60. Hare B. 2007. From nonhuman to human mind: What changed and why? Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 16:60-64
61. Hare B, Adessi E, Call J, Tomasello M, Visalberghi E. 2003. Do capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, know what conspecifics do and do not see? Anim. Behav. 65:131-42
62. Hare B, Brown M, Williamson C, Tomasello M. 2002. The domestication of social cognition in dogs. Science 298:1634-36
63. Hare B, Call J, Agnetta B, Tomasello M. 2000. Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Anim. Behav. 59:771-85
64. Hare B, Call J, Tomasello M. 1998. Communication of food location between human and dog (Canis familiaris). Evol. Comm. 2:137-59
65. Hare B, Call J, Tomasello M. 2001. Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Anim. Behav. 61:139-51
66. Hare B, Melis AP, Woods V, Hastings S, Wrangham RW. 2007. Tolerance allows bonobos to outperform chimpanzees on a cooperative task. Curr. Biol. 17:619-23
67. Hare B, Plyusnina I, Ignacio N, Schepina O, Stepika A, et al. 2005. Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication. Curr. Biol. 15:228-30
68. Hare B, Tomasello M. 1999. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use human and conspecific social cues to locate hidden food. J. Comp. Psychol. 113:173-77
69. Hare B, Tomasello M. 2005. Human-like social skills in dogs? Trends Cogn. Sci. 9:439-44
70. Harman G. 1978. Studying the chimpanzee's theory of mind. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:576-77
71. Hattori Y, Kuroshima H, Fujita K. 2007. I know you are not looking at me: capuchin monkeys' (Cebus apella) sensitivity to human attentional states. Anim. Cogn. 10:141-48
72. Hauser MD, Glynn DD, Wood JN. 2007. Rhesus monkeys correctly read the goal-relevant gestures of a human agent. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274:1913-18
73. Heinrich B. 1999. Mind of the Raven. New York: Harper Collins
74. Held S, Mendl M, Devereux C, Byrne RW. 2000. Social tactics of pigs in a competitive foraging task: the "informed forager" paradigm. Anim. Behav. 59:569-76
75. Held S, Mendl M, Devereux C, Byrne RW. 2001. Behaviour of domestic pigs in a visual perspective taking task. Behaviour 138:1337-54
76. Heyes CM. 1998. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 21:101-48
77. Hirata S, Fuwa K. 2007. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) learn to act with other individuals in a cooperative task. Primates 48:13-21
78. Hirata S, Matsuzawa T. 2001. Tactics to obtain a hidden food item in chimpanzee pairs (Pan troglodytes). Anim. Cogn. 4:285-95
79. Humphrey NK. 1976. The social function of intellect. In Growing Points in Ethology, ed. PPG Bateson, RA Hinde, pp. 303-17. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
80. Itakura S. 1996. An exploratory study of gaze monitoring in nonhuman primates. Jap. Psychol. Res. 38:174-80
81. Itakura S, Anderson JR. 1996. Learning to use experimenter-given cues during an object-choice task by a capuchin monkey. Curr. Psychol. Cogn. 15:103-12
82. Itakura S, Tanaka M. 1998. Use of experimenter-given cues during object choice tasks by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and human infants (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 112:119-26
83. Jensen K, Call J, Tomasello M. 2007. Chimpanzees are vengeful but not spiteful. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:13046-50
84. Jensen K, Hare B, Call J, Tomasello M. 2006. What's in it for me? Self-regard precludes altruism and spite in chimpanzees. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 273:1013-21
85. Kaminski J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2004. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes' begging behavior from humans. Anim. Cogn. 7:216-23
86. Kaminski J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2006. Goats' behaviour in a competitive food paradigm: evidence for perspective taking? Behaviour 143:1341-56
87. Kaminski J, Riedel J, Call J, Tomasello M. 2005. Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task. Anim. Behav. 69:11-18
88. Karin-D'Arcy MR, Povinelli DJ. 2002. Do chimpanzees know what each other see? A closer look. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 15:21-54
89. Kuroshima H, Fujita K, Fuyuki A, Masuda T. 2002. Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Anim. Cogn. 5:41-48
90. Lyons DE, Santos LR. 2006. Ecology, domain specificity and the origins of theory of mind: Is competition the catalyst? Philos. Compass 1:481-92
91. Maros K, Gacsi M, Miklosi A. 2008. Comprehension of human pointing gestures in horses (Equus caballus). Anim. Cogn. 11:457-66
92. Matheson M, Cooper M, Weeks J, Thompson R, Fragaszy DM. 1998. Attribution is more likely demonstrated in more natural contexts. Behav. Brain Sci. 21:124-26
93. McKinley J, Sambrook TD. 2000. Use of human-given cues by domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and horses (Equus caballus). Anim. Cogn. 3:13-22
94. Melis AP, Call J, Tomasello M. 2006a. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) conceal visual and auditory information from others. J. Comp. Psychol. 120:154-62
95. Melis AP, Hare B, Tomasello M. 2006b. Chimpanzees recruit the best collaborators. Science 311:1297-300
96. Melis AP, Hare B, Tomasello M. 2006c. Engineering cooperation in chimpanzees: tolerance constraints on cooperation. Anim. Behav. 72:275-86
97. Menzel EW. 1974. A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In Behavior of Non-Human Primates: Modern Research Trends, ed. A Schrier, F Stollnitz, pp. 83-153. New York: Academic
98. Miklosi A. 2008. Dog Behaviour, Evolution and Cognition. London: Oxford Univ. Press
99. Miklosi A, Kubinyi E, Topal J, Gacsi M, Viranyi Z, Csanyi V. 2003. A simple reason for a big difference: Wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do. Curr. Biol. 13:763-66
100. Miklosi A, Polgardi R, Topal J, Csanyi V. 1998. Use of experimenter-given cues in dogs. Anim. Cogn. 1:113-21
101. Miklosi A, Pongracz P, Lakatos G, Topal J, Csanyi V. 2005. A comparative study of the use of visual communicative signals in interactions between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans, and cats (Felis catus) and
102. humans. J. Comp. Psychol. 119:179-86
103. Miklosi A, Soproni K. 2006. A comparative analysis of animals' understanding of the human pointing gesture. Anim. Cogn. 9:81-93
104. Miklosi A, Topal J, Csanyi V. 2004. Comparative social cognition: What can dogs teach us? Anim. Behav. 67:995-1004
105. Neiworth JJ, Burman MA, Basile BM, Lickteig MT. 2002. Use of experimenter-given cues in visual coorienting and in an object-choice task by a New World monkey species, cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). J. Comp. Psychol. 116:3-11
106. Okamoto-Barth S, Call J, Tomasello M. 2007. Great apes' understanding of other individuals' line of sight. Psychol. Sci. 18:462-68
107. Onishi KH, Baillargeon R. 2005. Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science 308:255-58
108. Pack AA, Herman LM. 2004. Bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referent of both static and dynamic human gazing and pointing in an object-choice task. J. Comp. Psychol. 118:160-71
109. Peignot P, Anderson JR. 1999. Use of experimenter-given manual and facial cues by gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) in an object-choice task. J. Comp. Psychol. 113:253-60
110. Penn DC, Povinelli DJ. 2007. On the lack of evidence that nonhuman animals possess anything remotely resembling a "theory of mind." Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 362:731-44
111. Povinelli DJ. 1994. Comparative studies of animal mental state attribution: a reply to Heyes. Anim. Behav. 48:239-41
112. Povinelli DJ, Dunphy-Lelii S. 2001. Do chimpanzees seek explanations? Preliminary comparative investigations. Can. J. Psychol. 55:93-101
113. Povinelli DJ, Eddy TJ. 1996a. Chimpanzees: joint visual attention. Psychol. Sci. 7:129-35
114. Povinelli DJ, Eddy TJ. 1996b. What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 61(3):1-189
115. Povinelli DJ, Nelson K, Boysen S. 1990. Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees. J. Comp. Psychol. 104:203-10
116. Povinelli DJ, Parks KA, Novak MA. 1991. Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) attribute knowledge and ignorance to others? J. Comp. Psychol. 105:318-25
117. Povinelli DJ, Perilloux HK, Reaux JE, Bierschwale DT. 1998. Young and juvenile chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) reactions to intentional versus accidental and inadvertent actions. Behav. Proc. 42:205-18
118. Povinelli DJ, Rulf AB, Bierschwale DT. 1994. Absence of knowledge attribution and self-recognition in young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comp. Psychol. 180:74-80
119. Povinelli DJ, Vonk J. 2003. Chimpanzee minds: suspiciously human? Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:157-60
120. Povinelli DJ, Vonk J. 2004. We don't need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee's mind. Mind Lang. 19:1-28
121. Premack D. 1988. "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?" revisited. In Machiavellian Intelligence, ed. RWByrne, AWhiten, pp. 160-78. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
122. Premack D, Woodruff G. 1978. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav. Brain Sci. 4:515-26
123. Preston SD, Jacobs LF. 2001. Conspecific pilferage but not presence affects Merriam's kangaroo rat cache strategy. Behav. Ecol. 12:517-23
124. Purdy JE, Domjan M. 1998. Tactics in theory of mind research. Behav. Brain Sci. 21:129-30
125. Reaux JE, Theall LA, Povinelli DJ. 1999. A longitudinal investigation of chimpanzees' understanding of visual perception. Child Dev. 70:275-90
126. Santos LR, Flombaum JI, Phillips W. 2007. The evolution of human mindreading: how nonhuman primates can inform social cognitive neuroscience. In Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, ed. SM Platek, JP Keenan, TK Shackelford, pp. 433-56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
127. Santos LR, Hauser MD. 1999. How monkeys see the eyes: cotton-top tamarins' reactions to changes in visual attention and action. Anim. Cogn. 2:131-39
128. Santos LR, Nissen AG, Ferrugia JA. 2006. Rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, know what others can and cannot hear. Anim. Behav. 71:1175-81
129. Savage-Rumbaugh S, Rumbaugh DM, Boysen S. 1978. Sarah's problems of comprehension. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:555
130. Saxe R. 2006. Uniquely human social cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16:235-39
131. Schloegl C, Kotrschal K, Bugnyar T. 2007a. Do common ravens (Corvus corax) rely on human or conspecific gaze cues to detect hidden food? Anim. Cogn. 11:231-41
132. Schloegl C, Kotrschal K, Bugnyar T. 2007b. Gaze following in common ravens, Corvus corax: ontogeny and habituation. Anim. Behav. 74:769-78
133. Schloegl C, Kotrschal K, Bugnyar T. 2008. Modifying the object-choice task. Is the way you look important for ravens? Behav. Proc. 77:61-65
134. Schuemann M, Call J. 2004. The use of experimenter-given cues by South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Anim. Cogn. 7:224-30
135. Schwab C, Huber L. 2006. Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners. J. Comp. Psychol. 120:169-75
136. Seed AM, Clayton NS, Emery NJ. 2007. Postconfiict third-party affiliation in rooks, Corvus frugilegus. Curr. Biol. 17:152-58
137. Seed AM, Clayton NS, Emery NJ. 2008. Cooperative problem solving in rooks (Corvus frugilegus). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 275:1421-29
138. Shapiro AD, Janik V, Slater P. 2003. A gray seal's (Halichoerus grypus) responses to experimenter-given pointing and directional cues. J. Comp. Psychol. 117:355-62
139. Silk JB, Brosnan SF, Vonk J, Heinrich B, Povinelli DJ, et al. 2005. Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of other group members. Nature 435:1357-59
140. Soproni K, Miklosi A, Topal J, Csanyi V. 2001. Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familaris). J. Comp. Psychol. 115:122-26
141. Soproni K, Miklosi A, Topal J, Csanyi V. 2002. Dogs' (Canis familiaris) responsiveness to human pointing gestures. J. Comp. Psychol. 116:27-34
142. Tomasello M, Call J. 2006. Do chimpanzees know what others see-or only what they are looking at? In Rational Animals?, ed. S Hurley, M Nudds, pp. 371-84. London: Oxford Univ. Press
143. Tomasello M, Call J, Hare B. 1998. Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Anim. Behav. 55:1063-69
144. Tomasello M, Call J, Hare B. 2003a. Chimpanzees understand psychological states-the question is which ones and to what extent. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:153-56
145. Tomasello M, Call J, Hare B. 2003b. Chimpanzees versus humans: It's not that simple. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:239-40
146. Tomasello M, Carpenter M. 2005. The emergence of social cognition in three young chimpanzees. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 70(1):1-122
147. Tomasello M, Carpenter M, Call J, Behne T, Moll H. 2005. Understanding and sharing intentions: the origin of cultural cognition. Behav. Brain Sci. 28:675-735
148. Tomasello M, Hare B, Agnetta B. 1999. Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. Anim. Behav. 58:769-77
149. Tomasello M, Hare B, Lehmann H, Call J. 2007. Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: the cooperative eye hypothesis. J. Hum. Evol. 52:314-20
150. Tomonaga M, Tanaka M, Matsuzawa T, Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Kosugi D, et al. 2004. Development of social cognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): face recognition, smiling, gaze and the lack of triadic interactions. Jap. Psychol. Res. 46:227-35
151. Tschudin A, Call J, Dunbar RIM, Harris G, Van Der Elst C. 2001. Comprehension of signs by dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J. Comp. Psychol. 115:100-5
152. Vander Wall SB. 1990. Food Hoarding in Animals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
153. Viranyi Z, Gacsi M, Kubinyi E, Topal J, Belenyi B, et al. 2008. Comprehension of human pointing gestures in young human-reared wolves (Canis lupis) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Anim. Cogn. 11:373-87
154. Viranyi Z, Topal J, Gacsi M, Miklosi A, Csanyi V. 2004. Dogs respond appropriately to cues of humans' attentional focus. Behav. Proc. 66:161-72
155. Viranyi Z, Topal J, Miklosi A, Csanyi V. 2006. A nonverbal test of knowledge attribution: a comparative study on dogs and children. Anim. Cogn. 9:13-26
156. Watanabe S, Clayton NS. 2007. Observational visuospatial encoding of the cache locations of others by western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica). J. Ethol. 25:271-79
157. Whiten A. 2000. Chimpanzee cognition and the question of mental rerepresentation. In Metarepresentation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. D Sperber, pp. 139-67. London: Oxford Univ. Press
158. Wimmer H, Perner J. 1983. Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103-28
159. Wood JN, Glynn DD, Phillips BC, Hauser MD. 2007. The perception of rational goal-directed action in nonhuman primates. Science 317:1402-5