Diet as prophylaxis and treatment for venous thromboembolism?

Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Cundiff, David K ^a   Agutter, Paul S ^b   Malone, P Colm ^a   Pezzullo, John C ^c  

^a Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group ^*  (United Kingdom)

^b Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group   (United Kingdom)

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; VITAMIN K GROUP;

ANIMAL; DIET; DIET THERAPY; FISH; HUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; DIET; FISHES; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VITAMIN K;

EID: 77955400654     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17424682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-31     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. The aetiology of deep venous thrombosis. PC Malone PS Agutter, Quart J Med 2006 99 581 593
2. PC Malone PS Agutter, The aetiology of deep venous thrombosis: a critical, historical and epistemological survey Springer: Dordrecht 2008
3. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. CN Bagot R Arya, Br J Haematol 2008 143 180 190 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07323.x 18783400
4. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism - A controlled trial. DW Barritt SC Jordan, Lancet 1960 1 1309 1312 10.1016/S0140-6736(60) 92299-6 13797091
5. The endothelial response to oxygen deprivation: biology and clinical implications. A Karimova DJ Pinsky, Intensive Care Med 2001 27 19 31 10.1007/s001340000790 11280633
6. Systematic review: case-fatality rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events among patients treated for venous thromboembolism. M Carrier G Le Gal PS Wells MA Rodger, Ann Intern Med 2010 152 578 20439576
7. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin optimized outpatient follow-up study group. SD Fihn M McDonell D Martin J Henikoff D Vermes D Kent RH White, Ann Intern Med 1993 118 7 511 520 8280198
8. Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy. An analysis of risk factors. FJ van der Meer FR Rosendaal JP Vandenbroucke E Briet, Arch Int Med 1993 153 13 1557 1562 10.1001/archinte.153.13.1557
9. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. MN Levine J Hirsh S Landefeld G Raskob, Chest 1992 102 4 Suppl 352S 363S 10.1378/chest.102.4- Supplement.352S 1395820
10. Anticoagulation Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism. DK Cundiff, MedGenMed 2004 6 3 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/487577 15520627
11. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. WH Geerts D Bergqvist GF Pineo JA Heit CM Samama MR Lassen CW Colwell, Chest 2008 133 6 suppl 381S 453S http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/133/6-suppl/381S.full 10.1378/chest.08-0656 18574271
12. A critical appraisal of bleeding events reported in venous thromboembolism prevention trials of patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. OE Dahl DJ Quinlan D Bergqvist JW Eikelboom, J Thromb Haemost 2010 20586919
13. Major bleeding, mortality, and efficacy of fondaparinux in venous thromboembolism prevention trials. JW Eikelboom DJ Quinlan M O'Donnell, Circulation 2009 120 20 2006 2011 http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/ abstract/120/20/2006 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872630 19884469
14. Venous thromboembolism risk among hospitalized patients: Magnitude of the risk is staggering. SZ Goldhaber, Am J Hematol 2007 82 9 775 776 10.1002/ajh.20997 17626256
15. Antithrombotics - current market and future outlook. IMS Health 2005 http://open.imshealth.com/webshop2/IMSinclude/i-article-20050630.asp http://open.imshealth.com/webshop2/IMSinclude/%5C%5Copen.imshealth.com%5C Accessed August 25, 2005
16. Value of anticoagulants in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a discussion paper. P Egermayer, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1981 74 9 675 681 7288810
17. Anticoagulant therapy in deep venous thrombosis. A randomized controlled study. HK Nielsen SE Husted LR Krusell H Fasting P Charles HH Hansen BO Nielsen JB Petersen P Bechgaard, Thrombosis Research 1994 73 3-4 215 226 10.1016/0049-3848(94)90100-7 8191414
18. The value of anticoagulant therapy in deep venous thrombosis in the lower limbs in elderly, mobilized patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation with open therapeutic guidance. P Ott E Eldrup P Oxholm, Ugeskr Laeger 1988 150 218 221 3287734
19. Treatment of deep-vein thrombosis - a random trial. VV Kakkar C Flanc M O'Shea P Flute CT Howe MB Clarke, Br J Surg 1968 55 11 858 4879792
20. Anticoagulants versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or placebo for treatment of venous thromboembolism. D Cundiff J Manyemba J Pezzullo, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006 1 D003746 http://www.mrw. interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003746/frame.html Feedback letter: http://medgenmed.medscape.com/viewarticle/557263 16437461
21. New onset of venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients at Brigham and Women's Hospital is caused more often by prophylaxis failure than by withholding treatment. S Goldhaber K Dunn R MacDougall, Chest 2000 118 1680 1684 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/118/6/1680.full.pdf 10.1378/chest.118.6.1680 11115458
22. Reply to letters re: Anticoagulation therapy for venous thromboembolism. DK Cundiff, Med Gen Med 2005 6 4 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/496149.
23. Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988. B Lindblad A Eriksson D Bergqvist, Br J Surg 1991 78 7 849 852 10.1002/bjs.1800780725 1873716
24. Increased activation of coagulation and formation of late deep venous thrombosis following discontinuation of thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement surgery. OE Dahl T Aspelin H Arnesen I Seljeflot P Kierulf R Ruyter T Lyberg, Thrombosis Research 1995 80 4 299 306 10.1016/0049-3848(95)00180-Y 8585042
25. Clinical evidence for 'rebound hypercoagulability' after discontinuing oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism. DK Cundiff, Medscape J Med 2008 10 11 258 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582408 19099008
26. A systematic review of Cochrane anticoagulation reviews. DK Cundiff, Medscape J Med 2009 11 1 5 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/584084 19295926
27. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Results of meta-analysis. GP Clagett JS Reisch, Ann Surg 1988 202 2 227 240 10.1097/00000658-198808000-00016
28. Low molecular weight heparin and compression stockings in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in neurosurgery. MT Nurmohamed AM van Riel CM Henkens MM Koopman GT Que P d'Azemar HR Buller JW ten Cate JA Hoek J van der Meer C van der Heul AG Turpie S Haley A Sicurella M Gent, Thromb Haemost 1996 75 2 233 238 8815566
29. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. R Collins A Scrimgeour S Yusuf R Peto, New Eng J Med 1988 318 18 1162 1173 10.1056/NEJM198805053181805 3283548
30. 178 fatal cases of pulmonary embolism in a medical department. H Nielsen P Bechgaard P Nielsen S Husted E Geday, Acta Med Scand 1981 209 5 351 355 7246271
31. Comparison of clinical and post-mortem diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. B Karwinski E Svendsen, J Clin Pathol 1989 42 135 139 10.1136/jcp.42.2.135 2921354
32. Greater fish, fruit, and vegetable intakes are related to lower incidence of venous thromboembolism: The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology. L Steffen A Folsom M Cushman D Jacobs W Rosamond, Circulation 2007 115 2 188 195 http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/115/2/188 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.641688 17179018
33. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. S Gaston, US Department of Health and Human Services http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/deepvein/
34. Examination into the diet of Norwegian families during the war-years 1942-45. A Strom, Acta Med Scand Suppl 1948 214 1 47
35. H Malmros, Acta Med Scand 1950 246 Suppl 137
36. K Sigg, Varicen, Ulcus cruris und Thrombosen Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag 1976
37. How Many fruits and vegetables do you need? Center for Disease Control 2009 http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/ Accessed March 2, 2010
38. Diet and incident venous thromboembolism: The Iowa Women's Health Study. P Lutsey L Steffen B Virnig A Folsom, Am Heart J 2009 157 6 1081 1087 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.04.003 19464420
39. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: A comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. FB Hu MJ Stampfer E Rimm A Ascherio BA Rosner D Spiegelman WC Willett, Am J Epidemiol 1999 149 6 531 540 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/ 149/6/531 10084242
40. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism. A meta-analysis. W Ageno C Becattini T Brighton R Selby PW Kamphuisen, Circulation 2008 117 1 93 102 http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709204v1 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709204 18086925
41. Serum lipid levels and the risk of venous thrombosis. CJM Doggen NL Smith RN Lemaitre SR Heckbert FR Rosendaal BM Psaty, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24 1970 1975 10.1161/01.ATV.0000143134.87051.46 15331431
42. Coagulation factors, inflammation markers, and venous thromboembolism: the Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology (LITE). A Tsai M Cushman WD Rosamond SR Heckbert RP Tracy N Aleksic AR Folsom, Am J Med 2002 113 636 642 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01345-1 12505113
43. Cardiovascular risk factors in idiopathic compared to risk-associated venous thromboembolism: A focus on fibrinogen, factor VIII, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). B Luxembourg S J H M G M D D S E L-L E, Thromb Haemost 2009 102 4 668 675 19806251
44. Intrinsic clotting factors in dependency of age, sex, body mass index, and oral contraceptives: definition and risk of elevated clotting factor levels. B Luxembourg J Schmitt M Humpich M Glowatzki E Seifried E Lindhoff-Last, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009 20 7 524 534 10.1097/MBC.0b013e32832d9b58 19620844
45. von Willebrand factor and factor VIII as risk factors for arterial and venous thrombosis. I Martinelli, Sem Hematol 2005 42 49 55 10.1053/j. seminhematol.2004.09.009
46. High plasma concentration of factor VIIIc is a major risk for venous thromboembolism. R Kraaijenhagen PS in't Anker MM Koopman PH Reitsma MH Prins A van den Ende HR Buller, Thromb Haemost 2000 83 5 9 10669145
47. Elevated plasma factor VIII and d-dimer levels as predictors of poor outcomes of thrombosis in children. NA Goldenberg R Knapp-Clevenger MJ Manco-Johnson Group tMSRT, N Engl J Med 2004 351 11 1081 1088 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/351/11/1081 10.1056/NEJMoa040161 15356305
48. Relation of omega-3 fatty acid intake to other dietary factors known to reduce coronary heart disease risk. DK Cundiff AJ Lanou CR Nigg, Am J Cardiol 2007 99 9 1230 1233 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.12.032 17478148
49. Fish consumption and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 study. DB Panagiotakosa C Pitsavosb A Zampelasa C Chrysohooub BA Griffinc C Stefanadisb P Toutouzasd, Int J Cardiol 2005 102 3 403 409 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.05.043 16004884
50. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. AH Lichtenstein LJ Appel M Brands M Carnethon S Daniels HA Franch B Franklin P Kris-Etherton WS Harris B Howard N Karanja M Lefevre L Rudel F Sacks L Van Horn M Winston J Wylie-Rosett, Circulation 2006 114 1 82 96 http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/ content/abstract/114/1/82 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158 16785338
51. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease (Cochrane Review). L Hooper CD Summerbell JPT Higgins RL Thompson G Clements N Capps G Davey Smith RA Riemersma S Ebrahim, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 2 D002137
52. Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. L Hooper CD Summerbell JPT Higgins RL Thompson NE Capps GD Smith RA Riemersma S Ebrahim, BMJ 2001 322 7289 757 763 http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/ content/full/322/7289/757 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.757 11282859
53. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. M de Lorgeril S Renaud N Mamelle P Salen JL Martin I Monjaud J Guidollet P Touboul J Delaye, Lancet 1994 343 8911 1454 1459 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1 7911176
54. Health effects of vegan diets. WJ Craig, Am J Clin Nutr 2009 89 5 1627S 1633 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/5/1627S 10.3945/ajcn.2009. 26736N 19279075
55. Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages? C Leitzmann, Forum Nutr 2005 57 147 156 full-text 15702597
56. Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future. W Willett, Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78 3 Suppl 539S 543S 12936947
57. Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans? PN Singh J Sabate GE Fraser, Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78 3 526S 532 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/ reprint/78/3/526S 12936945
58. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. D Ornish LW Scherwitz JH Billings SE Brown KL Gould TA Merritt S Sparler WT Armstrong TA Ports RL Kirkeeide C Hogeboom RJ Brand, JAMA 1998 280 23 2001 2007 10.1001/jama.280.23.2001 9863851
59. The association of dietary fat and fiber with coagulation factor VII in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. L Mennen J Witteman J den Breeijen E Schouten P de Jong A Hofman D Grobbee, Am J Clin Nutr 1997 65 3 732 736 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/65/3/732?ijkey= fc4b980f6cecf9f04571ea31d25d0f61a2f6a983 9062522
60. Six weeks phylloquinone supplementation produces undesirable effects on blood lipids with no changes in inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in postmenopausal women. M Kristensen J Kudsk S Bügel, Eur J Nutr 2008 47 7 375 379 10.1007/s00394-008-0737-4 18807108
61. Vitamin k and the prevention of fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. S Cockayne J Adamson S Lanham-New MJ Shearer S Gilbody DJ Torgerson, Arch Intern Med 2006 166 12 1256 1261 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/12/1256 10.1001/archinte.166.12.1256 16801507
62. The effect of vegetarian diet on selected biochemical and blood morphology parameters. R Nazarewicz, Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2007 58 1 23 27 17711086
63. Hematological, vitamin B12, and folate studies on Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians. BK Armstrong RE Davis DJ Nicol AJ van Merwyk CJ Larwood, Am J Clin Nutr 1974 27 7 712 718 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/7/712 4424826
64. Rheumatoid arthritis treated with vegetarian diets. J Kjeldsen-Kragh, Am J Clin Nutr 1999 70 3 594S 600 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/3/ 594S 10479237
65. Total cardiovascular risk profile of Taiwanese vegetarians. CW Chen YL Lin TK Lin CT Lin BC Chen CL Lin, Eur J Clin Nutr 2008 62 1 138 144 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602689 17356561
66. Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men. M Malter G Schriever U Eilber, Nutr Cancer 1989 12 3 271 278 10.1080/01635588909514026 2771803
67. Vitamin B12, folic acid and haematological status of 132 Thai vegetarians. R Tungtrongchitr P Pongpaew B Prayurahong S Changbumrung N Vudhivai P Migasena FP Schelp, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1993 63 3 201 207 8300331
68. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. EH Haddad LS Berk JD Kettering RW Hubbard WR Peters, Am J Clin Nutr 1999 70 3 Suppl 586S 593S http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/ reprint/70/3/586S 10479236
69. A taurine-supplemented vegan diet may blunt the contribution of neutrophil activation to acute coronary events. MF McCarty, Med Hypotheses 2004 63 3 419 425 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.040 15288360
70. Vegetarians and cardiovascular risk factors: hemostasis, inflammatory markers and plasma homocysteine. D Mezzano X Mũoz C Martínez A Cuevas O Panes E Aranda V Guasch P Strobel B Mũoz S Rodríguez J Pereira F Leighton, Thromb Haemost 1999 81 6 913 917 10404767
71. The influence of a vegetarian diet on haemostatic risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Africans. AA Famodu O Osilesi YO Makinde OA Osonuga TA Fakoya EO Ogunyemi IE Egbenehkhuere, Thromb Res 1999 95 1 31 36 10.1016/S0049-3848(99)00014-6 10403684
72. Changes in laboratory variables in rheumatoid arthritis patients during a trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet. J Kjeldsen-Kragh OJ Mellbye M Haugen TE Mollnes HB Hammer M Sioud O Førre, Scand J Rheumatol 1995 24 2 85 93 10.3109/03009749509099290 7747149
73. The association of diet and thrombotic risk factors in healthy male vegetarians and meat-eaters. D Li A Sinclair N Mann A Turner M Ball F Kelly L Abedin A Wilson, Eur J Clin Nutr 1999 53 8 612 619 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/10477247?dopt=Abstract 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600817 10477247
74. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults: The ATTICA Study. C Chrysohoou DB Panagiotakos C Pitsavos UN Das C Stefanadis, J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 44 1 152 158 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.039 15234425
75. Effect of traditional Greek Mediterranean meals on platelet aggregation in normal subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. S Antonopoulou E Fragopoulou HC Karantonis E Mitsou M Sitara J Rementzis A Mourelatos A Ginis C Phenekos, J Med Food 2006 9 3 356 362 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.356 17004898
76. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. K Esposito R Marfella M Ciotola C Di Palo F Giugliano G Giugliano M D'Armiento F D'Andrea D Giugliano, JAMA 2004 292 12 1440 1446 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/ content/abstract/292/12/1440 10.1001/jama.292.12.1440 15383514
77. Complementary effects of Mediterranean diet and moderate red wine intake on haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors. D Mezzano F Leighton C Martínez G Marshall A Cuevas O Castillo O Panes B Mũoz DD D Pérez C Mizán J Rozowski A San Martín J Pereira, Eur J Clin Nutr 2001 55 444 451 http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v55/n6/pdf/1601202a.pdf 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601202 11423921
78. p38 MAPK inhibitors ameliorate target organ damage in hypertension: Part 1. p38 MAPK-dependent endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. H Ju DJ Behm S Nerurkar ME Eybye RE Haimbach AR Olzinski SA Douglas RN Willette, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 307 3 932 938 10.1124/jpet.103.057422 14561851
79. Risk factors and short-term mortality of venous thromboembolism diagnosed in the primary care setting in the United Kingdom. C Huerta S Johansson M-A Wallander LA Garcia Rodriguez, Arch Intern Med 2007 167 9 935 943 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/167/9/935 10.1001/archinte. 167.9.935 17502535
80. Assessment of risk and prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in medically ill patients during their early days of hospital stay at a tertiary care center in a developing country. A Pandey N Patney M Singh R Guleria, Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009 5 643 648 19688105
81. Low molecular weight heparins in cardiovascular medicine. F De Lorenzo O Dotsenko VV Kakkar, Minerva Cardioangiol 2005 53 585 603 16333240
82. Risk stratification for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients in a developing country: a prospective study. A Awidi N Obeidat A Magablah N Bsoul, J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009 28 309 313 10.1007/s11239-008-0291-1 19023522
83. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case-control study. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. No authors listed, Lancet 1995 346 1575 1582 7500748
84. Thromboembolism. J Drife, Br Med Bull 2003 67 177 190 10.1093/bmb/ldg010 14711763
85. Accuracy and epidemiological implications of the death certificate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. SE Dismuke R VanderZwaag, J Chronic Dis 1984 37 1 67 73 10.1016/0021-9681(84)90127-9 6690461
86. Fatal vascular outcomes following major orthopedic surgery. OE Dahl JA Caprini CW Colwell Jr SP Frostick S Haas RD Hull S Laporte PD Stein, Thromb Haemost 2005 93 5 860 866 15886800
87. Heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in general medical patients (excluding stroke and MI). R Alikhan AT Cohen, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 4 D003747 http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ cochrane/clsysrev/articles/rel0002/CD003747/pdf-fs.html
88. A study of 605 fatal pulmonary embolisms and two successful embolectomies. F Linder W Schmitz A Encke M Trede H Storch, Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967 125 82 86 6026688
89. Lack of effect of a low-molecular-weight heparin (nadroparin) on mortality in bedridden medical in-patients: a prospective randomised double-blind study. I Mahé JF Bergmann P d'Azémar JJ Vaissie C Caulin, Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005 61 5-6 347 351 10.1007/s00228-005-0944-3 15981008
90. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomised placebo controlled trial. AT Cohen BL Davidson AS Gallus MR Lassen MH Prins W Tomkowski AGG Turpie JFM Egberts AWA Lensing A Investigators, BMJ 2006 332 7537 325 329 http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/332/7537/325 10.1136/bmj.38733. 466748.7C 16439370
91. Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower leg immobilization. M Testroote W Stigter DC de Visser H Janzing, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 1 D006681 http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD14006681/ frame.html Feedback letter: http://doctormanagedcare.com/Testroote.htm
92. Heparin prophylaxis in bedridden patients. JF Bergman C Caulin, Lancet 1996 348 9021 205 206 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66160-0
93. A multicenter randomised double-blind study of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in elderly in-patients bedridden for an acute medical illness. JF Bergman E Neuhart, Thromb Haemostasis 1996 76 4 529 534
94. Nadroparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in acute decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. F Fraisse L Holzapfel JM Coulard G Simonneau B Bedock M Feissel P Herbecq R Pordes JF Poussel L Roux, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 161 4 Pt1 1109 1114 10764298
95. Fondaparinux combined with intermittent pneumatic compression versus intermittent pneumatic compression alone for prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind comparison. AG Turpie KA Bauer JA Caprini PC Comp M Gent JE Muntz, J Thromb Haemost 2007 5 1854 1861 http://www1853.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117993947/ HTMLSTART 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02657.x 17723125
96. Is deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis overemphasized? A randomized prospective trial. MA Kosir RA Kozol A Perales, J Surg Res 1996 60 289 292 10.1006/jsre.1996.0045 8598656
97. Prospective double-arm study of fibrinolysis in surgical patients. MA Kosir L Schmittinger L Barno-Winarski P Duddella M Pone A Perales P Lange LK Brish K McGee K Beleski J Pawlak E Mammen NP Sajahan RA Kozol, J Surg Res 1998 74 1 96 101 10.1006/jsre.1997.5233 9536981
98. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery. MS Rasmussen LN Jørgensen P Wille-Jørgensen, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 1 D004318 http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004318/frame.html
99. Prospective randomized controlled trial on the effect of fondaparinux sodium for prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip fracture surgery. S Sasaki N Miyakoshi H Matsuura H Saitoh D Kudoh Y Shimada, J Orthop Sci 2009 14 5 491 496 10.1007/s00776-009-1365-4 19802659
100. Chinese drugs for supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation in preventing deep venous thrombosis after big operations in orthopaedics and traumatology. C Bi J Wen K Jiang S Chen C Wang W Sun Y Sun Z Liang Y Cheng T Cheng H Hu, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009 34 5 625 627 19526798
101. Prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis in fractures below the knee: a prospective randomised controlled trial. DP Goel R Buckley G deVries G Abelseth A Ni R Gray, J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009 91 3 388 394 10.1302/0301-620X.91B3.20820 19258618
102. Deep vein thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury. NK Agarwal N Mathur, Spinal Cord 2009 47 10 769 772 10.1038/sc.2009.37 19365397
103. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with a lowmolecular-weight heparin to prevent thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement. BI Eriksson P Wille-Jorgensen P Kalebo P Mouret N Rosencher P Bosch, et al. N Eng J Med 1997 337 19 1329 1335 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/337/19/1329 10.1056/NEJM199711063371901
104. BISTRO II Study Group. A new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, compared with enoxaparin for prevention of thromboembolic events following total hip or knee replacement: the BISTRO II randomized trial. BI Eriksson OE Dahl HR Büller R Hettiarachchi N Rosencher ML Bravo L Ahnfelt F Piovella J Stangier P Kälebo P Reilly Group BIS, J Thromb Haemost 2005 3 1 103 111 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.01100.x 15634273
105. Comparison of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran with enoxaparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: A phase 2 dose-finding study. JA Heit CW Colwell CW Francis JS Ginsberg SD Berkowitz J Whipple Astrazeneca Arthroplasty Study Group, Arch Int Med 2001 161 18 2215 2221 10.1001/archinte.161.18.2215
106. A dose-ranging study of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, and its subcutaneous form, melagatran, compared with dalteparin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement: METHRO I. MElagatran for THRombin inhibition in Orthopaedic surgery. BI Eriksson AC Arfwidsson L Frison UG Eriksson A Bylock P Kalebo, Thromb Haemostasis 2002 87 2 231 237
107. Comparison of ximelagatran with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement. CW Francis SD Berkowitz PC Comp JR Lieberman JS Ginsberg G Paiement EXULT A Study Group, N Eng J Med 2003 349 18 1703 1712 10.1056/NEJMoa035162
108. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. BI Eriksson OE Dahl N Rosencher AA Kurth Dijk van SP Frostick RE-MODEL Study Group, et al. J Thromb Haemostasis 2007 5 11 2178 2185 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02748.x
109. Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: A meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. AGG Turpie KA Bauer BI Eriksson MR Lassen, Arch Intern Med 2002 162 16 1833 1840 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/162/16/1833?ijkey= 1c22b7f98d6e9661f700253520c77cf9181873be 10.1001/archinte.162.16.1833 12196081
110. Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy. J Ramos C Perrotta G Badariotti G Berenstein, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007 2 D005259 http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley. com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005259/frame.html Feedback letter: http://www.cochranefeedback.com/cf/cda/citation.do?id=9681#968
111. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery. JS Ginsberg BL Davidson PC Comp CW Francis RJ Friedman MH Huo JR Lieberman JE Muntz GE Raskob ML Clements S Hantel JM Schnee JA Caprini RE-MOBILIZE Writing Committee, J Arthroplasty 2009 24 1 1 9 10.1016/j.arth.2008. 01.132 18534438
112. A phase II study of the oral factor Xa inhibitor LY517717 for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement. G Agnelli S Haas JS Ginsberg KA Krueger A Dmitrienko JT Brandt, J Thromb Haemost 2007 5 4 746 753 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02436.x 17408408
113. BAY 59-7939: an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients after total knee replacement. A phase II dose-ranging study. AG Turpie WD Fisher KA Bauer LM Kwong MW Irwin P Kälebo F Misselwitz M Gent OdiXa-Knee Study Group, J Thromb Haemost 2005 3 11 2479 2486 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01602.x 16241946
114. Comparison of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. A randomized, double-blind study. CW Colwell Jr SD Berkowitz BL Davidson PA Lotke JS Ginsberg JR Lieberman J Neubauer JL McElhattan GR Peters CW Francis, J Thromb Haemostasis 2003 1 10 2119 2130 http://www3.interscience. wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118900857/HTMLSTART 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00368.x
115. Melagatran for thrombin, inhibition in orthopaedic surgery. Ximelagatran and melagatran compared with dalteparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial. BI Eriksson D Bergqvist P Kalebo OE Dahl S Lindbratt A Bylock L Frison UG Eriksson L Welin D Gustafsson Melagatran for Thrombin inhibition in Orthopaedic surgery, Lancet 2002 360 9344 1441 1447 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11469-3 12433510
116. The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran followed by oral ximelagatran compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: the EXPRESS study. BI Eriksson G Agnelli AT Cohen OE Dahl MR Lassen P Mouret N Rosencher P Kälebo S Panfilov C Eskilson M Andersson A Freij EXPRESS Study Group, J Thromb Haemostasis 2003 1 12 2490 2496 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.00494.x
117. Direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran followed by oral ximelagatran in comparison with enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement. Methro III. BI Eriksson G Agnelli AT Cohen OE Dahl P Mouret N Rosencher C Eskilson I Nylander L Frison M Ogren METHRO III Study Group, Thromb Haemostasis 2003 89 2 288 296
118. Oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty. CW Colwell Jr SD Berkowitz JR Lieberman PC Comp JS Ginsberg G Paiement J McElhattan AW Roth CW Francis EXULT B Study Group, J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005 87 10 2169 2177 10.2106/JBJS.D.02184 16203879
119. Post-operative deep vein thrombosis is infrequent in Alaska Natives. T Rosenzweig, Int J Circumpolar Health 2003 62 4 388 396 http://ijch.fi/issues/ 624/624-Rosenzweig.pdf 14964765
120. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis. MT Nurmohamed FR Rosendaal HR Buller E Dekker DW Hommes JP Vandenbroucke E Briet, Lancet 1992 340 8812 152 156 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93223-A 1352573
121. Effect of intensive lifestyle changes on endothelial function and on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis. HS Dod R Bhardwaj G Weidner GR Hobbs GW Konat S Manivannan W Gharib BE Warden NC Nanda RJ Beto D Ornish AC Jain, Am J of Cardiology 2010 105 3 362 367 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.038
122. Hematological parameters, ferritin and vitamin B12 in vegetarians. W Pongstaporn A Bunyaratavej, J Med Assoc Thai 1999 82 3 304 311 10410487
123. Hemostatic factors and blood lipids in young Buddhist vegetarians and omnivores. W Pan C Chin C Sheu M Lee, Am J Clin Nutr 1993 58 3 354 359 http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/58/3/354?ijkey= 12c4ddee7425c7953b26f5f656cb172638fad2fc 8237846