Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 70, Issue 3 SUPPL., 1999, Pages

  Haddad, Ella H ^a   Berk, Lee S ^b   Kettering, James D ^b   Hubbard, Richard W ^b   Peters, Warren R ^b  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Dietary intake; Folate; Immunocompetence; Iron; Methylmalonic acid; Vegans; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Indexed keywords

CYANOCOBALAMIN; FERRITIN; FOLIC ACID; METHYLMALONIC ACID; ZINC;

ADULT; BODY MASS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOTOXICITY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; FEMALE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IMMUNE STATUS; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; MALE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NORMAL HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; VEGETARIAN DIET;

EID: 0032838226     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.586s     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. Hardinge MG, Stare FJ. Nutritional studies of vegetarians. 1. Nutritional, physical and laboratory studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1954;2:73-82.
2. 12. Am J Clin Nutr 1955;3:375-82.
3. Guggenheim K, Weiss Y, Fostick M. Composition and nutritive value of diets consumed by strict vegetarians. Br J Nutr 1962;16:467-71.
4. Ellis FR, Mumford P. The nutritional status of vegans and vegetarians. Proc Nutr Soc 1967;26:209-16.
5. Ellis FR, Montegriffo VME. Veganism, clinical findings and investigations. Am J Clin Nutr 1970;23:249-55.
6. Sanders TAB, Ellis FR, Dickerson JWT. Haematological studies on vegans. Br J Nutr 1978;40:9-15.
7. Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1720-8.
8. Bar-sella P, Rakover Y, Ratner D. Vitamin B12 and folate levels in long-term vegans. Isr J Med Sci 1990;26:309-12.
9. Harland BF, Peterson M. Nutritional status of lacto-ovo-vegetarian Trappist monks. J Am Diet Assoc 1978;72:259-64.
10. Latta D, Liebman M. Iron and zinc status of vegetarian and non-vegetarian males. Nutr Rep Int 1984;30:141-9.
11. Dwyer JT. Nutritional consequences of vegetarianism. Annu Rev Nutr 1991;11:61-91.
12. Strachan DP, Powell KJ, Thaker A, Millard FJ, Maxwell JD. Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians. Thorax 1995;50:175-80.
13. Smith JC, Butrimovitz GP, Purdy WC. Direct measurement of zinc in plasma by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin Chem 1997;25:1487-91.
14. Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Elevation of 2-methylcitric acid I and II levels in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cobalamin deficiency. Metabolism 1993;42: 978-88.
15. Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Allen RH. Elevation of serum cystationine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency. Blood 1993;81:3404-13.
16. Kelly JP, Parker CW. Effect of arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes. J Immunol 1979; 122:1556-62.
17. Pross HF, Baines MG, Rubin P, Shragge P, Patterson MS. Spontaneous human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cell. IX. The quantitation of natural killer cell activity. J Clin Immunol 1981;1:51-63.
18. Cook JD, Finch CA. Assessing iron status of a population. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2115-9.
19. Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentration. Am J Hematol 1990;34:99-107.
20. Abdulla M, Andersson, I, Asp N-G, et al. Nutrient intake and health status of vegans. Chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2464-77.
21. Roshanai F, Sanders TAB. Assessment of fatty acid intakes in vegans and omnivores. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1984;38A:345-54.
22. Calkins BM, Whittaker DJ, Nair PP, Rider AA, Turjman N. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40(suppl): 896S-905S.
23. Draper A, Lewis J, Malhotra N, Wheeler E. The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements? Br J Nutr 1993;69:3-19.
24. Alexander D, Ball MJ, Mann J. Nutrient intake and haematological status of vegetarians and age-sex matched omnivores. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:538-46.
25. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Asoc 1995; 95: 180-186, 189.
26. Hazell T. Relating food composition data to iron availability from plant foods. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988;42:509-17.
27. Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthen L. Is there a physiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498:324-32.
28. Anderson BM, Gibson RS, Sabry JH. The iron and zinc status of longterm vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1042-8.
29. Reddy S, Sanders TAB. Haematological studies on pre-menopausal Indian and Caucasian vegetarians compared with Caucasian omnivores. Br J Nutr 1990;64:331-8.
30. Salonen JT, Nyyssönen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppänen R, Salonen R. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in Eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1992;86:803-11.
31. Freeland-Graves JH, Bodzy PW, Eppright MA. Zinc status of vegetarians. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;77:655-61.
32. Freeland-Graves J. Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(suppl):859S-62S.
33. Stabler SP, Allen RH, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Blood 1990;76:871-81.
34. Savage DG, Lindenbaum J, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. Am J Med 1994;96:239-46.
35. Miller DR, Specker BL, Ho ML, Norman EJ. Vitamin B-12 status in a macrobiotic community. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:524-9.
36. Gibson RS. Principles of nutritional assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
37. Chandra RK. Serum complement and immunoglobulin in malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1975;50:225-9.
38. Haller L, Zubler RH, Lambert PH. Plasma levels of complement components and complement haemolytic activity in protein-energy malnutrition. Clin Exp Immunol 1978;34:248-52.
39. Kelley DS, Daudu PA, Branch LB, Johnson HL, Taylor PC, Mackey B. Energy restriction decreases number of circulating natural killer cells and serum levels of immunoglobulins in overweight women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:9-18.
40. Barone J, Hebert JR, Reddy MM. Dietary fat and natural-killer-cell activity. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:861-7.