메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 809-833

Antiviral drug resistance: Mechanisms and clinical implications

Author keywords

Cytomegalovirus; Drug resistance; Hepatitis B virus; Herpes simplex virus; Transplant; Varicella zoster virus

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ADEFOVIR; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; ARTESUNATE; BENZIMIDAVIR; CIDOFOVIR; CIDOFOVIR 3 HEXADECYLOXYPROPYL ESTER; EMTRICITABINE; ENTECAVIR; FAMCICLOVIR; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; HEPATITIS B ANTIBODY; IMIQUIMOD; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LAMIVUDINE; LEFLUNOMIDE; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; NUCLEOTIDE DERIVATIVE; PEGINTERFERON; PENCICLOVIR; RAPAMYCIN; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; TOMEGLOVIR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR; VIDARABINE;

EID: 77955251899     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.07.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (94)

References (198)
  • 1
    • 0017639148 scopus 로고
    • The selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine
    • Elion G.B., Furman P.A., Fyfe J.A., et al. The selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977, 74(12):5716-5720.
    • (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.74 , Issue.12 , pp. 5716-5720
    • Elion, G.B.1    Furman, P.A.2    Fyfe, J.A.3
  • 2
    • 0027754719 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity
    • Elion G.B. Acyclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity. J Med Virol 1993, 41(Suppl 1):2-6.
    • (1993) J Med Virol , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL 1 , pp. 2-6
    • Elion, G.B.1
  • 3
    • 0036527281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs: clinical impacts and molecular mechanisms
    • Gilbert C., Bestman-Smith J., Boivin G. Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs: clinical impacts and molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat 2002, 5(2):88-114.
    • (2002) Drug Resist Updat , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 88-114
    • Gilbert, C.1    Bestman-Smith, J.2    Boivin, G.3
  • 4
    • 0028006272 scopus 로고
    • Aciclovir. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy
    • Wagstaff A.J., Faulds D., Goa K.L. Aciclovir. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994, 47(1):153-205.
    • (1994) Drugs , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 153-205
    • Wagstaff, A.J.1    Faulds, D.2    Goa, K.L.3
  • 5
    • 0027403428 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-induced neurotoxicity: concentration-side effect relationship in acyclovir overdose
    • Haefeli W.E., Schoenenberger R.A., Weiss P., et al. Acyclovir-induced neurotoxicity: concentration-side effect relationship in acyclovir overdose. Am J Med 1993, 94(2):212-215.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 212-215
    • Haefeli, W.E.1    Schoenenberger, R.A.2    Weiss, P.3
  • 6
    • 0033551348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group
    • Lowance D., Neumayer H.H., Legendre C.M., et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(19):1462-1470.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , Issue.19 , pp. 1462-1470
    • Lowance, D.1    Neumayer, H.H.2    Legendre, C.M.3
  • 7
    • 0034092751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valaciclovir: a review of its long term utility in the management of genital herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections
    • Ormrod D., Scott L.J., Perry C.M. Valaciclovir: a review of its long term utility in the management of genital herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. Drugs 2000, 59(4):839-863.
    • (2000) Drugs , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 839-863
    • Ormrod, D.1    Scott, L.J.2    Perry, C.M.3
  • 8
    • 65849405940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplant patients: an evidence-based reassessment of safety and efficacy
    • Kalil A.C., Freifeld A.G., Lyden E.R., et al. Valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplant patients: an evidence-based reassessment of safety and efficacy. PLoS One 2009, 4(5):e5512.
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4 , Issue.5
    • Kalil, A.C.1    Freifeld, A.G.2    Lyden, E.R.3
  • 9
    • 0030570951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganciclovir
    • Crumpacker C.S. Ganciclovir. N Engl J Med 1996, 335(10):721-729.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , Issue.10 , pp. 721-729
    • Crumpacker, C.S.1
  • 10
    • 0028148047 scopus 로고
    • Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections
    • Wagstaff A.J., Bryson H.M. Foscarnet. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections. Drugs 1994, 48(2):199-226.
    • (1994) Drugs , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-226
    • Wagstaff, A.J.1    Bryson, H.M.2
  • 11
    • 0024328491 scopus 로고
    • Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention
    • Deray G., Martinez F., Katlama C., et al. Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention. Am J Nephrol 1989, 9(4):316-321.
    • (1989) Am J Nephrol , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 316-321
    • Deray, G.1    Martinez, F.2    Katlama, C.3
  • 13
    • 16944362622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS
    • Lalezari J., Schacker T., Feinberg J., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1997, 176(4):892-898.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , Issue.4 , pp. 892-898
    • Lalezari, J.1    Schacker, T.2    Feinberg, J.3
  • 14
    • 0033996648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A standardized plaque reduction assay for determination of drug susceptibilities of cytomegalovirus clinical isolates
    • Landry M.L., Stanat S., Biron K., et al. A standardized plaque reduction assay for determination of drug susceptibilities of cytomegalovirus clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44(3):688-692.
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 688-692
    • Landry, M.L.1    Stanat, S.2    Biron, K.3
  • 15
    • 0036883497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cell line that secretes inducibly a reporter protein for monitoring herpes simplex virus infection and drug susceptibility
    • Wang YC., Kao C.L., Liu W.T., et al. A cell line that secretes inducibly a reporter protein for monitoring herpes simplex virus infection and drug susceptibility. J Med Virol 2002, 68(4):599-605.
    • (2002) J Med Virol , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 599-605
    • Wang, Y.C.1    Kao, C.L.2    Liu, W.T.3
  • 16
    • 14744269471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase mutations associated with resistance to acyclovir: a site-directed mutagenesis study
    • Frobert E., Ooka T., Cortay J.C., et al. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase mutations associated with resistance to acyclovir: a site-directed mutagenesis study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(3):1055-1059.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Frobert, E.1    Ooka, T.2    Cortay, J.C.3
  • 17
    • 0034016261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid phenotypic characterization method for herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinases to screen for acyclovir-resistant viral infection
    • Suzutani T., Saijo M., Nagamine M., et al. Rapid phenotypic characterization method for herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinases to screen for acyclovir-resistant viral infection. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38(5):1839-1844.
    • (2000) J Clin Microbiol , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 1839-1844
    • Suzutani, T.1    Saijo, M.2    Nagamine, M.3
  • 18
    • 0020073621 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterisation of resistant Herpes simplex virus after acyclovir therapy
    • Burns W.H., Saral R., Santos G.W., et al. Isolation and characterisation of resistant Herpes simplex virus after acyclovir therapy. Lancet 1982, 1(8269):421-423.
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8269 , pp. 421-423
    • Burns, W.H.1    Saral, R.2    Santos, G.W.3
  • 19
    • 0020373006 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenicity of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 from an immunodeficient child
    • Sibrack C.D., Gutman L.T., Wilfert C.M., et al. Pathogenicity of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 from an immunodeficient child. J Infect Dis 1982, 146(5):673-682.
    • (1982) J Infect Dis , vol.146 , Issue.5 , pp. 673-682
    • Sibrack, C.D.1    Gutman, L.T.2    Wilfert, C.M.3
  • 20
    • 9644252743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in The Netherlands: prevalence and characterization
    • Stranska R., Schuurman R., Nienhuis E., et al. Survey of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus in The Netherlands: prevalence and characterization. J Clin Virol 2005, 32(1):7-18.
    • (2005) J Clin Virol , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-18
    • Stranska, R.1    Schuurman, R.2    Nienhuis, E.3
  • 21
    • 0026575343 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus isolates: report on a two-year sensitivity screening survey
    • Nugier F., Colin J.N., Aymard M., et al. Occurrence and characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus isolates: report on a two-year sensitivity screening survey. J Med Virol 1992, 36(1):1-12.
    • (1992) J Med Virol , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-12
    • Nugier, F.1    Colin, J.N.2    Aymard, M.3
  • 22
    • 0025237876 scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus resistant to acyclovir. A study in a tertiary care center
    • Englund J.A., Zimmerman M.E., Swierkosz E.M., et al. Herpes simplex virus resistant to acyclovir. A study in a tertiary care center. Ann Intern Med 1990, 112(6):416-422.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.112 , Issue.6 , pp. 416-422
    • Englund, J.A.1    Zimmerman, M.E.2    Swierkosz, E.M.3
  • 23
    • 0031977160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northwest England
    • Christophers J., Clayton J., Craske J., et al. Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northwest England. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42(4):868-872.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 868-872
    • Christophers, J.1    Clayton, J.2    Craske, J.3
  • 24
    • 9144232252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up
    • Danve-Szatanek C., Aymard M., Thouvenot D., et al. Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42(1):242-249.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 242-249
    • Danve-Szatanek, C.1    Aymard, M.2    Thouvenot, D.3
  • 25
    • 0034085553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to antiviral drugs in herpes simplex virus infections among allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: risk factors and prognostic significance
    • Chakrabarti S., Pillay D., Ratcliffe D., et al. Resistance to antiviral drugs in herpes simplex virus infections among allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: risk factors and prognostic significance. J Infect Dis 2000, 181(6):2055-2058.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.181 , Issue.6 , pp. 2055-2058
    • Chakrabarti, S.1    Pillay, D.2    Ratcliffe, D.3
  • 26
    • 22544465890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective, case-control study of acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex virus
    • Malvy D., Treilhaud M., Bouee S., et al. A retrospective, case-control study of acyclovir resistance in herpes simplex virus. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(3):320-326.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 320-326
    • Malvy, D.1    Treilhaud, M.2    Bouee, S.3
  • 27
    • 0018827818 scopus 로고
    • Two distinct loci confer resistance to acycloguanosine in herpes simplex virus type 1
    • Coen D.M., Schaffer P.A. Two distinct loci confer resistance to acycloguanosine in herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980, 77(4):2265-2269.
    • (1980) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 2265-2269
    • Coen, D.M.1    Schaffer, P.A.2
  • 28
    • 0037264227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs
    • Morfin F., Thouvenot D. Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs. J Clin Virol 2003, 26(1):29-37.
    • (2003) J Clin Virol , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-37
    • Morfin, F.1    Thouvenot, D.2
  • 29
    • 0033913918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of thymidine kinase from acyclovir-resistant and -susceptible herpes simplex virus type 1 isolated from bone marrow transplant recipients
    • Morfin F., Souillet G., Bilger K., et al. Genetic characterization of thymidine kinase from acyclovir-resistant and -susceptible herpes simplex virus type 1 isolated from bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2000, 182(1):290-293.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , Issue.1 , pp. 290-293
    • Morfin, F.1    Souillet, G.2    Bilger, K.3
  • 30
    • 0031821936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex viruses from immunocompromised patients
    • Gaudreau A., Hill E., Balfour H.H., et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex viruses from immunocompromised patients. J Infect Dis 1998, 178(2):297-303.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , Issue.2 , pp. 297-303
    • Gaudreau, A.1    Hill, E.2    Balfour, H.H.3
  • 31
    • 0037244124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy
    • Bacon T.H., Levin M.J., Leary J.J., et al. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003, 16(1):114-128.
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 114-128
    • Bacon, T.H.1    Levin, M.J.2    Leary, J.J.3
  • 32
    • 0025295775 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus causing pneumonia after marrow transplantation
    • Ljungman P., Ellis M.N., Hackman R.C., et al. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus causing pneumonia after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1990, 162(1):244-248.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , Issue.1 , pp. 244-248
    • Ljungman, P.1    Ellis, M.N.2    Hackman, R.C.3
  • 33
    • 0038421037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug resistance patterns of recombinant herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase mutants generated with a set of overlapping cosmids and plasmids
    • Bestman-Smith J., Boivin G. Drug resistance patterns of recombinant herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase mutants generated with a set of overlapping cosmids and plasmids. J Virol 2003, 77(14):7820-7829.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , Issue.14 , pp. 7820-7829
    • Bestman-Smith, J.1    Boivin, G.2
  • 34
    • 27244456628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent herpes simplex virus hepatitis after liver retransplantation despite acyclovir therapy
    • Longerich T., Eisenbach C., Penzel R., et al. Recurrent herpes simplex virus hepatitis after liver retransplantation despite acyclovir therapy. Liver Transpl 2005, 11(10):1289-1294.
    • (2005) Liver Transpl , vol.11 , Issue.10 , pp. 1289-1294
    • Longerich, T.1    Eisenbach, C.2    Penzel, R.3
  • 35
    • 35748944125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus pneumonia post-unrelated stem cell transplantation: a word of caution
    • Frangoul H., Wills M., Crossno C., et al. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus pneumonia post-unrelated stem cell transplantation: a word of caution. Pediatr Transplant 2007, 11(8):942-944.
    • (2007) Pediatr Transplant , vol.11 , Issue.8 , pp. 942-944
    • Frangoul, H.1    Wills, M.2    Crossno, C.3
  • 36
    • 0034450742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: an emerging concern after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
    • Chen Y., Scieux C., Garrait V., et al. Resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: an emerging concern after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31(4):927-935.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 927-935
    • Chen, Y.1    Scieux, C.2    Garrait, V.3
  • 37
    • 0024318150 scopus 로고
    • Thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus mutants establish latency in mouse trigeminal ganglia but do not reactivate
    • Coen D.M., Kosz-Vnenchak M., Jacobson J.G., et al. Thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus mutants establish latency in mouse trigeminal ganglia but do not reactivate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989, 86(12):4736-4740.
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.86 , Issue.12 , pp. 4736-4740
    • Coen, D.M.1    Kosz-Vnenchak, M.2    Jacobson, J.G.3
  • 38
    • 34547734892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase mutations in drug-resistant herpes simplex virus mutants determine in vivo neurovirulence and drug-enzyme interactions
    • Andrei G., Fiten P., Froeyen M., et al. DNA polymerase mutations in drug-resistant herpes simplex virus mutants determine in vivo neurovirulence and drug-enzyme interactions. Antivir Ther 2007, 12(5):719-732.
    • (2007) Antivir Ther , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 719-732
    • Andrei, G.1    Fiten, P.2    Froeyen, M.3
  • 39
    • 0027985004 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant, pathogenic herpesviruses
    • Coen D.M. Acyclovir-resistant, pathogenic herpesviruses. Trends Microbiol 1994, 2(12):481-485.
    • (1994) Trends Microbiol , vol.2 , Issue.12 , pp. 481-485
    • Coen, D.M.1
  • 40
    • 0037383424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translational compensation of a frameshift mutation affecting herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase is sufficient to permit reactivation from latency
    • Griffiths A., Chen S.H., Horsburgh B.C., et al. Translational compensation of a frameshift mutation affecting herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase is sufficient to permit reactivation from latency. J Virol 2003, 77(8):4703-4709.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , Issue.8 , pp. 4703-4709
    • Griffiths, A.1    Chen, S.H.2    Horsburgh, B.C.3
  • 41
    • 33745281268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level expression and reversion both contribute to reactivation of herpes simplex virus drug-resistant mutants with mutations on homopolymeric sequences in thymidine kinase
    • Griffiths A., Link M.A., Furness C.L., et al. Low-level expression and reversion both contribute to reactivation of herpes simplex virus drug-resistant mutants with mutations on homopolymeric sequences in thymidine kinase. J Virol 2006, 80(13):6568-6574.
    • (2006) J Virol , vol.80 , Issue.13 , pp. 6568-6574
    • Griffiths, A.1    Link, M.A.2    Furness, C.L.3
  • 42
    • 23844513759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of herpes simplex virus disease in patients who are receiving cidofovir
    • Wyles D.L., Patel A., Madinger N., et al. Development of herpes simplex virus disease in patients who are receiving cidofovir. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(5):676-680.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 676-680
    • Wyles, D.L.1    Patel, A.2    Madinger, N.3
  • 43
    • 0021604868 scopus 로고
    • The antiviral spectrum of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
    • De Clercq E. The antiviral spectrum of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984, 14(Suppl A):85-95.
    • (1984) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL A , pp. 85-95
    • De Clercq, E.1
  • 44
    • 0025896084 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group
    • Safrin S., Crumpacker C., Chatis P., et al. A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1991, 325(8):551-555.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , Issue.8 , pp. 551-555
    • Safrin, S.1    Crumpacker, C.2    Chatis, P.3
  • 45
    • 33646125599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical imiquimod for recurrent acyclovir-resistant HSV infection
    • Martinez V., Molina J.M., Scieux C., et al. Topical imiquimod for recurrent acyclovir-resistant HSV infection. Am J Med 2006, 119(5):e9-11.
    • (2006) Am J Med , vol.119 , Issue.5
    • Martinez, V.1    Molina, J.M.2    Scieux, C.3
  • 46
    • 34547788152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral topical cidofovir: novel route of drug delivery in a severely immunosuppressed patient with refractory multidrug-resistant herpes simplex virus infection
    • Sims C.R., Thompson K., Chemaly R.F., et al. Oral topical cidofovir: novel route of drug delivery in a severely immunosuppressed patient with refractory multidrug-resistant herpes simplex virus infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2007, 9(3):256-259.
    • (2007) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 256-259
    • Sims, C.R.1    Thompson, K.2    Chemaly, R.F.3
  • 47
    • 0019133677 scopus 로고
    • In vitro susceptibility of varicella-zoster virus to acyclovir
    • Biron K.K., Elion G.B. In vitro susceptibility of varicella-zoster virus to acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980, 18(3):443-447.
    • (1980) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 443-447
    • Biron, K.K.1    Elion, G.B.2
  • 48
    • 0028291624 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster viruses isolated from persons with AIDS
    • Boivin G., Edelman C.K., Pedneault L., et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster viruses isolated from persons with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1994, 170(1):68-75.
    • (1994) J Infect Dis , vol.170 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-75
    • Boivin, G.1    Edelman, C.K.2    Pedneault, L.3
  • 49
    • 0025139026 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
    • Jacobson M.A., Berger T.G., Fikrig S., et al. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990, 112(3):187-191.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-191
    • Jacobson, M.A.1    Berger, T.G.2    Fikrig, S.3
  • 50
    • 0035893171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and virologic characterization of acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster viruses isolated from 11 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Saint-Leger E., Caumes E., Breton G., et al. Clinical and virologic characterization of acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster viruses isolated from 11 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33(12):2061-2067.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , Issue.12 , pp. 2061-2067
    • Saint-Leger, E.1    Caumes, E.2    Breton, G.3
  • 51
    • 0032457597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: results of foscarnet therapy
    • Breton G., Fillet A.M., Katlama C., et al. Acyclovir-resistant herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: results of foscarnet therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27(6):1525-1527.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 1525-1527
    • Breton, G.1    Fillet, A.M.2    Katlama, C.3
  • 52
    • 0034509961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant varicella infection with atypical lesions in a non-HIV leukemic infant
    • Crassard N., Souillet A.L., Morfin F., et al. Acyclovir-resistant varicella infection with atypical lesions in a non-HIV leukemic infant. Acta Paediatr 2000, 89(12):1497-1499.
    • (2000) Acta Paediatr , vol.89 , Issue.12 , pp. 1497-1499
    • Crassard, N.1    Souillet, A.L.2    Morfin, F.3
  • 53
    • 0032879864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genetic characterization of thymidine kinase from clinical strains of varicella-zoster virus resistant to acyclovir
    • Morfin F., Thouvenot D., De Turenne-Tessier M., et al. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of thymidine kinase from clinical strains of varicella-zoster virus resistant to acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43(10):2412-2416.
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , Issue.10 , pp. 2412-2416
    • Morfin, F.1    Thouvenot, D.2    De Turenne-Tessier, M.3
  • 54
    • 0142042465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of resistance to acyclovir during chronic infection with the Oka vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus, in an immunosuppressed child
    • Levin M.J., Dahl K.M., Weinberg A., et al. Development of resistance to acyclovir during chronic infection with the Oka vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus, in an immunosuppressed child. J Infect Dis 2003, 188(7):954-959.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.188 , Issue.7 , pp. 954-959
    • Levin, M.J.1    Dahl, K.M.2    Weinberg, A.3
  • 55
    • 54049157964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir-resistant chronic verrucous vaccine strain varicella in a patient with neuroblastoma
    • Bryan C.J., Prichard M.N., Daily S., et al. Acyclovir-resistant chronic verrucous vaccine strain varicella in a patient with neuroblastoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(10):946-948.
    • (2008) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.27 , Issue.10 , pp. 946-948
    • Bryan, C.J.1    Prichard, M.N.2    Daily, S.3
  • 56
    • 0842311264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro selection of drug-resistant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) mutants (OKA strain): differences between acyclovir and penciclovir?
    • Andrei G., De Clercq E., Snoeck R. In vitro selection of drug-resistant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) mutants (OKA strain): differences between acyclovir and penciclovir?. Antiviral Res 2004, 61(3):181-187.
    • (2004) Antiviral Res , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-187
    • Andrei, G.1    De Clercq, E.2    Snoeck, R.3
  • 57
    • 0023685670 scopus 로고
    • Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS
    • Pahwa S., Biron K., Lim W., et al. Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS. JAMA 1988, 260(19):2879-2882.
    • (1988) JAMA , vol.260 , Issue.19 , pp. 2879-2882
    • Pahwa, S.1    Biron, K.2    Lim, W.3
  • 58
    • 0025344962 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy
    • Linnemann C.C., Biron K.K., Hoppenjans W.G., et al. Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy. AIDS 1990, 4(6):577-579.
    • (1990) AIDS , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 577-579
    • Linnemann, C.C.1    Biron, K.K.2    Hoppenjans, W.G.3
  • 59
    • 0032799139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point mutations in the varicella-zoster virus DNA polymerase gene confers resistance to foscarnet and slow growth phenotype
    • Visse B., Huraux J.M., Fillet A.M. Point mutations in the varicella-zoster virus DNA polymerase gene confers resistance to foscarnet and slow growth phenotype. J Med Virol 1999, 59(1):84-90.
    • (1999) J Med Virol , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-90
    • Visse, B.1    Huraux, J.M.2    Fillet, A.M.3
  • 60
    • 0025850842 scopus 로고
    • Foscarnet therapy in five patients with AIDS and acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster virus infection
    • Safrin S., Berger T.G., Gilson I., et al. Foscarnet therapy in five patients with AIDS and acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115(1):19-21.
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-21
    • Safrin, S.1    Berger, T.G.2    Gilson, I.3
  • 61
    • 0031763558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single amino acid change in DNA polymerase is associated with foscarnet resistance in a varicella-zoster virus strain recovered from a patient with AIDS
    • Visse B., Dumont B., Huraux J.M., et al. Single amino acid change in DNA polymerase is associated with foscarnet resistance in a varicella-zoster virus strain recovered from a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1998, 178(Suppl 1):S55-S57.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Visse, B.1    Dumont, B.2    Huraux, J.M.3
  • 62
    • 0344329870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of progressive outer retinal necrosis with cidofovir in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient
    • Schliefer K., Gumbel H.O., Rockstroh J.K., et al. Management of progressive outer retinal necrosis with cidofovir in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29(3):684-685.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 684-685
    • Schliefer, K.1    Gumbel, H.O.2    Rockstroh, J.K.3
  • 63
    • 0033887421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel agents for the therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections
    • Snoeck R., Andrei G., De Clercq E. Novel agents for the therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000, 9(8):1743-1751.
    • (2000) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 1743-1751
    • Snoeck, R.1    Andrei, G.2    De Clercq, E.3
  • 64
    • 0034771557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the DNA polymerase gene of varicella-zoster viruses resistant to acyclovir
    • Kamiyama T., Kurokawa M., Shiraki K. Characterization of the DNA polymerase gene of varicella-zoster viruses resistant to acyclovir. J Gen Virol 2001, 82(Pt 11):2761-2765.
    • (2001) J Gen Virol , vol.82 , Issue.PT 11 , pp. 2761-2765
    • Kamiyama, T.1    Kurokawa, M.2    Shiraki, K.3
  • 65
    • 0029887429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European survey of herpesvirus resistance to antiviral drugs in bone marrow transplant recipients. Infectious diseases working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT)
    • Reusser P., Cordonnier C., Einsele H., et al. European survey of herpesvirus resistance to antiviral drugs in bone marrow transplant recipients. Infectious diseases working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant 1996, 17(5):813-817.
    • (1996) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 813-817
    • Reusser, P.1    Cordonnier, C.2    Einsele, H.3
  • 66
    • 6344292639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus reactivation during alemtuzumab therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: incidence and treatment with oral ganciclovir
    • Laurenti L., Piccioni P., Cattani P., et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation during alemtuzumab therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: incidence and treatment with oral ganciclovir. Haematologica 2004, 89(10):1248-1252.
    • (2004) Haematologica , vol.89 , Issue.10 , pp. 1248-1252
    • Laurenti, L.1    Piccioni, P.2    Cattani, P.3
  • 67
    • 0024574822 scopus 로고
    • Progressive disease due to ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients
    • Erice A., Chou S., Biron K.K., et al. Progressive disease due to ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 1989, 320(5):289-293.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , Issue.5 , pp. 289-293
    • Erice, A.1    Chou, S.2    Biron, K.K.3
  • 68
    • 0031932271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: ganciclovir resistance. CMV Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group
    • Jabs D.A., Enger C., Dunn J.P., et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: ganciclovir resistance. CMV Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. J Infect Dis 1998, 177(3):770-773.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.177 , Issue.3 , pp. 770-773
    • Jabs, D.A.1    Enger, C.2    Dunn, J.P.3
  • 69
    • 0031691452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of foscarnet resistance and cidofovir resistance in patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group
    • Jabs D.A., Enger C., Forman M., et al. Incidence of foscarnet resistance and cidofovir resistance in patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. The Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42(9):2240-2244.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , Issue.9 , pp. 2240-2244
    • Jabs, D.A.1    Enger, C.2    Forman, M.3
  • 70
    • 37149012731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single-center experience with ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in lung transplant recipients: treatment and outcome
    • Reddy A.J., Zaas A.K., Hanson K.E., et al. A single-center experience with ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in lung transplant recipients: treatment and outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007, 26(12):1286-1292.
    • (2007) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.26 , Issue.12 , pp. 1286-1292
    • Reddy, A.J.1    Zaas, A.K.2    Hanson, K.E.3
  • 71
    • 34547645045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and clinical features of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant recipients
    • Li F., Kenyon K.W., Kirby K.A., et al. Incidence and clinical features of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease in heart transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(4):439-447.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-447
    • Li, F.1    Kenyon, K.W.2    Kirby, K.A.3
  • 72
    • 0036137356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection among lung transplant recipients receiving preemptive therapy
    • Limaye A.P., Raghu G., Koelle D.M., et al. High incidence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection among lung transplant recipients receiving preemptive therapy. J Infect Dis 2002, 185(1):20-27.
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.185 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-27
    • Limaye, A.P.1    Raghu, G.2    Koelle, D.M.3
  • 73
    • 0034686916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease among recipients of solid-organ transplants
    • Limaye A.P., Corey L., Koelle D.M., et al. Emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease among recipients of solid-organ transplants. Lancet 2000, 356(9230):645-649.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , Issue.9230 , pp. 645-649
    • Limaye, A.P.1    Corey, L.2    Koelle, D.M.3
  • 74
    • 0036906529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in lung transplant recipients
    • Bhorade S.M., Lurain N.S., Jordan A., et al. Emergence of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002, 21(12):1274-1282.
    • (2002) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.21 , Issue.12 , pp. 1274-1282
    • Bhorade, S.M.1    Lurain, N.S.2    Jordan, A.3
  • 75
    • 41049108271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in the era of valganciclovir prophylaxis: therapeutic implications and outcomes
    • Eid A.J., Arthurs S.K., Deziel P.J., et al. Emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in the era of valganciclovir prophylaxis: therapeutic implications and outcomes. Clin Transplant 2008, 22(2):162-170.
    • (2008) Clin Transplant , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-170
    • Eid, A.J.1    Arthurs, S.K.2    Deziel, P.J.3
  • 76
    • 0037105755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis and characterization of antiviral drug-resistant cytomegalovirus isolates from solid organ transplant recipients
    • Lurain N.S., Bhorade S.M., Pursell K.J., et al. Analysis and characterization of antiviral drug-resistant cytomegalovirus isolates from solid organ transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2002, 186(6):760-768.
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.186 , Issue.6 , pp. 760-768
    • Lurain, N.S.1    Bhorade, S.M.2    Pursell, K.J.3
  • 77
    • 0036969325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics of 13 solid organ transplant recipients with ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection
    • Isada C.M., Yen-Lieberman B., Lurain N.S., et al. Clinical characteristics of 13 solid organ transplant recipients with ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2002, 4(4):189-194.
    • (2002) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 189-194
    • Isada, C.M.1    Yen-Lieberman, B.2    Lurain, N.S.3
  • 78
    • 0033570920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection after lung transplantation
    • Kruger R.M., Shannon W.D., Arens M.Q., et al. The impact of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection after lung transplantation. Transplantation 1999, 68(9):1272-1279.
    • (1999) Transplantation , vol.68 , Issue.9 , pp. 1272-1279
    • Kruger, R.M.1    Shannon, W.D.2    Arens, M.Q.3
  • 79
    • 0036789258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in organ transplant recipients
    • Limaye A.P. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35(7):866-872.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , Issue.7 , pp. 866-872
    • Limaye, A.P.1
  • 80
    • 33846076529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of new cytomegalovirus UL97 and DNA polymerase mutations conferring drug resistance after valganciclovir therapy in allogeneic stem cell recipients
    • Marfori J.E., Exner M.M., Marousek G.I., et al. Development of new cytomegalovirus UL97 and DNA polymerase mutations conferring drug resistance after valganciclovir therapy in allogeneic stem cell recipients. J Clin Virol 2007, 38(2):120-125.
    • (2007) J Clin Virol , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-125
    • Marfori, J.E.1    Exner, M.M.2    Marousek, G.I.3
  • 81
    • 19944382834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of leflunomide in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient with refractory cytomegalovirus infection
    • Avery R.K., Bolwell B.J., Yen-Lieberman B., et al. Use of leflunomide in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient with refractory cytomegalovirus infection. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004, 34(12):1071-1075.
    • (2004) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.34 , Issue.12 , pp. 1071-1075
    • Avery, R.K.1    Bolwell, B.J.2    Yen-Lieberman, B.3
  • 82
    • 0031872795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganciclovir susceptibilities and analysis of UL97 region in cytomegalovirus (CMV) isolates from bone marrow recipients with CMV disease after antiviral prophylaxis
    • Erice A., Borrell N., Li W., et al. Ganciclovir susceptibilities and analysis of UL97 region in cytomegalovirus (CMV) isolates from bone marrow recipients with CMV disease after antiviral prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1998, 178(2):531-534.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , Issue.2 , pp. 531-534
    • Erice, A.1    Borrell, N.2    Li, W.3
  • 83
    • 0037221341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: pitfalls of phenotypic diagnosis by in vitro selection of an UL97 mutant strain
    • Hamprecht K., Eckle T., Prix L., et al. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: pitfalls of phenotypic diagnosis by in vitro selection of an UL97 mutant strain. J Infect Dis 2003, 187(1):139-143.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.187 , Issue.1 , pp. 139-143
    • Hamprecht, K.1    Eckle, T.2    Prix, L.3
  • 84
    • 0036969240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient
    • Julin J.E., van Burik J.H., Krivit W., et al. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2002, 4(4):201-206.
    • (2002) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 201-206
    • Julin, J.E.1    van Burik, J.H.2    Krivit, W.3
  • 85
    • 0037506384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient receiving antiviral maintenance: clinical and molecular evidence of drug resistance
    • Seo S.K., Regan A., Cihlar T., et al. Cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient receiving antiviral maintenance: clinical and molecular evidence of drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33(9):e105-e108.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , Issue.9
    • Seo, S.K.1    Regan, A.2    Cihlar, T.3
  • 86
    • 11844275363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How evolution of mutations conferring drug resistance affects viral dynamics and clinical outcomes of cytomegalovirus-infected hematopoietic cell transplant recipients
    • Springer K.L., Chou S., Li S., et al. How evolution of mutations conferring drug resistance affects viral dynamics and clinical outcomes of cytomegalovirus-infected hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(1):208-213.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 208-213
    • Springer, K.L.1    Chou, S.2    Li, S.3
  • 87
    • 0036776278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid development of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the early phase of immune cell recovery
    • Eckle T., Lang P., Prix L., et al. Rapid development of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the early phase of immune cell recovery. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002, 30(7):433-439.
    • (2002) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 433-439
    • Eckle, T.1    Lang, P.2    Prix, L.3
  • 88
    • 0033508301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive restriction analysis of the UL97 region allows early detection of ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegalovirus in an immunocompromised child
    • Prix L., Hamprecht K., Holzhuter B., et al. Comprehensive restriction analysis of the UL97 region allows early detection of ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegalovirus in an immunocompromised child. J Infect Dis 1999, 180(2):491-495.
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.180 , Issue.2 , pp. 491-495
    • Prix, L.1    Hamprecht, K.2    Holzhuter, B.3
  • 89
    • 33846030830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug resistance conferred by novel DNA polymerase mutations in human cytomegalovirus isolates
    • Scott G.M., Weinberg A., Rawlinson W.D., et al. Multidrug resistance conferred by novel DNA polymerase mutations in human cytomegalovirus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(1):89-94.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-94
    • Scott, G.M.1    Weinberg, A.2    Rawlinson, W.D.3
  • 90
    • 35448991613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to combined ganciclovir and foscarnet therapy in a liver transplant recipient with possible dual-strain cytomegalovirus coinfection
    • Rodriguez J., Casper K., Smallwood G., et al. Resistance to combined ganciclovir and foscarnet therapy in a liver transplant recipient with possible dual-strain cytomegalovirus coinfection. Liver Transpl 2007, 13(10):1396-1400.
    • (2007) Liver Transpl , vol.13 , Issue.10 , pp. 1396-1400
    • Rodriguez, J.1    Casper, K.2    Smallwood, G.3
  • 91
    • 50849144701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case report: persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using in vivo alemtuzumab: emergence of resistant CMV due to mutations in the UL97 and UL54 genes
    • Oshima K., Kanda Y., Kako S., et al. Case report: persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using in vivo alemtuzumab: emergence of resistant CMV due to mutations in the UL97 and UL54 genes. J Med Virol 2008, 80(10):1769-1775.
    • (2008) J Med Virol , vol.80 , Issue.10 , pp. 1769-1775
    • Oshima, K.1    Kanda, Y.2    Kako, S.3
  • 92
    • 0038574429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral DNA polymerase mutations associated with drug resistance in human cytomegalovirus
    • Chou S., Lurain N.S., Thompson K.D., et al. Viral DNA polymerase mutations associated with drug resistance in human cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis 2003, 188(1):32-39.
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.188 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-39
    • Chou, S.1    Lurain, N.S.2    Thompson, K.D.3
  • 93
    • 0030788134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of mutations conferring multidrug resistance during prophylaxis and therapy for cytomegalovirus disease
    • Chou S., Marousek G., Guentzel S., et al. Evolution of mutations conferring multidrug resistance during prophylaxis and therapy for cytomegalovirus disease. J Infect Dis 1997, 176(3):786-789.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , Issue.3 , pp. 786-789
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.2    Guentzel, S.3
  • 94
    • 49749146368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting drug resistance phenotypes resulting from cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase mutations at the same exonuclease locus
    • Chou S., Marousek G., Li S., et al. Contrasting drug resistance phenotypes resulting from cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase mutations at the same exonuclease locus. J Clin Virol 2008, 43(1):107-109.
    • (2008) J Clin Virol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-109
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.2    Li, S.3
  • 95
    • 0031822043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation in region III of the DNA polymerase gene conferring foscarnet resistance in cytomegalovirus isolates from 3 subjects receiving prolonged antiviral therapy
    • Chou S., Marousek G., Parenti D.M., et al. Mutation in region III of the DNA polymerase gene conferring foscarnet resistance in cytomegalovirus isolates from 3 subjects receiving prolonged antiviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1998, 178(2):526-530.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , Issue.2 , pp. 526-530
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.2    Parenti, D.M.3
  • 96
    • 35848968504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and drug resistance phenotypes resulting from cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase region III mutations observed in clinical specimens
    • Chou S., Marousek G.I., Van Wechel L.C., et al. Growth and drug resistance phenotypes resulting from cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase region III mutations observed in clinical specimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(11):4160-4162.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , Issue.11 , pp. 4160-4162
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.I.2    Van Wechel, L.C.3
  • 97
    • 0033680466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A deletion mutation in region V of the cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase sequence confers multidrug resistance
    • Chou S., Miner R.C., Drew W.L. A deletion mutation in region V of the cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase sequence confers multidrug resistance. J Infect Dis 2000, 182(6):1765-1768.
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , Issue.6 , pp. 1765-1768
    • Chou, S.1    Miner, R.C.2    Drew, W.L.3
  • 98
    • 0037080201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus UL97 phosphotransferase mutations that affect susceptibility to ganciclovir
    • Chou S., Waldemer R.H., Senters A.E., et al. Cytomegalovirus UL97 phosphotransferase mutations that affect susceptibility to ganciclovir. J Infect Dis 2002, 185(2):162-169.
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.185 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-169
    • Chou, S.1    Waldemer, R.H.2    Senters, A.E.3
  • 99
    • 21444434735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotyping of cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations by using recombinant viruses incorporating a reporter gene
    • Chou S., Van Wechel L.C., Lichy H.M., et al. Phenotyping of cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations by using recombinant viruses incorporating a reporter gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(7):2710-2715.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , Issue.7 , pp. 2710-2715
    • Chou, S.1    Van Wechel, L.C.2    Lichy, H.M.3
  • 100
    • 0033033631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A recombinant human cytomegalovirus with a large deletion in UL97 has a severe replication deficiency
    • Prichard M.N., Gao N., Jairath S., et al. A recombinant human cytomegalovirus with a large deletion in UL97 has a severe replication deficiency. J Virol 1999, 73(7):5663-5670.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , Issue.7 , pp. 5663-5670
    • Prichard, M.N.1    Gao, N.2    Jairath, S.3
  • 101
    • 0035852743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct and separate roles for herpesvirus-conserved UL97 kinase in cytomegalovirus DNA synthesis and encapsidation
    • Wolf D.G., Courcelle C.T., Prichard M.N., et al. Distinct and separate roles for herpesvirus-conserved UL97 kinase in cytomegalovirus DNA synthesis and encapsidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98(4):1895-1900.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , Issue.4 , pp. 1895-1900
    • Wolf, D.G.1    Courcelle, C.T.2    Prichard, M.N.3
  • 102
    • 0030991256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-level resistance of cytomegalovirus to ganciclovir is associated with alterations in both the UL97 and DNA polymerase genes
    • Smith I.L., Cherrington J.M., Jiles R.E., et al. High-level resistance of cytomegalovirus to ganciclovir is associated with alterations in both the UL97 and DNA polymerase genes. J Infect Dis 1997, 176(1):69-77.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-77
    • Smith, I.L.1    Cherrington, J.M.2    Jiles, R.E.3
  • 103
    • 29544434310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impact of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in solid organ transplant patients
    • Boivin G., Goyette N., Gilbert C., et al. Clinical impact of ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections in solid organ transplant patients. Transpl Infect Dis 2005, 7(3-4):166-170.
    • (2005) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.7 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 166-170
    • Boivin, G.1    Goyette, N.2    Gilbert, C.3
  • 104
    • 16644369923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus
    • Cytomegalovirus. Am J Transplant 2004, 4(Suppl 10):51-58.
    • (2004) Am J Transplant , vol.4 , Issue.SUPPL 10 , pp. 51-58
  • 105
    • 40849098571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of high-dose ganciclovir for a resistant cytomegalovirus infection due to UL97 mutation
    • West P., Schmiedeskamp M., Neeley H., et al. Use of high-dose ganciclovir for a resistant cytomegalovirus infection due to UL97 mutation. Transpl Infect Dis 2008, 10(2):129-132.
    • (2008) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-132
    • West, P.1    Schmiedeskamp, M.2    Neeley, H.3
  • 106
    • 0035863827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cidofovir for cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. The infectious diseases working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation
    • Ljungman P., Deliliers G.L., Platzbecker U., et al. Cidofovir for cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. The infectious diseases working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. Blood 2001, 97(2):388-392.
    • (2001) Blood , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 388-392
    • Ljungman, P.1    Deliliers, G.L.2    Platzbecker, U.3
  • 107
    • 33644651015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is combination antiviral therapy for CMV superior to monotherapy?
    • Drew W.L. Is combination antiviral therapy for CMV superior to monotherapy?. J Clin Virol 2006, 35(4):485-488.
    • (2006) J Clin Virol , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 485-488
    • Drew, W.L.1
  • 108
    • 0037093933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antiviral therapy for ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients
    • Mylonakis E., Kallas W.M., Fishman J.A. Combination antiviral therapy for ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34(10):1337-1341.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1337-1341
    • Mylonakis, E.1    Kallas, W.M.2    Fishman, J.A.3
  • 109
    • 33749529386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maribavir antagonizes the antiviral action of ganciclovir on human cytomegalovirus
    • Chou S., Marousek G.I. Maribavir antagonizes the antiviral action of ganciclovir on human cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(10):3470-3472.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.10 , pp. 3470-3472
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.I.2
  • 110
    • 33748967780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maribavir sensitivity of cytomegalovirus isolates resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet
    • Drew W.L., Miner R.C., Marousek G.I., et al. Maribavir sensitivity of cytomegalovirus isolates resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet. J Clin Virol 2006, 37(2):124-127.
    • (2006) J Clin Virol , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-127
    • Drew, W.L.1    Miner, R.C.2    Marousek, G.I.3
  • 111
    • 34250795232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase mutations that confer maribavir resistance
    • Chou S., Wechel L.C., Marousek G.I. Cytomegalovirus UL97 kinase mutations that confer maribavir resistance. J Infect Dis 2007, 196(1):91-94.
    • (2007) J Infect Dis , vol.196 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-94
    • Chou, S.1    Wechel, L.C.2    Marousek, G.I.3
  • 112
    • 2942676471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the human cytomegalovirus UL27 gene that confer resistance to maribavir
    • Chou S., Marousek G.I., Senters A.E., et al. Mutations in the human cytomegalovirus UL27 gene that confer resistance to maribavir. J Virol 2004, 78(13):7124-7130.
    • (2004) J Virol , vol.78 , Issue.13 , pp. 7124-7130
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.I.2    Senters, A.E.3
  • 113
    • 37349039721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated evolution of maribavir resistance in a cytomegalovirus exonuclease domain II mutant
    • Chou S., Marousek G.I. Accelerated evolution of maribavir resistance in a cytomegalovirus exonuclease domain II mutant. J Virol 2008, 82(1):246-253.
    • (2008) J Virol , vol.82 , Issue.1 , pp. 246-253
    • Chou, S.1    Marousek, G.I.2
  • 114
    • 44049085618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maribavir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study
    • Winston D.J., Young J.A., Pullarkat V., et al. Maribavir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Blood 2008, 111(11):5403-5410.
    • (2008) Blood , vol.111 , Issue.11 , pp. 5403-5410
    • Winston, D.J.1    Young, J.A.2    Pullarkat, V.3
  • 116
    • 54849431773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral strategies to combat cytomegalovirus infections in transplant recipients
    • Lischka P., Zimmermann H. Antiviral strategies to combat cytomegalovirus infections in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008, 8(5):541-548.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 541-548
    • Lischka, P.1    Zimmermann, H.2
  • 117
    • 0034855634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products
    • Buerger I., Reefschlaeger J., Bender W., et al. A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products. J Virol 2001, 75(19):9077-9086.
    • (2001) J Virol , vol.75 , Issue.19 , pp. 9077-9086
    • Buerger, I.1    Reefschlaeger, J.2    Bender, W.3
  • 118
    • 0042632872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney
    • Ciesla S.L., Trahan J., Wan W.B., et al. Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney. Antiviral Res 2003, 59(3):163-171.
    • (2003) Antiviral Res , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-171
    • Ciesla, S.L.1    Trahan, J.2    Wan, W.B.3
  • 119
    • 43649092617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral treatment with (S)-HPMPA, HDP-(S)-HPMPA or ODE-(S)-HPMPA on replication of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in animal models
    • Quenelle D.C., Collins D.J., Pettway L.R., et al. Effect of oral treatment with (S)-HPMPA, HDP-(S)-HPMPA or ODE-(S)-HPMPA on replication of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in animal models. Antiviral Res 2008, 79(2):133-135.
    • (2008) Antiviral Res , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-135
    • Quenelle, D.C.1    Collins, D.J.2    Pettway, L.R.3
  • 120
    • 0942301302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral treatment of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections in mice with ether lipid esters of cidofovir
    • Quenelle D.C., Collins D.J., Wan W.B., et al. Oral treatment of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections in mice with ether lipid esters of cidofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(2):404-412.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 404-412
    • Quenelle, D.C.1    Collins, D.J.2    Wan, W.B.3
  • 121
    • 9644281600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral activity of a methylenecyclopropane analog, cyclopropavir, in animal models for cytomegalovirus infections
    • Kern E.R., Bidanset D.J., Hartline C.B., et al. Oral activity of a methylenecyclopropane analog, cyclopropavir, in animal models for cytomegalovirus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(12):4745-4753.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 4745-4753
    • Kern, E.R.1    Bidanset, D.J.2    Hartline, C.B.3
  • 122
    • 14744273965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity and mechanism of action of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication
    • Kern E.R., Kushner N.L., Hartline C.B., et al. In vitro activity and mechanism of action of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49(3):1039-1045.
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 1039-1045
    • Kern, E.R.1    Kushner, N.L.2    Hartline, C.B.3
  • 123
    • 33745013619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR-I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients
    • CD004290
    • Webster A.C., Lee V.W., Chapman J.R., et al. Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR-I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (2). CD004290.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.2
    • Webster, A.C.1    Lee, V.W.2    Chapman, J.R.3
  • 124
    • 37349084974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A lower incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in de novo heart transplant recipients randomized to everolimus
    • Hill J.A., Hummel M., Starling R.C., et al. A lower incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in de novo heart transplant recipients randomized to everolimus. Transplantation 2007, 84(11):1436-1442.
    • (2007) Transplantation , vol.84 , Issue.11 , pp. 1436-1442
    • Hill, J.A.1    Hummel, M.2    Starling, R.C.3
  • 125
    • 33745393847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus vs. cyclosporine with MMF in cardiac transplant patients: 1-year report
    • Kobashigawa J.A., Miller L.W., Russell S.D., et al. Tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus vs. cyclosporine with MMF in cardiac transplant patients: 1-year report. Am J Transplant 2006, 6(6):1377-1386.
    • (2006) Am J Transplant , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 1377-1386
    • Kobashigawa, J.A.1    Miller, L.W.2    Russell, S.D.3
  • 126
    • 35248844442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sirolimus versus cyclosporine in kidney recipients receiving thymoglobulin, mycophenolate mofetil and a 6-month course of steroids
    • Buchler M., Caillard S., Barbier S., et al. Sirolimus versus cyclosporine in kidney recipients receiving thymoglobulin, mycophenolate mofetil and a 6-month course of steroids. Am J Transplant 2007, 7(11):2522-2531.
    • (2007) Am J Transplant , vol.7 , Issue.11 , pp. 2522-2531
    • Buchler, M.1    Caillard, S.2    Barbier, S.3
  • 127
    • 34547483564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sirolimus exposure during the early post-transplant period reduces the risk of CMV infection relative to tacrolimus in renal allograft recipients
    • Haririan A., Morawski K., West M.S., et al. Sirolimus exposure during the early post-transplant period reduces the risk of CMV infection relative to tacrolimus in renal allograft recipients. Clin Transplant 2007, 21(4):466-471.
    • (2007) Clin Transplant , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 466-471
    • Haririan, A.1    Morawski, K.2    West, M.S.3
  • 128
    • 45449112352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced risk of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients treated with sirolimus: a pooled analysis of clinical trials
    • Demopoulos L., Polinsky M., Steele G., et al. Reduced risk of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients treated with sirolimus: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Transplant Proc 2008, 40(5):1407-1410.
    • (2008) Transplant Proc , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 1407-1410
    • Demopoulos, L.1    Polinsky, M.2    Steele, G.3
  • 129
    • 52449085831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of current transplantation management on the development of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation
    • San Juan R., Aguado J.M., Lumbreras C., et al. Impact of current transplantation management on the development of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(7):875-882.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , Issue.7 , pp. 875-882
    • San Juan, R.1    Aguado, J.M.2    Lumbreras, C.3
  • 130
    • 11144354152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sirolimus and tacrolimus without methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after matched related donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
    • Cutler C., Kim H.T., Hochberg E., et al. Sirolimus and tacrolimus without methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after matched related donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004, 10(5):328-336.
    • (2004) Biol Blood Marrow Transplant , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 328-336
    • Cutler, C.1    Kim, H.T.2    Hochberg, E.3
  • 131
    • 34547123123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sirolimus-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis protects against cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cohort analysis
    • Marty F.M., Bryar J., Browne S.K., et al. Sirolimus-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis protects against cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cohort analysis. Blood 2007, 110(2):490-500.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.110 , Issue.2 , pp. 490-500
    • Marty, F.M.1    Bryar, J.2    Browne, S.K.3
  • 132
    • 0343114297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo by the experimental immunosuppressive agent leflunomide
    • Waldman W.J., Knight D.A., Blinder L., et al. Inhibition of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo by the experimental immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Intervirology 1999, 42(5-6):412-418.
    • (1999) Intervirology , vol.42 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 412-418
    • Waldman, W.J.1    Knight, D.A.2    Blinder, L.3
  • 133
    • 33645719843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis with systemically administered leflunomide
    • Levi M.E., Mandava N., Chan L.K., et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis with systemically administered leflunomide. Transpl Infect Dis 2006, 8(1):38-43.
    • (2006) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-43
    • Levi, M.E.1    Mandava, N.2    Chan, L.K.3
  • 134
    • 33846955423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide failure to control recurrent cytomegalovirus infection in the setting of renal failure after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
    • Battiwalla M., Paplham P., Almyroudis N.G., et al. Leflunomide failure to control recurrent cytomegalovirus infection in the setting of renal failure after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2007, 9(1):28-32.
    • (2007) Transpl Infect Dis , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-32
    • Battiwalla, M.1    Paplham, P.2    Almyroudis, N.G.3
  • 135
    • 31444451671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-malaria drug artesunate inhibits replication of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo
    • Kaptein S.J., Efferth T., Leis M., et al. The anti-malaria drug artesunate inhibits replication of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2006, 69(2):60-69.
    • (2006) Antiviral Res , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 60-69
    • Kaptein, S.J.1    Efferth, T.2    Leis, M.3
  • 136
    • 51549118662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate
    • Efferth T., Romero M.R., Wolf D.G., et al. The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(6):804-811.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 804-811
    • Efferth, T.1    Romero, M.R.2    Wolf, D.G.3
  • 137
    • 42549168601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artesunate as a potent antiviral agent in a patient with late drug-resistant cytomegalovirus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
    • Shapira M.Y., Resnick I.B., Chou S., et al. Artesunate as a potent antiviral agent in a patient with late drug-resistant cytomegalovirus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(9):1455-1457.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.9 , pp. 1455-1457
    • Shapira, M.Y.1    Resnick, I.B.2    Chou, S.3
  • 138
    • 27644450938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B and liver transplantation
    • Tung B.Y., Kowdley K.V. Hepatitis B and liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(10):1461-1466.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , Issue.10 , pp. 1461-1466
    • Tung, B.Y.1    Kowdley, K.V.2
  • 139
    • 0034948689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients treated with lamivudine and passive immunoprophylaxis
    • Marzano A., Salizzoni M., Debernardi-Venon W., et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients treated with lamivudine and passive immunoprophylaxis. J Hepatol 2001, 34(6):903-910.
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 903-910
    • Marzano, A.1    Salizzoni, M.2    Debernardi-Venon, W.3
  • 140
    • 0344364590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients
    • Schiff E.R., Lai C.L., Hadziyannis S., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients. Hepatology 2003, 38(6):1419-1427.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 1419-1427
    • Schiff, E.R.1    Lai, C.L.2    Hadziyannis, S.3
  • 141
    • 33947427581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir dipivoxil for wait-listed and post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B: final long-term results
    • Schiff E., Lai C.L., Hadziyannis S., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for wait-listed and post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B: final long-term results. Liver Transpl 2007, 13(3):349-360.
    • (2007) Liver Transpl , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-360
    • Schiff, E.1    Lai, C.L.2    Hadziyannis, S.3
  • 142
    • 4644296081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of covalently closed circular hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients
    • Wong D.K., Yuen M.F., Yuan H., et al. Quantitation of covalently closed circular hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology 2004, 40(3):727-737.
    • (2004) Hepatology , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 727-737
    • Wong, D.K.1    Yuen, M.F.2    Yuan, H.3
  • 143
    • 0030776176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of antiviral therapy in nondividing hepatocyte cultures on the closed circular DNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus
    • Moraleda G., Saputelli J., Aldrich C.E., et al. Lack of effect of antiviral therapy in nondividing hepatocyte cultures on the closed circular DNA of woodchuck hepatitis virus. J Virol 1997, 71(12):9392-9399.
    • (1997) J Virol , vol.71 , Issue.12 , pp. 9392-9399
    • Moraleda, G.1    Saputelli, J.2    Aldrich, C.E.3
  • 144
    • 57149091722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update
    • [quiz: 286]
    • Keeffe E.B., Dieterich D.T., Han S.H., et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 6(12):1315-1341. [quiz: 286].
    • (2008) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp. 1315-1341
    • Keeffe, E.B.1    Dieterich, D.T.2    Han, S.H.3
  • 145
    • 58849089061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to diagnose and treat hepatitis B virus antiviral drug resistance in the liver transplant setting
    • Lok A.S. How to diagnose and treat hepatitis B virus antiviral drug resistance in the liver transplant setting. Liver Transpl 2008, 14(Suppl 2):S8-S14.
    • (2008) Liver Transpl , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL 2
    • Lok, A.S.1
  • 146
    • 65649130002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultra-deep pyrosequencing of hepatitis B virus quasispecies from nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-treated patients and NRTI-naïve patients
    • Margeridon-Thermet S., Shulman N.S., Ahmed A., et al. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing of hepatitis B virus quasispecies from nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-treated patients and NRTI-naïve patients. J Infect Dis 2009, 199(9):1275-1285.
    • (2009) J Infect Dis , vol.199 , Issue.9 , pp. 1275-1285
    • Margeridon-Thermet, S.1    Shulman, N.S.2    Ahmed, A.3
  • 147
    • 0037180522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus
    • Gripon P., Rumin S., Urban S., et al. Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99(24):15655-15660.
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , Issue.24 , pp. 15655-15660
    • Gripon, P.1    Rumin, S.2    Urban, S.3
  • 148
    • 59849117800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro characterization of viral fitness of therapy-resistant hepatitis B variants
    • e2
    • Villet S., Billioud G., Pichoud C., et al. In vitro characterization of viral fitness of therapy-resistant hepatitis B variants. Gastroenterology 2009, 136(1):168-176. e2.
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.136 , Issue.1 , pp. 168-176
    • Villet, S.1    Billioud, G.2    Pichoud, C.3
  • 149
    • 33646360574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro models for studying hepatitis B virus drug resistance
    • Zoulim F. In vitro models for studying hepatitis B virus drug resistance. Semin Liver Dis 2006, 26(2):171-180.
    • (2006) Semin Liver Dis , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-180
    • Zoulim, F.1
  • 150
    • 62549089691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and management of drug resistance for antihepatitis B treatment
    • Yuen M.F., Fung J., Wong D.K., et al. Prevention and management of drug resistance for antihepatitis B treatment. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9(4):256-264.
    • (2009) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 256-264
    • Yuen, M.F.1    Fung, J.2    Wong, D.K.3
  • 151
    • 30344449469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Fung S.K., Chae H.B., Fontana R.J., et al. Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2006, 44(2):283-290.
    • (2006) J Hepatol , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 283-290
    • Fung, S.K.1    Chae, H.B.2    Fontana, R.J.3
  • 152
    • 0037443950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Lai C.L., Dienstag J., Schiff E., et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(6):687-696.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 687-696
    • Lai, C.L.1    Dienstag, J.2    Schiff, E.3
  • 153
    • 0032760120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
    • Benhamou Y., Bochet M., Thibault V., et al. Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Hepatology 1999, 30(5):1302-1306.
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 1302-1306
    • Benhamou, Y.1    Bochet, M.2    Thibault, V.3
  • 154
    • 32044456979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The competing roles of virus replication and hepatocyte death rates in the emergence of drug-resistant mutants: theoretical considerations
    • Litwin S., Toll E., Jilbert A.R., et al. The competing roles of virus replication and hepatocyte death rates in the emergence of drug-resistant mutants: theoretical considerations. J Clin Virol 2005, 34(Suppl 1):S96-S107.
    • (2005) J Clin Virol , vol.34 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Litwin, S.1    Toll, E.2    Jilbert, A.R.3
  • 155
    • 20444401493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus and transaminase levels determine the emergence of drug resistance during long-term lamivudine therapy in chronic hepatitis B
    • Chang M.L., Chien R.N., Yeh C.T., et al. Virus and transaminase levels determine the emergence of drug resistance during long-term lamivudine therapy in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2005, 43(1):72-77.
    • (2005) J Hepatol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 72-77
    • Chang, M.L.1    Chien, R.N.2    Yeh, C.T.3
  • 156
    • 33645086376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the evolution of lamivudine resistance mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine
    • Zoulim F., Poynard T., Degos F., et al. A prospective study of the evolution of lamivudine resistance mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13(4):278-288.
    • (2006) J Viral Hepat , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 278-288
    • Zoulim, F.1    Poynard, T.2    Degos, F.3
  • 157
    • 38049091002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major causes of antiviral drug resistance and implications for treatment of hepatitis B virus monoinfection and coinfection with HIV
    • Locarnini S., Warner N. Major causes of antiviral drug resistance and implications for treatment of hepatitis B virus monoinfection and coinfection with HIV. Antivir Ther 2007, 12(Suppl 3):H15-H23.
    • (2007) Antivir Ther , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL 3
    • Locarnini, S.1    Warner, N.2
  • 158
    • 10744225554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Lok A.S., Lai C.L., Leung N., et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003, 125(6):1714-1722.
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , Issue.6 , pp. 1714-1722
    • Lok, A.S.1    Lai, C.L.2    Leung, N.3
  • 159
    • 33845671388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years
    • Hadziyannis S.J., Tassopoulos N.C., Heathcote E.J., et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology 2006, 131(6):1743-1751.
    • (2006) Gastroenterology , vol.131 , Issue.6 , pp. 1743-1751
    • Hadziyannis, S.J.1    Tassopoulos, N.C.2    Heathcote, E.J.3
  • 160
    • 66149115173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-naïve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy
    • Tenney D.J., Rose R.E., Baldick C.J., et al. Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-naïve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy. Hepatology 2009, 49(5):1503-1514.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 1503-1514
    • Tenney, D.J.1    Rose, R.E.2    Baldick, C.J.3
  • 161
    • 60349129272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B: early viral suppression and long-term outcomes of therapy with oral nucleos(t)ides
    • Nguyen M.H., Keeffe E.B. Chronic hepatitis B: early viral suppression and long-term outcomes of therapy with oral nucleos(t)ides. J Viral Hepat 2009, 16(3):149-155.
    • (2009) J Viral Hepat , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 149-155
    • Nguyen, M.H.1    Keeffe, E.B.2
  • 162
    • 58649096155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Liaw Y.F., Gane E., Leung N., et al. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2009, 136(2):486-495.
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.136 , Issue.2 , pp. 486-495
    • Liaw, Y.F.1    Gane, E.2    Leung, N.3
  • 163
    • 33745570056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy
    • Lee Y.S., Suh D.J., Lim Y.S., et al. Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy. Hepatology 2006, 43(6):1385-1391.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 1385-1391
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Suh, D.J.2    Lim, Y.S.3
  • 164
    • 0035041976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular modeling and biochemical characterization reveal the mechanism of hepatitis B virus polymerase resistance to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC)
    • Das K., Xiong X., Yang H., et al. Molecular modeling and biochemical characterization reveal the mechanism of hepatitis B virus polymerase resistance to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC). J Virol 2001, 75(10):4771-4779.
    • (2001) J Virol , vol.75 , Issue.10 , pp. 4771-4779
    • Das, K.1    Xiong, X.2    Yang, H.3
  • 165
    • 56349134321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the molecular basis of HBV drug resistance by molecular modeling
    • Sharon A., Chu C.K. Understanding the molecular basis of HBV drug resistance by molecular modeling. Antiviral Res 2008, 80(3):339-353.
    • (2008) Antiviral Res , vol.80 , Issue.3 , pp. 339-353
    • Sharon, A.1    Chu, C.K.2
  • 166
    • 0031780935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group
    • Allen M.I., Deslauriers M., Andrews C.W., et al. Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine. Lamivudine Clinical Investigation Group. Hepatology 1998, 27(6):1670-1677.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 1670-1677
    • Allen, M.I.1    Deslauriers, M.2    Andrews, C.W.3
  • 167
    • 41249103028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of hepatitis B virus rtA181V/T mutants on hepatitis B treatment failure
    • Villet S., Pichoud C., Billioud G., et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus rtA181V/T mutants on hepatitis B treatment failure. J Hepatol 2008, 48(5):747-755.
    • (2008) J Hepatol , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 747-755
    • Villet, S.1    Pichoud, C.2    Billioud, G.3
  • 168
    • 0142092372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hepatitis B virus polymerase mutation rtV173L is selected during lamivudine therapy and enhances viral replication in vitro
    • Delaney W.E., Yang H., Westland C.E., et al. The hepatitis B virus polymerase mutation rtV173L is selected during lamivudine therapy and enhances viral replication in vitro. J Virol 2003, 77(21):11833-11841.
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , Issue.21 , pp. 11833-11841
    • Delaney, W.E.1    Yang, H.2    Westland, C.E.3
  • 169
    • 24044526915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-resistance testing of next-generation nucleoside and nucleotide analogues against lamivudine-resistant HBV
    • Yang H., Qi X., Sabogal A., et al. Cross-resistance testing of next-generation nucleoside and nucleotide analogues against lamivudine-resistant HBV. Antivir Ther 2005, 10(5):625-633.
    • (2005) Antivir Ther , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 625-633
    • Yang, H.1    Qi, X.2    Sabogal, A.3
  • 170
    • 0041853784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase
    • Angus P., Vaughan R., Xiong S., et al. Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology 2003, 125(2):292-297.
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , Issue.2 , pp. 292-297
    • Angus, P.1    Vaughan, R.2    Xiong, S.3
  • 171
    • 27744510332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation
    • Fung S.K., Andreone P., Han S.H., et al. Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation. J Hepatol 2005, 43(6):937-943.
    • (2005) J Hepatol , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 937-943
    • Fung, S.K.1    Andreone, P.2    Han, S.H.3
  • 172
    • 0344304757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro antiviral susceptibility of full-length clinical hepatitis B virus isolates cloned with a novel expression vector
    • Yang H., Westland C., Xiong S., et al. In vitro antiviral susceptibility of full-length clinical hepatitis B virus isolates cloned with a novel expression vector. Antiviral Res 2004, 61(1):27-36.
    • (2004) Antiviral Res , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-36
    • Yang, H.1    Westland, C.2    Xiong, S.3
  • 173
    • 65049086668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two cases of development of entecavir resistance during entecavir treatment for nucleoside-naïve chronic hepatitis B
    • Kobashi H., Fujioka S., Kawaguchi M., et al. Two cases of development of entecavir resistance during entecavir treatment for nucleoside-naïve chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2009, 3(2):403-410.
    • (2009) Hepatol Int , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 403-410
    • Kobashi, H.1    Fujioka, S.2    Kawaguchi, M.3
  • 174
    • 4344627233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to Lamivudine
    • Tenney D.J., Levine S.M., Rose R.E., et al. Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to Lamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48(9):3498-3507.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , Issue.9 , pp. 3498-3507
    • Tenney, D.J.1    Levine, S.M.2    Rose, R.E.3
  • 175
    • 34247107229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of hepatitis B virus polymerase by entecavir
    • Langley D.R., Walsh A.W., Baldick C.J., et al. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus polymerase by entecavir. J Virol 2007, 81(8):3992-4001.
    • (2007) J Virol , vol.81 , Issue.8 , pp. 3992-4001
    • Langley, D.R.1    Walsh, A.W.2    Baldick, C.J.3
  • 176
    • 33847683844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-year assessment of entecavir resistance in Lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus patients reveals different clinical outcomes depending on the resistance substitutions present
    • Tenney D.J., Rose R.E., Baldick C.J., et al. Two-year assessment of entecavir resistance in Lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus patients reveals different clinical outcomes depending on the resistance substitutions present. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51(3):902-911.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 902-911
    • Tenney, D.J.1    Rose, R.E.2    Baldick, C.J.3
  • 177
    • 57349095400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B
    • Marcellin P., Heathcote E.J., Buti M., et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2008, 359(23):2442-2455.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2455
    • Marcellin, P.1    Heathcote, E.J.2    Buti, M.3
  • 178
    • 25444459427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir
    • Sheldon J., Camino N., Rodes B., et al. Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir. Antivir Ther 2005, 10(6):727-734.
    • (2005) Antivir Ther , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 727-734
    • Sheldon, J.1    Camino, N.2    Rodes, B.3
  • 179
    • 33745630702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular metabolism and in vitro activity of tenofovir against hepatitis B virus
    • Delaney W.E., Ray A.S., Yang H., et al. Intracellular metabolism and in vitro activity of tenofovir against hepatitis B virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50(7):2471-2477.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.7 , pp. 2471-2477
    • Delaney, W.E.1    Ray, A.S.2    Yang, H.3
  • 181
    • 17344364991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis against hepatitis B recurrence following liver transplantation using combination lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin
    • Markowitz J.S., Martin P., Conrad A.J., et al. Prophylaxis against hepatitis B recurrence following liver transplantation using combination lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin. Hepatology 1998, 28(2):585-589.
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 585-589
    • Markowitz, J.S.1    Martin, P.2    Conrad, A.J.3
  • 182
    • 33947304026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamivudine plus low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin to prevent recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation
    • Gane E.J., Angus P.W., Strasser S., et al. Lamivudine plus low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin to prevent recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2007, 132(3):931-937.
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.132 , Issue.3 , pp. 931-937
    • Gane, E.J.1    Angus, P.W.2    Strasser, S.3
  • 183
    • 56149096190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of adefovir dipivoxil in place of HBIG in combination with lamivudine as post-liver transplantation hepatitis B prophylaxis
    • Angus P.W., Patterson S.J., Strasser S.I., et al. A randomized study of adefovir dipivoxil in place of HBIG in combination with lamivudine as post-liver transplantation hepatitis B prophylaxis. Hepatology 2008, 48(5):1460-1466.
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 1460-1466
    • Angus, P.W.1    Patterson, S.J.2    Strasser, S.I.3
  • 184
    • 0036161381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutants with enhanced replication by lamivudine treatment after liver transplantation
    • Bock C.T., Tillmann H.L., Torresi J., et al. Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutants with enhanced replication by lamivudine treatment after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2002, 122(2):264-273.
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.122 , Issue.2 , pp. 264-273
    • Bock, C.T.1    Tillmann, H.L.2    Torresi, J.3
  • 185
    • 35648933437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B: prevention of drug resistance
    • ix
    • Fournier C., Zoulim F. Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B: prevention of drug resistance. Clin Liver Dis 2007, 11(4):869-892. ix.
    • (2007) Clin Liver Dis , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 869-892
    • Fournier, C.1    Zoulim, F.2
  • 186
    • 32444438958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine
    • Lampertico P., Vigano M., Manenti E., et al. Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine. Hepatology 2005, 42(6):1414-1419.
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 1414-1419
    • Lampertico, P.1    Vigano, M.2    Manenti, E.3
  • 187
    • 33847358124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy and combination therapy with lamivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in an Asian population
    • Fung J., Lai C.L., Yuen J.C., et al. Adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy and combination therapy with lamivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in an Asian population. Antivir Ther 2007, 12(1):41-46.
    • (2007) Antivir Ther , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-46
    • Fung, J.1    Lai, C.L.2    Yuen, J.C.3
  • 188
    • 10644275213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection
    • van Bommel F., Wunsche T., Mauss S., et al. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2004, 40(6):1421-1425.
    • (2004) Hepatology , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 1421-1425
    • van Bommel, F.1    Wunsche, T.2    Mauss, S.3
  • 189
    • 33744531146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • Sherman M., Yurdaydin C., Sollano J., et al. Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2006, 130(7):2039-2049.
    • (2006) Gastroenterology , vol.130 , Issue.7 , pp. 2039-2049
    • Sherman, M.1    Yurdaydin, C.2    Sollano, J.3
  • 190
    • 58149459587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telbivudine, a nucleoside analog inhibitor of HBV polymerase, has a different in vitro cross-resistance profile than the nucleotide analog inhibitors adefovir and tenofovir
    • Seifer M., Patty A., Serra I., et al. Telbivudine, a nucleoside analog inhibitor of HBV polymerase, has a different in vitro cross-resistance profile than the nucleotide analog inhibitors adefovir and tenofovir. Antiviral Res 2009, 81(2):147-155.
    • (2009) Antiviral Res , vol.81 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-155
    • Seifer, M.1    Patty, A.2    Serra, I.3
  • 191
    • 0346243783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient
    • Villeneuve J.P., Durantel D., Durantel S., et al. Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient. J Hepatol 2003, 39(6):1085-1089.
    • (2003) J Hepatol , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 1085-1089
    • Villeneuve, J.P.1    Durantel, D.2    Durantel, S.3
  • 192
    • 33748317138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus during sequential therapy
    • Yim H.J., Hussain M., Liu Y., et al. Evolution of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus during sequential therapy. Hepatology 2006, 44(3):703-712.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 703-712
    • Yim, H.J.1    Hussain, M.2    Liu, Y.3
  • 193
    • 20044375767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to antivirals of a human HBV strain with mutations conferring resistance to both lamivudine and adefovir
    • Brunelle M.N., Jacquard A.C., Pichoud C., et al. Susceptibility to antivirals of a human HBV strain with mutations conferring resistance to both lamivudine and adefovir. Hepatology 2005, 41(6):1391-1398.
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 1391-1398
    • Brunelle, M.N.1    Jacquard, A.C.2    Pichoud, C.3
  • 194
    • 33846199258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of drug-resistant chronic hepatitis B
    • viii
    • Fung S.K., Fontana R.J. Management of drug-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 2006, 10(2):275-302. viii.
    • (2006) Clin Liver Dis , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-302
    • Fung, S.K.1    Fontana, R.J.2
  • 195
    • 34047190745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of patients with lamivudine-resistant and adefovir dipivoxil-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection: is tenofovir the answer?
    • [author reply: 37]
    • Trojan J., Stuermer M., Teuber G., et al. Treatment of patients with lamivudine-resistant and adefovir dipivoxil-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection: is tenofovir the answer?. Gut 2007, 56(3):436-437. [author reply: 37].
    • (2007) Gut , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 436-437
    • Trojan, J.1    Stuermer, M.2    Teuber, G.3
  • 196
    • 35548950630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of an entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus variant
    • Yatsuji H., Hiraga N., Mori N., et al. Successful treatment of an entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus variant. J Med Virol 2007, 79(12):1811-1817.
    • (2007) J Med Virol , vol.79 , Issue.12 , pp. 1811-1817
    • Yatsuji, H.1    Hiraga, N.2    Mori, N.3
  • 197
    • 33846785216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepwise process for the development of entecavir resistance in a chronic hepatitis B virus infected patient
    • Villet S., Ollivet A., Pichoud C., et al. Stepwise process for the development of entecavir resistance in a chronic hepatitis B virus infected patient. J Hepatol 2007, 46(3):531-538.
    • (2007) J Hepatol , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 531-538
    • Villet, S.1    Ollivet, A.2    Pichoud, C.3
  • 198
    • 20444416688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and antiviral activity of emtricitabine (FTC) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection: a two-year study
    • Gish R.G., Trinh H., Leung N., et al. Safety and antiviral activity of emtricitabine (FTC) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection: a two-year study. J Hepatol 2005, 43(1):60-66.
    • (2005) J Hepatol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 60-66
    • Gish, R.G.1    Trinh, H.2    Leung, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.