The auto-antigen repertoire in myasthenia gravis

Autoimmunity

Volumn 43, Issue 5-6, 2010, Pages 380-400

  Vrolix, Kathleen ^a   Fraussen, Judith ^b   Molenaar, Peter C ^a   Losen, Mario ^a   Somers, Veerle ^b   Stinissen, Piet ^b   De Baets, Marc H ^a,b   Martínez Martnez, Pilar ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

auto antibodies; auto antigens; autoimmunity; Myasthenia gravis

Indexed keywords

ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CALCIUM CHANNEL P TYPE; CALCIUM CHANNEL Q TYPE; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1Q ANTIBODY; CONNECTIN; CONNECTIN ANTIBODY; CYTOKINE ANTIBODY; DIHYDROPYRIDINE RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; GRAVIN ANTIBODY; GROWTH HORMONE ANTIBODY; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN ANTIBODY; MUSCLE PROTEIN; MUSCLE SPECIFIC TYROSINE KINASE ANTIBODY; NEUROBLASTOMA CELL ANTIBODY; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; RYANODINE RECEPTOR 1; RYANODINE RECEPTOR 1 ANTIBODY; THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; THYROID ANTIBODY; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL 3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROME; EATON LAMBERT SYNDROME; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NERVE ENDING; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDER; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PREDICTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION; RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; RECEPTORS, CHOLINERGIC; RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC; THYMUS GLAND;

EID: 77954354166     PISSN: 08916934     EISSN: 1607842X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518073     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. Gilhus NE. Autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9(3):351-358.
2. Verschuuren JJ, Palace J, Gilhus NE. Clinical aspects of myasthenia explained. Autoimmunity 2010;43(5):344-352.
3. Engel AG, Lambert EH, Howard FM. Immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis: Ultrastructural and light microscopic localization and electrophysiologic correlations. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52(5): 267-280.
4. Toyka KV, Drachman DB, Griffin DE, Pestronk A, Winkelstein JA, Fishbeck KH, Kao I. Myasthenia gravis. Study of humoral immune mechanisms by passive transfer to mice. N Engl J Med 1977;296(3):125-131.
5. Patrick J, Lindstrom J. Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor. Science 1973;180(88):871-872.
6. Newsom-Davis J, Pinching AJ, Vincent A, Wilson SG. Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: Investigation by plasma exchange. Neurology 1978;28(3):266-272.
7. Chan KH, Lachance DH, Harper CM, Lennon VA. Frequency of seronegativity in adult-acquired generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 2007;36(5):651-658.
8. Hoch W, McConville J, Helms S, Newsom-Davis J, Melms A, Vincent A. Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nat Med 2001; 7(3):365-368.
9. Gomez J, Van den Broeck J, Vrolix K, Janssen SP, Lemmens MA, Van Der Esch E, Duimel H, Frederik P, Molenaar PC, Mart́nez-Mart́nez P, De BaetsMH,Losen M. Antibody effector mechanisms in myasthenia gravis- pathogenesis at the neuromuscular junction. Autoimmunity 2010;43(5):353-370.
10. LavrnicD, Nikolic A, De Baets M, Verschuuren J, VerduynW, Losen M, Stojanovic V, Stevic Z, Hajdukovic L, Apostolski S. Familial occurrence of autoimmune myasthenia gravis with different antibody specificity. Neurology 2008;70(21): 2011-2013.
11. Evoli A, Batocchi AP, Zelano G, Uncini A, Palmisani MT, Tonali P. Familial autoimmune myasthenia gravis: Report of four families. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1995;58(6): 729-731.
12. Provenzano C, Arancio O, Evoli A, Rocca B, Bartoccioni E, De Grandis D, Tonali P. Familial autoimmune myasthenia gravis with different pathogenetic antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1988;51(9):1228-1230.
13. Bergoffen J, Zmijewski CM, Fischbeck KH. Familial autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1994;44(3 Pt 1): 551-554.
14. Millar NS, Gotti C. Diversity of vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2009;56(1): 237-246.
15. Popot JL, Changeux JP. Nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine: Structure of an oligomeric integral membrane protein. Physiol Rev 1984;64(4):1162-1239.
16. Mishina M, Takai T, Imoto K, Noda M, Takahashi T, Numa S, Methfessel C, Sakmann B. Molecular distinction between fetal and adult forms of muscle acetylcholine receptor. Nature 1986;321(6068):406-411.
17. Sine SM. The nicotinic receptor ligand binding domain. J Neurobiol 2002;53(4):431-446.
18. Noda M, Takahashi H, Tanabe T, Toyosato M, Furutani Y, Hirose T, Asai M, Inayama S, Miyata T, Numa S. Primary structure of alpha-subunit precursor of torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor deduced from cDNA sequence. Nature 1982;299(5886):793-797.
19. Sumikawa K, Houghton M, Smith JC, Bell L, Richards BM, Barnard EA. The molecular cloning and characterisation of cDNA coding for the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. Nucl Acids Res 1982;10(19):5809-5822.
20. Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD. Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 1976;26(11):1054-1059.
21. Lindstrom JM. Acetylcholine receptors and myasthenia. Muscle Nerve 2000;23(4):453-477.
22. Lefvert AK, Bergstrom K, Matell G, Osterman PO, Pirskanen R. Determination of acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis: Clinical usefulness and pathogenetic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1978; 41(5):394-403.
23. Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Acetylcholine receptor antibody as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis: Results in 153 validated cases and 2967 diagnostic assays. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1985;48(12):1246-1252.
24. Lindstrom J. An assay for antibodies to human acetylcholine receptor in serum from patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1977;7(1):36-43.
25. Tzartos SJ, Lindstrom JM. Monoclonal antibodies used to probe acetylcholine receptor structure: Localization of the main immunogenic region and detection of similarities between subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77(2): 755-759.
26. Mamalaki A, Tzartos SJ. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Structure, function and main immunogenic region. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994;4(4):339-354.
27. RodgaardA, NielsenFC, DjurupR, Somnier F,Gammeltoft S. Acetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis: Predominance of IgGsubclasses 1 and 3. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 67(1):82-88.
28. Heinemann S, Bevan S, Kullberg R, Lindstrom J, Rice J. Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74(7):3090-3094. (Pubitemid 8132500)
29. Loutrari H, Kokla A, Tzartos SJ. Passive transfer of experimental myasthenia gravis via antigenic modulation of acetylcholine receptor. Eur J Immunol 1992;22(9): 2449-2452.
30. Drachman DB, Angus CW, Adams RN, Michelson JD, Hoffman GJ. Myasthenic antibodies cross-link acetylcholine receptors to accelerate degradation. N Engl J Med 1978; 298(20):1116-1122.
31. Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P, Phernambucq M, Schuurman J, Parren PW, De Baets MH. Treatment of myasthenia gravis by preventing acetylcholine receptor modulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1132:174-179.
32. Van Der Neut Kolfschoten M, Schuurman J, Losen M, Bleeker WK, Martinez-Martinez P, Vermeulen E, den Bleker TH, Wiegman L, Vink T, Aarden LA, et al. Antiinflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab arm exchange. Science 2007;317(5844):1554-1557.
33. Chamberlain-Banoub J, Neal JW, Mizuno M, Harris CL, Morgan BP. Complement membrane attack is required for endplate damage and clinical disease in passive experimental myasthenia gravis in Lewis rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146(2):278-286.
34. Martinez-Martinez P, Losen M, Duimel H, Frederik P, Spaans F, Molenaar P, Vincent A, De Baets MH. Overexpression of rapsyn in rat muscle increases acetylcholine receptor levels in chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Am J Pathol 2007;170(2):644-657.
35. Ito H, Yoshimura T, Satoh A, Takino H, Tsujihata M, Nagataki S. Immunohistochemical study of utrophin and dystrophin at the motor end-plate in myasthenia gravis. Acta Neuropathol 1996;92(1):14-18.
36. Slater CR, Young C, Wood SJ, Bewick GS, Anderson LV, Baxter P, Fawcett PR, Roberts M, Jacobson L, Kuks J, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Utrophin abundance is reduced at neuromuscular junctions of patients with both inherited and acquired acetylcholine receptor deficiencies. Brain 1997; 120(Pt 9):1513-1531.
37. Losen M, Stassen MH, Martinez-Martinez P, Machiels BM, Duimel H, Frederik P, Veldman H, Wokke JH, Spaans F, Vincent A, De Baets MH. Increased expression of rapsyn in muscles prevents acetylcholine receptor loss in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Brain 2005;128(Pt 10): 2327-2337.
38. Martinez-Martinez P, Phernambucq M, Steinbusch L, Schaeffer L, Berrih-Aknin S, Duimel H, Frederik P, Molenaar P, De Baets MH, Losen M. Silencing rapsyn in vivo decreases acetylcholine receptors and augments sodium channels and secondary postsynaptic membrane folding. Neurobiol Dis 2009;35(1):14-23.
39. De Baets M, Stassen M, Losen M, Zhang X, Machiels B. Immunoregulation in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis-about T cells, antibodies, and endplates. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;998:308-317.
40. Almon RR, Andrew CG, Appel SH. Serum globulin in myasthenia gravis: Inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to acetylcholine receptors. Science 1974;186(4158):55-57.
41. Gomez CM, Richman DP. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies directed against the alpha-bungarotoxin binding site induce a unique form of experimental myasthenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80(13):4089-4093.
42. Lang B, Richardson G, Rees J, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Plasma from myasthenia gravis patients reduces acetylcholine receptor agonist-induced Na+ flux into TE671 cell line. J Neuroimmunol 1988;19(1-2):141-148.
43. Wintzen AR, Plomp JJ, Molenaar PC, van Dijk JG, van Kempen GT, Vos RM, Wokke JH, Vincent A. Acquired slow-channel syndrome: A form of myasthenia gravis with prolonged open time of the acetylcholine receptor channel. Ann Neurol 1998;44(4):657-664.
44. Alpert LI, Papatestas A, Kark A, Osserman RS, Osserman K. A histologic reappraisal of the thymus in myasthenia gravis. A correlative study of thymic pathology and response to thymectomy. Arch Pathol 1971;91(1):55-61.
45. Myking A, Skeie GO, Varhaug JE, Andersen KS, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA. The histomorphology of the thymus in late onset, non-thymoma myasthenia gravis. Euro J Neurol 1998;5: 401-405.
46. Vincent A. Unravelling the pathogenesis ofmyasthenia gravis. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2(10):797-804.
47. Romi F, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA. Myasthenia gravis: Clinical, immunological, and therapeutic advances. Acta Neurol Scand 2005;111(2):134-141.
48. Vincent A, Palace J, Hilton-Jones D. Myasthenia gravis. Lancet 2001;357(9274):2122-2128.
49. Scadding GK, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, Henry K. Acetylcholine receptor antibody synthesis by thymic lymphocytes: Correlation with thymic histology. Neurology 1981;31(8):935-943.
50. Kuks JB, Oosterhuis HJ, Limburg PC, The TH. Antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies decrease after thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clinical Correlations. J Autoimmun 1991;4(2):197-211.
51. Le Panse R, Bismuth J, Cizeron-Clairac G,Weiss JM, Cufi P, Dartevelle P, Kerlero De Rosbo N, Berrih-Aknin S. Thymic remodeling associated with hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010;43(5):401-412.
52. Andrews PI, Massey JM, Sanders DB. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in juvenile myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1993; 43(5):977-982.
53. Andrews PI, Massey JM, Howard JF, Jr, Sanders DB. Race, sex, and puberty influence onset, severity, and outcome in juvenile myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1994;44(7): 1208-1214.
54. Chiu HC, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, Hsieh KH, Hung T. Myasthenia gravis: Population differences in disease expression and acetylcholine receptor antibody titers between Chinese and Caucasians. Neurology 1987;37(12): 1854-1857.
55. Tindall RS. Humoral immunity in myasthenia gravis: Biochemical characterization of acquired antireceptor antibodies and clinical correlations. Ann Neurol 1981;10(5): 437-447.
56. Tindall RS. Humoral immunity in myasthenia gravis: Clinical correlations of anti-receptor antibody avidity and titer. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981;377:316-331.
57. Demaine A, Willcox N, Janer M, Welsh K, Newsom-Davis J. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene associations inmyasthenia gravis: New evidence for disease heterogeneity. J Neurol 1992;239(1):53-56.
58. Oosterhuis HJ, Limburg PC, Hummel-Tappel E, The TH. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Part 2. Clinical and serological follow-up of individual patients. J Neurol Sci 1983;58(3):371-385.
59. Vincent A. Newsom Davis J. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1980;43(7):590-600.
60. Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. Combined plasma exchange and immunosuppression in myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1979; 2(8144):688.
61. Janssen SP, Phernambucq M, Martinez-Martinez P, De Baets MH, Losen M. Immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by mycophenolate mofetil. J Neuroimmunol 2008;201-202:111-120.
62. Guyon T, Levasseur P, Truffault F, Cottin C, Gaud C, Berrih-Aknin S. Regulation of acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit variants in human myasthenia gravis. Quantification of steady-state levels of messenger RNA in muscle biopsy using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Invest 1994; 94(1):16-24.
63. Moulian N, Wakkach A, Guyon T, Poea S, Aissaoui A, Levasseur P, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Berrih-Aknin S. Respective role of thymus and muscle in autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;841:397-406.
64. Zhang B, Luo S, Wang Q, Suzuki T, Xiong WC, Mei L. LRP4 serves as a coreceptor of agrin. Neuron 2008;60(2): 285-297.
65. Kim N, Stiegler AL, Cameron TO, Hallock PT, Gomez AM, Huang JH, Hubbard SR, Dustin ML, Burden SJ. Lrp4 is a receptor for Agrin and forms a complex with MuSK. Cell 2008;135(2):334-342.
66. Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN, Radziejewski C, Bruno J, Ryan TE, Gies DR, Shah S, Mattsson K, Burden SJ, DiStefano PS, Valenzuela DM, DeChiara TM, Yancopoulos GD. Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex. Cell 1996; 85(4):513-523.
67. Chevessier F, Faraut B, Ravel-Chapuis A, Richard P, Gaudon K, Bauche S, Prioleau C, Herbst R, Goillot E, Ioos C, Azulay JP, Attarian S, Leroy JP, Fournier E, Legay C, Schaeffer L, Koenig J, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Pouget J, Hantai D. MUSK, a new target for mutations causing congenital myasthenic syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13(24):3229-3240.
68. Chevessier F, Girard E, Molgo J, Bartling S, Koenig J, Hantai D, Witzemann V. A mouse model for congenital myasthenic syndrome due to MuSK mutations reveals defects in structure and function of neuromuscular junctions. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17(22):3577-3595.
69. McConville J, Farrugia ME, Beeson D, Kishore U, Metcalfe R, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. Detection and characterization of MuSK antibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 2004;55(4):580-584. (Pubitemid 38391977)
70. Yeh JH, Chen WH, Chiu HC, Vincent A. Low frequency of MuSK antibody in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis among Chinese. Neurology 2004;62(11):2131-2132.
71. Niks EH, Kuks JB, Verschuuren JJ. Epidemiology of myasthenia gravis with anti-muscle specific kinase antibodies in The Netherlands. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78(4):417-418.
72. Zhou L, McConville J, Chaudhry V, Adams RN, Skolasky RL, Vincent A, Drachman DB. Clinical comparison of muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive and -negative myasthenic patients. Muscle Nerve 2004; 30(1):55-60.
73. Ohta K, Shigemoto K, Kubo S, Maruyama N, Abe Y, Ueda N, Ohta M. MuSK antibodies in AChR Abseropositive MG vs AChR Ab-seronegative MG. Neurology 2004;62(11):2132-2133.
74. Padua L, Tonali P, Aprile I, Caliandro P, Bartoccioni E, Evoli A. Seronegative myasthenia gravis: Comparison of neurophysiological picture in MuSK+ and MuSK2 patients. Eur J Neurol 2006;13(3):273-276.
75. Diaz-Manera J, Rojas-Garcia R, Gallardo E, Juarez C, Martinez-Domeno A, Martinez-Ramirez S, Dalmau J, Blesa R, Illa I. Antibodies to AChR, MuSK and VGKC in a patient with myasthenia gravis and Morvan's syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007;3(7):405-410.
76. Jha S, Xu K, Maruta T, Oshima M, Mosier DR, Atassi MZ, HochW. Myasthenia gravis induced in mice by immunization with the recombinant extracellular domain of rat musclespecific kinase (MuSK). J Neuroimmunol 2006;175(1-2): 107-117.
77. Shigemoto K, Kubo S, Maruyama N, Hato N, Yamada H, Jie C, Kobayashi N, Mominoki K, Abe Y, Ueda N, Matsuda S. Induction of myasthenia by immunization against muscle-specific kinase. J Clin Invest 2006;116(4): 1016-1024.
78. Shigemoto K, Kubo S, Jie C, Hato N, Abe Y, Ueda N, Kobayashi N, Kameda K, Mominoki K, Miyazawa A, Ishigami A, Matsuda S, Maruyama N. Myasthenia gravis experimentally induced with muscle-specific kinase. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008;1132:93-98.
79. ter Beek WP, Mart́nez-Mart́nez P, Losen M, De Baets MH, Wintzen AR, Verschuuren JJ, Niks EH, van Duinen SG, Vincent A, Molenaar PC. The effect of plasma from MuSK myasthenia patients on regenerating endplates. Am J Pathol; 2009;175(4):1536-1544.
80. Zhu D, Yang Z, Luo Z, Luo S, Xiong WC, Mei L. Musclespecific receptor tyrosine kinase endocytosis in acetylcholine receptor clustering in response to agrin. J Neurosci 2008; 28(7):1688-1696.
81. Lavrnic D, Losen M, Vujic A, De Baets M, Hajdukovic LJ, Stojanovic V, Trikic R, Djukic P, Apostolski S. The features of myasthenia gravis with autoantibodies to MuSK. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 2005;76(8):1099-1102.
82. Evoli A, Tonali PA, Padua L, Monaco ML, Scuderi F, Batocchi AP, Marino M, Bartoccioni E. Clinical correlates with anti-MuSK antibodies in generalized seronegative myasthenia gravis. Brain 2003;126(Pt 10):2304-2311.
83. Bartoccioni E, Scuderi F, Minicuci GM, Marino M, Ciaraffa F, Evoli A. Anti-MuSK antibodies: Correlation with myasthenia gravis severity. Neurology 2006;67(3): 505-507.
84. Niks EH, van Leeuwen Y, Leite MI, DekkerFW,Wintzen AR, Wirtz PW, Vincent A, van Tol MJ, Jol-Van Der Zijde CM, Verschuuren JJ. Clinical fluctuations in MuSK myasthenia gravis are related to antigen-specific IgG4 instead of IgG1. J Neuroimmunol 2008;195(1-2):151-156.
85. Lauriola L, Ranelletti F, Maggiano N, Guerriero M, Punzi C, Marsili F, Bartoccioni E, Evoli A. Thymus changes in anti- MuSK-positive and -negative myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2005;64(3):536-538.
86. Leite MI, Strobel P, Jones M, Micklem K, Moritz R, Gold R, Niks EH, Berrih-Aknin S, Scaravilli F, Canelhas A, Marx A, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N, Vincent A. Fewer thymic changes in MuSK antibody-positive than in MuSK antibodynegative MG. Ann Neurol 2005;57(3):444-448.
87. Evoli A, Batocchi AP, Lo Monaco M, Servidei S, Padua L, Majolini L, Tonali P. Clinical heterogeneity of seronegative myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord 1996;6(3): 155-161.
88. Leite MI, Jacob S, Viegas S, Cossins J, Clover L, Morgan BP, Beeson D, Willcox N, Vincent A. IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in 'seronegative' myasthenia gravis. Brain 2008;131(Pt 7):1940-1952. (Pubitemid 351957451)
89. Leite MI, Waters P, Vincent A. Diagnostic use of autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010;43(5): 371-379.
90. Farrugia ME, Bonifati DM, Clover L, Cossins J, Beeson D, Vincent A. Effect of sera from AChR-antibody negative myasthenia gravis patients on AChR and MuSK in cell cultures. J Neuroimmunol 2007;185(1-2):136-144.
91. Hayashi A, Shiono H, Ohta M, Ohta K, Okumura M, Sawa Y. Heterogeneity of immunopathological features of AChR/ MuSK autoantibody-negative myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2007;189(1-2):163-168.
92. Engel AG, Lambert EH, Mulder DM, Torres CF, Sahashi K, Bertorini TE, Whitaker JN. A newly recognized congenital myasthenic syndrome attributed to a prolonged open time of the acetylcholine-induced ion channel. Ann Neurol 1982; 11(6):553-569.
93. Gomez CM,Maselli R, Gammack J, Lasalde J, Tamamizu S, Cornblath DR, Lehar M, McNamee M, Kuncl RW. A betasubunit mutation in the acetylcholine receptor channel gate causes severe slow-channel syndrome. Ann Neurol 1996; 39(6):712-723.
94. Ohno K, Hutchinson DO, Milone M, Brengman JM, Bouzat C, Sine SM, Engel AG. Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by prolonged acetylcholine receptor channel openings due to a mutation in the M2 domain of the epsilon subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92(3): 758-762.
95. Oosterhuis HJ, Newsom-Davis J, Wokke JH, Molenaar PC, Weerden TV, Oen BS, Jennekens FG, Veldman H, Vincent A, Wray DW, et al. The slow channel syndrome. Two new cases. Brain 1987;110(Pt 4):1061-1079.
96. Sine SM, Ohno K, Bouzat C, Auerbach A, Milone M, Pruitt JN, Engel AG. Mutation of the acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit causes a slow-channel myasthenic syndrome by enhancing agonist binding affinity. Neuron 1995;15(1): 229-239.
97. Beeson D, Jacobson L, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. A transfected human muscle cell line expressing the adult subtype of the human muscle acetylcholine receptor for diagnostic assays in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1996; 47(6):1552-1555.
98. Lambert EH, Elmqvist D. Quantal components of end-plate potentials in the myasthenic syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1971;183:183-199.
99. Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, O'Suilleabhain PE, Windebank AJ, Woppmann A, Miljanich GP, Lambert EH. Calcium-channel antibodies in the Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other paraneoplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med 1995;332(22):1467-1474.
100. Cull-Candy SG, Miledi R, Trautmann A, UchitelOD.On the release of transmitter at normal, myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndrome affected human end-plates. J Physiol 1980;299:621-638.
101. Molenaar PC, Newsom-Davis J, Polak RL, Vincent A. Eaton-Lambert syndrome: Acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase in skeletal muscle. Neurology 1982;32(9): 1061-1065.
102. Engel AG, Nagel A, Fukuoka T, Fukunaga H, Osame M, Lang B, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A, Wray DW, Peers C. Motor nerve terminal calcium channels in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Morphologic evidence for depletion and that the depletion is mediated by autoantibodies. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989;560:278-290.
103. Fukunaga H, Engel AG, Lang B, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. Passive transfer of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with IgG from man to mouse depletes the presynaptic membrane active zones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80(24):7636-7640.
104. Vincent A, Lang B, Newsom-Davis J. Autoimmunity to the voltage-gated calcium channel underlies the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, a paraneoplastic disorder. Trends Neurosci 1989;12(12):496-502.
105. Wirtz PW, Sotodeh M, Nijnuis M, Van Doorn PA, Van Engelen BG, Hintzen RQ, De Kort PL, Kuks JB, Twijnstra A, De Visser M, Wokke JH, Wintzen AR, Verschuuren JJ. Difference in distribution of muscle weakness between myasthenia gravis and the Lambert- Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 2002;73(6):766-768.
106. Strauss AJL, Seegal BC, Hsu KC, Burkholder PM, Nastuk WL, Osserman KE. Immunofluorescence demonstration of a muscle binding, complement-fixing serum globulin fraction in mysthenia gravis. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 1960;105:184.
107. Strauss AJ, Kemp PG, Jr. Serum autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis and thymoma: Selective affinity for I-bands of striated muscle as a guide to identification of antigen(s). J Immunol 1967;99(5):945-953.
108. Marx A, Willcox N, Leite MI, ChuangW, Schalke B, Nix W, Ströbel P. Thymoma and paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010;43(5):413-427.
109. Wang K, McClure J, Tu A. Titin: Major myofibrillar components of striated muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76(8):3698-3702.
110. Gautel M, Lakey A, Barlow DP, Holmes Z, Scales S, Leonard K, Labeit S, Mygland A, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA. Titin antibodies in myasthenia gravis: Identification of a major immunogenic region of titin. Neurology 1993;43(8): 1581-1585.
111. Lubke E, Freiburg A, Skeie GO, Kolmerer B, Labeit S, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE, Wollmann R, Wussling M, Ruegg JC, Linke WA. Striational autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis patients recognize I-band titin epitopes. J Neuroimmunol 1998;81(1-2):98-108.
112. Buckley C, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N, Vincent A. Do titin and cytokine antibodies in MG patients predict thymoma or thymoma recurrence? Neurology 2001;57(9):1579-1582.
113. Romi F, Skeie GO, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Muscle autoantibodies in subgroups of myasthenia gravis patients. J Neurol 2000;247(5):369-375.
114. Aarli JA, Stefansson K, Marton LS, Wollmann RL. Patients with myasthenia gravis and thymoma have in their sera IgG autoantibodies against titin. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;82(2): 284-288.
115. Romi F, Bo L, Skeie GO, Myking A, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Titin and ryanodine receptor epitopes are expressed in cortical thymoma along with costimulatory molecules. J Neuroimmunol 2002;128(1-2):82-89.
116. Skeie GO, Freiburg A, Kolmerer B, Labeit S, Aarli JA, Appiah-Boadu S, Gilhus NE. Titin transcripts in thymomas. J Autoimmun 1997;10(6):551-557.
117. Romi F, Skeie GO, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. The severity of myasthenia gravis correlates with the serum concentration of titin and ryanodine receptor antibodies. Arch Neurol 2000; 57(11):1596-1600.
118. Romi F, Skeie GO, Vedeler C, Aarli JA, Zorzato F, Gilhus NE. Complement activation by titin and ryanodine receptor autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis. A study of IgG subclasses and clinical correlations. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 111(1-2):169-176.
119. Romi F, Gilhus NE, Varhaug JE, Myking A, Skeie GO, Aarli JA. Thymectomy and anti-muscle autoantibodies in late-onset myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol 2002;9(1):55-61.
120. Takeshima H, Iino M, Takekura H, Nishi M, Kuno J, Minowa O, Takano H, Noda T. Excitation-contraction uncoupling and muscular degeneration in mice lacking functional skeletal muscle ryanodine-receptor gene. Nature 1994;369(6481):556-559.
121. Williams AJ. Ion conduction and discrimination in the sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor/calcium-release channel. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1992;13(1):7-26.
122. Skeie GO, Mygland A, Treves S, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA, Zorzato F. Ryanodine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis: Epitope mapping and effect on calcium release in vitro. Muscle Nerve 2003;27(1):81-89.
123. Takamori M, Motomura M, Kawaguchi N, Nemoto Y, Hattori T, Yoshikawa H, Otsuka K. Anti-ryanodine receptor antibodies and FK506 inmyasthenia gravis. Neurology 2004; 62(10):1894-1896.
124. Skeie GO, Lunde PK, Sejersted OM, Mygland A, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis-associated ryanodine receptor antibodies inhibit binding of ryanodine to sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;841:530-533. (Pubitemid 28362896)
125. Mygland A, Tysnes OB, Matre R, Volpe P, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Ryanodine receptor autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis patients with a thymoma. Ann Neurol 1992;32(4): 589-591.
126. Mygland A, Tysnes OB, Aarli JA, Flood PR, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis patients with a thymoma have antibodies against a high molecular weight protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Neuroimmunol 1992;37(1-2):1-7.
127. Mygland A, Tysnes OB, Matre R, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Anticardiac ryanodine receptor antibodies in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 1994;17(4):327-331. (Pubitemid 24238339)
128. Romi F, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis patients with ryanodine receptor antibodies have distinctive clinical features. Eur J Neurol 2007;14(6):617-620.
129. Skeie GO, Lunde PK, Sejersted OM, Mygland A, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis sera containing antiryanodine receptor antibodies inhibit binding of [3H]-ryanodine to sarcoplasmic reticulum.Muscle Nerve 1998;21(3):329-335. (Pubitemid 28096042)
130. Mygland A, Tysnes OB, Aarli JA, Matre R, Gilhus NE. IgG subclass distribution of ryanodine receptor autoantibodies in patients with myasthenia gravis and thymoma. J Autoimmun 1993;6(4):507-515.
131. Iwasa K, Komai K, Takamori M. Spontaneous thymoma rat as a model for myasthenic weakness caused by anti-ryanodine receptor antibodies.Muscle Nerve 1998;21(12):1655-1660.
132. Maruta T, Yoshikawa H, Fukasawa S, Umeshita S, Inaoka Y, Edahiro S, Kado H, Motozaki Y, Iwasa K, Yamada M. Autoantibody to dihydropyridine receptor in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2009;208(1-2):125-129.
133. Takamori M. Autoantibodies against TRPC3 and ryanodine receptor in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2008;200 (1-2):142-144.
134. Williams CL, Lennon VA. Thymic B lymphocyte clones from patients with myasthenia gravis secrete monoclonal striational autoantibodies reacting with myosin, alpha actinin, or actin. J Exp Med 1986;164(4):1043-1059.
135. Mohan S, Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Krolick KA. Evaluation of myosin-reactive antibodies from a panel of myasthenia gravis patients. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;70(3): 266-273.
136. Takaya M, Kawahara S, Namba T, Grob D. Antibodies against myofibrillar proteins in myasthenia gravis patients. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1992;17(1):35-39.
137. Ohta M, Ohta K, Itoh N, Kurobe M, Hayashi K, Nishitani H. Anti-skeletal muscle antibodies in the sera from myasthenic patients with thymoma: Identification of anti-myosin, actomyosin, actin, and alpha-actinin antibodies by a solidphase radioimmunoassay and a Western blotting analysis. Clin Chim Acta 1990;187(3):255-264.
138. Yamamoto T, Sato T, Sugita H. Antifilamin, antivinculin, and antitropomyosin antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1987;37(8):1329-1333.
139. Lin H. [ELISA for detection of anti-filamin antibody in sera from patient with myasthenia gravis]. Zhonghua Shen Jing Jing Shen Ke Za Zhi 1992;25(5):281-283, 316-317.
140. Gautam M, Noakes PG, Mudd J, Nichol M, Chu GC, Sanes JR, Merlie JP. Failure of postsynaptic specialization to develop at neuromuscular junctions of rapsyn-deficient mice. Nature 1995;377(6546):232-236.
141. Agius MA, Zhu S, Kirvan CA, Schafer AL, Lin MY, Fairclough RH, Oger JJ, Aziz T, Aarli JA. Rapsyn antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;841:516-521.
142. Agius MA, Zhu S, Aarli JA. Antirapsyn antibodies occur commonly in patients with lupus. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 841:525-526.
143. Phillips TM, Manz HJ, Smith FA, Jaffe HA, Cohan SL. The detection of anti-cholinesterase antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981;377:360-371.
144. Mappouras DG, Philippou G, Haralambous S, Tzartos SJ, Balafas A, Souvatzoglou A, Lymberi P. Antibodies to acetylcholinesterase cross-reacting with thyroglobulin in myasthenia gravis and Graves's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;100(2):336-343.
145. Tang J, Yuan J, Hao H. Anti-acetylcholinesterase antibody in myasthenic syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl) 1997;110(9): 698-700.
146. Geen J, Howells RC, Ludgate M, Hullin DA, Hogg SI. The prevalence of anti-acetylcholinesterase antibodies in autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2004;37(8):579-585.
147. Brimijoin S, Lennon VA. Autoimmune preganglionic sympathectomy induced by acetylcholinesterase antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87(24):9630-9634.
148. Lu CZ, Link H, Mo XA, Xiao BG, Zhang YL, Qin Z. Anti-presynaptic membrane receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 1991;102(1):39-45.
149. Xiao BG, Lu CZ, Hojeberg B, Link H. Immunological specificity and cross-reactivity of anti-acetylcholine receptor and anti-presynaptic membrane receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 1991;105(1):118-123.
150. Lu CZ, Lu L, Hao ZS, Xia DG, Qain J, Arnason BG. Antibody-secreting cells to acetylcholine receptor and to presynaptic membrane receptor in seronegative myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1993;43(1-2):145-149.
151. Link H, Sun JB, Lu CZ, Xiao BG, Fredrikson S, Hojeberg B, Olsson T. Myasthenia gravis: T and B-cell reactivities to the beta-bungarotoxin binding protein presynaptic membrane receptor. J Neurol Sci 1992;109(2):173-181.
152. Xu K, Shu XQ, Zhuo XL, Lu CZ. Presynaptic changes of neuromuscular transmission in mice induced by passive transfer of plasma with anti-presynaptic membrane receptor antibodies from a patient with myasthenia gravis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 1998;3(2):103-109.
153. Shillito P, Molenaar PC, Vincent A, Leys K, Zheng W, van den Berg RJ, Plomp JJ, van Kempen GT, Chauplannaz G, Wintzen AR, et al. Acquired neuromyotonia: Evidence for autoantibodies directed against K+ channels of peripheral nerves. Ann Neurol 1995;38(5):714-722.
154. Hart IK, Waters C, Vincent A, Newland C, Beeson D, Pongs O, Morris C, Newsom-Davis J. Autoantibodies detected to expressed K+ channels are implicated in neuromyotonia. Ann Neurol 1997;41(2):238-246.
155. Mygland A, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, Kaminski H, Zorzato F, Agius M, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA. Autoantibodies in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis with myositis or neuromyotonia. Arch Neurol 2000;57(4):527-531.
156. Suzuki S, Satoh T, Yasuoka H, Hamaguchi Y, Tanaka K, Kawakami Y, Suzuki N, Kuwana M. Novel autoantibodies to a voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.4 in a severe form of myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2005;170(1-2): 141-149.
157. Suzuki S, Utsugisawa K, Nagane Y, Satoh T, Terayama Y, Suzuki N, Kuwana M. Classification of myasthenia gravis based on autoantibody status. Arch Neurol 2007;64(8): 1121-1124.
158. Toth C, McDonald D, Oger J, Brownell K. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis are associated with greater risk of diabetes and thyroid disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;114(2):124-132.
159. Cojocaru IM, Cojocaru M, Musuroi C. Study of antistriational and anti-thyroid antibodies in patients with myasthenia gravis. Rom J Intern Med 2000;38-39:111-120.
160. Sagar HJ, Gelsthorpe K, Milford-Ward A, Davies-Jones GA. Clinical and immunological associations in myasthenia gravis. 1: Autoantibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1980; 43(11):967-970.
161. Kiessling WR, Pflughaupt KW, Ricker K, Haubitz I, Mertens HG. Thyroid function and circulating antithyroid antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1981;31(6): 771-774. (Pubitemid 11070471)
162. Weissel M, Mayr N, Zeitlhofer J. Clinical significance of autoimmune thyroid disease in myasthenia gravis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000;108(1):63-65.
163. Nakamura H, Usa T, Motomura M, Ichikawa T, Nakao K, Kawasaki E, Tanaka M, Ishikawa K, Eguchi K. Prevalence of interrelated autoantibodies in thyroid diseases and autoimmune disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 2008;31(10): 861-865.
164. Kiessling WR, Finke R, Kotulla P, Schleusener H. Circulating TSH-binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982;101(1):41-46.
165. White RG, Marshall AH. The autoimmune response in myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1962;2(7247):120-123.
166. Shoenfeld Y, Ben-Yehuda O, Messinger Y, Bentwitch Z, Rauch J, Isenberg DI, GadothN. Autoimmune diseases other than lupus share common anti-DNA idiotypes. Immunol Lett 1988;17(3):285-291.
167. Oosterhuis HJ, Feltkamp TE, van Rossum AL, van den Berg- Loonen PM, Nijenhuis LE. HL-A antigens, autoantibody production, and associated diseases in thymoma patients, with and without myasthenia gravis. Ann NYAcad Sci 1976; 274:468-474.
168. Sthoeger Z, Neiman A, Elbirt D, Zinger H, Magen E, Burstein R, Eitan S, Abarbanel J, Mozes E. High prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in 78 myasthenia gravis patients: A clinical and serologic study. Am J Med Sci 2006; 331(1):4-9.
169. Colaco CB, Scadding GK, Lockhart S. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in neurological disorders: Cross-reaction with anti-single stranded DNA activity. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 68(2):313-319.
170. Warlow R, Garlepp M, Dawkins R. Extractable nuclear antigen autoantibodies and their association with other autoantibodies and thymoma in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1985;8(2-3):185-197.
171. Kinoshita I, Motomura M, Nagasato K, Ichinose K, Ohishi K, Takeo G, Satoh A, Nakamura T, Yoshimura T, Tsujihata M, Nagataki S. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with myastenia gravis. Acta Med Nagasaki 1994;39: 41-44.
172. Sanmarco M, Bernard D. Studies of IgG-class anticardiolipin antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 1994;18(1): 57-63.
173. Garcia N, Santafe MM, Salon I, Lanuza MA, Tomas J. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-, M2-, M3- and M4-type) in the neuromuscular junction of the newborn and adult rat. Histol Histopathol 2005;20(3): 733-743.
174. Takamori M, Motomura M, Fukudome T, Yoshikawa H. Autoantibodies against M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in myasthenic disorders. Eur J Neurol 2007;14(11): 1230-1235.
175. Plomp JJ, Van Kempen GT, De Baets MB, Graus YM, Kuks JB, Molenaar PC. Acetylcholine release in myasthenia gravis: Regulation at single end-plate level. Ann Neurol 1995; 37(5):627-636.
176. Gotti C, Moretti M, Mantegazza R, Fornasari D, Tsouloufis T, Clementi F. Anti-neuronal nicotinic receptor antibodies in MG patients with thymoma. J Neuroimmunol 2001;113(1):142-145.
177. Balestra B, Moretti M, Longhi R, Mantegazza R, Clementi F, Gotti C. Antibodies against neuronal nicotinic receptor subtypes in neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 102(1):89-97.
178. Vernino S, Sandroni P, Singer W, Low PA. Invited article: Autonomic ganglia: Target and novel therapeutic tool. Neurology 2008;70(20):1926-1932.
179. Lindstrom J. The Structure of nAChRs. In: Clementi F, Fornasari D, Gotti C, editors. Neuronal nicotinic receptors, Hand book of experimental pharmacology. Volume 144. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2000. p 101-147.
180. Mihovilovic M, Roses AD. Expression of alpha-3, alpha-5, and beta-4 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit transcripts in normal and myasthenia gravis thymus. Identification of thymocytes expressing the alpha-3 transcripts. J Immunol 1993;151(11):6517-6524.
181. Eng H, Magnusson Y, Matell G, Lefvert AK, Saponja R, Hoebeke J. Beta 2-adrenergic receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 1992;5(2):213-227.
182. Xu BY, Pirskanen R, Lefvert AK. Antibodies against beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1998;91(1-2):82-88.
183. Yi Q, He W, Matell G, Pirskanen R, Magnusson Y, Eng H, Lefvert AK. T and B lymphocytes reacting with the extracellular loop of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) are present in the peripheral blood of patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;103(1): 133-140.
184. Magnusson Y, Marullo S, Hoyer S, Waagstein F, Andersson B, Vahlne A, Guillet JG, Strosberg AD, Hjalmarson A, Hoebeke J. Mapping of a functional autoimmune epitope on the beta 1-adrenergic receptor in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1990;86(5): 1658-1663.
185. Watanabe M, Uchida K, Nakagaki K, Kanazawa H, Trapnell BC, Hoshino Y, Kagamu H, Yoshizawa H, Keicho N, Goto H, Nakata K. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies are ubiquitous in healthy individuals. FEBS Lett 2007; 581(10):2017-2021.
186. Meager A, Wadhwa M, Bird C, Dilger P, Thorpe R, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N. Spontaneously occurring neutralizing antibodies against granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with autoimmune disease. Immunology 1999;97(3):526-532.
187. Meager A, Wadhwa M, Dilger P, Bird C, Thorpe R, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in autoimmunity: Preponderance of neutralizing autoantibodies against interferon-alpha, interferon-omega and interleukin- 12 in patients with thymoma and/or myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;132(1):128-136.
188. Yoshikawa H, Sato K, Edahiro S, Furukawa Y, Maruta T, Iwasa K, Watanabe H, Takaoka S, Suzuki Y, Takamori M, Yamada M. Elevation of IL-12 p40 and its antibody in myasthenia gravis with thymoma. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175(1-2):169-175.
189. Meager A, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N. Spontaneous neutralising antibodies to interferon-alpha and interleukin-12 in thymoma-associated autoimmune disease. Lancet 1997;350(9091):1596-1597.
190. Shiono H, Wong YL, Matthews I, Liu JL, Zhang W, Sims G, Meager A, Beeson D, Vincent A, Willcox N. Spontaneous production of anti-IFN-alpha and anti-IL-12 autoantibodies by thymoma cells from myasthenia gravis patients suggests autoimmunization in the tumor. Int Immunol 2003;15(8): 903-913.
191. Wildbaum G, Nahir MA, Karin N. Beneficial autoimmunity to proinflammatory mediators restrains the consequences of self-destructive immunity. Immunity 2003;19(5):679-688.
192. Hartl FU. Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding. Nature 1996;381(6583):571-579.
193. Astarloa R, Martinez Castrillo JC. Humoral response to the human heat shock 60 kDa protein in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 1996;135(2):182-183.
194. Munakata S, Chen M, Aosai F, Kawaguchi N, Nemoto Y, Norose K, Hattori T, Yano A. The clinical significance of anti-heat shock cognate protein 71 antibody in myasthenia gravis. J Clin Neurosci 2008;15(2):158-165.
195. Minota S, Cameron B, Welch WJ, Winfield JB. Autoantibodies to the constitutive 73-kD member of the hsp70 family of heat shock proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1988;168(4):1475-1480.
196. Gao YL, Raine CS, Brosnan CF. Humoral response to hsp 65 in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic conditions. Neurology 1994;44(5):941-946.
197. Hayem G, De Bandt M, Palazzo E, Roux S, Combe B, Eliaou JF, Sany J, Kahn MF, Meyer O. Anti-heat shock protein 70 kDa and 90 kDa antibodies in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58(5): 291-296.
198. Tuzun E, Saini SS, Ghosh S, Rowin J, Meriggioli MN, Christadoss P. Predictive value of serum anti-C1q antibody levels in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord 2006;16(2):137-143.
199. Leone G, Breda M, Accorra F, Bizzi B. Platelet antibody determination by platelet factor 3 assay (comparison with radiolabelled serotonin release and platelet aggregometry). Ric Clin Lab 1978;8(3):141-147.
200. Okada S, Saito E, Oshima H, Kinoshita M. Autoantibody to growth hormone in a patient with myasthenia gravis. J Endocrinol 1990;127(3):533-538.
201. Muller KM. Anti-neuroblastoma antibodies in myasthenia gravis: Clinical and immunological correlations. J Neurol Sci 1989;93(2-3):263-275.
202. Muller KM, Andersson LC. Antibodies against human neuroblastoma cells in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1984;7(2-3):97-105.
203. Muller KM, Nykyri E, Andersson LC. Effect of thymectomy and immunosuppressive therapy on anti-neuroblastoma antibody levels in patients with myasthenia gravis. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;83(5):336-342.
204. Safar D, Aime C, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Berrih-Aknin S. Antibodies to thymic epithelial cells in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 1991;35(1-3):101-110.
205. Konishi T, Ohta K, Shigemoto K, Ohta M. Anti-alkaline phosphatase antibody positive myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 2007;263(1-2):89-93.
206. Hanna AN, Waldman WJ, Lott JA, Koesters SC, Hughes AM, Thornton DJ. Increased alkaline phosphatase isoforms in autoimmune diseases. Clin Chem 1997;43(8 Pt 1):1357-1364.
207. Gordon T, Grove B, Loftus JC, O'Toole T, McMillan R, Lindstrom J, Ginsberg MH. Molecular cloning and preliminary characterization of a novel cytoplasmic antigen recognized by myasthenia gravis sera. J Clin Invest 1992; 90(3):992-999.
208. Sasaki H, Kunimatsu M, Fujii Y, Yamakawa Y, Fukai I, Kiriyama M, Nonaka M, Sasaki M. Autoantibody to gravin is expressed more strongly in younger and nonthymomatous patients with myasthenia gravis. Surg Today 2001;31(11): 1036-1037.
209. Nauert JB, Klauck TM, Langeberg LK, Scott JD. Gravin, an autoantigen recognized by serum from myasthenia gravis patients, is a kinase scaffold protein. Curr Biol 1997;7(1): 52-62.
210. Grove BD, Bowditch R, Gordon T, del Zoppo G, Ginsberg MH. Restricted endothelial cell expression of gravin in vivo. Anat Rec 1994;239(3):231-242.
211. Zhou ZH, Zhang Y, Hu YF,Wahl LM, Cisar JO, Notkins AL. The broad antibacterial activity of the natural antibody repertoire is due to polyreactive antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2007;1(1):51-61.
212. Baxendale HE, Johnson M, Stephens RC, Yuste J, Klein N, Brown JS, Goldblatt D. Natural human antibodies to pneumococcus have distinctive molecular characteristics and protect against pneumococcal disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2008;151(1):51-60.
213. Yurasov S, Nussenzweig MC. Regulation of autoreactive antibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007;19(5):421-426.
214. Elkon K, Casali P. Nature and functions of autoantibodies. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4(9):491-498.
215. Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV, Mouthon L, Ayouba A, Malanchere E, Coutinho A, Kazatchkine MD. Self-reactive antibodies (natural autoantibodies) in healthy individuals. J Immunol Meth 1998;216(1-2):117-137.
216. Atassi MZ, Casali P. Molecular mechanisms of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2008;41(2):123-132.
217. Shoenfeld Y, Blank M, Abu-Shakra M, Amital H, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, Bizzaro N, Gilburd B, Zandman-Goddard G, Katz U, Krause I, Langevitz P, Mackay IR, Orbach H, Ram M, Sherer Y, Toubi E, Gershwin ME. The mosaic of autoimmunity: Prediction, autoantibodies, and therapy in autoimmune diseases-2008. Isr Med Assoc J 2008;10(1): 13-19.
218. Giraud M, Taubert R, Vandiedonck C, Ke X, Levi-Strauss M, Pagani F, Baralle FE, Eymard B, Tranchant C, Gajdos P, Vincent A, Willcox N, Beeson D, Kyewski B, Garchon HJ. An IRF8-binding promoter variant and AIRE control CHRNA1 promiscuous expression in thymus. Nature 2007;448(7156):934-937.
219. Fraussen J, Vrolix K, Martinez-Martinez P, Losen M, De Baets MH, Stinissen P, Somers V. B cell characterization and reactivity analysis in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2009;8(8):654-658.
220. Traggiai E, Becker S, Subbarao K, Kolesnikova L, Uematsu Y, Gismondo MR, Murphy BR, Rappuoli R, Lanzavecchia A. An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: Potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus. Nat Med 2004;10(8): 871-875.
221. Alarcon-Segovia D, Ruiz-Arguelles A, Fishbein E. Antibody to nuclear ribonucleoprotein penetrates live human mononuclear cells through Fc receptors. Nature 1978;271(5640): 67-69.
222. Deng SX, Hanson E, Sanz I. In vivo cell penetration and intracellular transport of anti-Sm and anti-La autoantibodies. Int Immunol 2000;12(4):415-423.
223. Yanase K, Madaio MP. Nuclear localizing anti-DNA antibodies enter cells via caveoli and modulate expression of caveolin and p53. J Autoimmun 2005;24(2):145-151.
224. Yanase K, Smith RM, Puccetti A, Jarett L, Madaio MP. Receptor-mediated cellular entry of nuclear localizing anti-DNA antibodies via myosin 1. J Clin Invest 1997; 100(1):25-31.
225. Song YC, Sun GH, Lee TP, Huang JC, Yu CL, Chen CH, Tang SJ, Sun KH. Arginines in the CDR of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies facilitate cell internalization via electrostatic interactions. Eur J Immunol 2008;38(11):3178-3190.
226. Bartoccioni E, Marino M, Evoli A, Ruegg MA, Scuderi F, Provenzano C. Identification of disease-specific autoantibodies in seronegative myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;998:356-358. (Pubitemid 37194180)
227. Lee JY, Sung JJ, Cho JY, Oh DH, Kim HJ, Park JH, Lee KW, Choi YC, Vincent A. MuSK antibody-positive, seronegative myasthenia gravis in Korea. J Clin Neurosci 2006;13(3): 353-355.
228. Evoli A. Clinical aspects of neuromuscular transmission disorders. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006;183:8-11.
229. Skeie GO, Mygland A, Aarli JA, Gilhus NE. Titin antibodies in patients with late onset myasthenia gravis: Clinical correlations. Autoimmunity 1995;20(2):99-104.
230. Baggi F, Andreetta F, Antozzi C, Simoncini O, Confalonieri P, Labeit S, Cornelio F, Mantegazza R. Anti-titin and antiryanodine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients with thymoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;841: 538-541.
231. Chen XJ, Qiao J, Xiao BG, Lu CZ. The significance of titin antibodies in myasthenia gravis-correlation with thymoma and severity of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 2004;251(8): 1006-1011.
232. Yamamoto AM, Gajdos P, Eymard B, Tranchant C, Warter JM, Gomez L, Bourquin C, Bach JF, Garchon HJ. Anti-titin antibodies in myasthenia gravis: Tight association with thymoma and heterogeneity of nonthymoma patients. Arch Neurol 2001;58(6):885-890.
233. Feltkamp TE, van den Berg-Loonen PM, Nijenhuis LE, Engelfriet CP, van Rossum AL, van Loghem JJ, Oosterhuis HJ. Myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies, and HLA antigens. Br Med J 1974;1(5899):131-133.
234. Hazama T, Takahashi M, Ueno S, Tarui S. Electrophoretic immunoblotting analysis of anti-thymus microsome antibodies in patients with myasthenia gravis. Acta Neurol Scand 1989;79(2):88-96.
235. Ohta K, Shigemoto K, Kubo S, Maruyama N, Abe Y, Ueda N, Fujinami A, Ohta M. MuSK Ab described in seropositiveMGsera found to be Ab to alkaline phosphatase. Neurology 2005;65(12):1988.