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Volumn 75, Issue 13, 2010, Pages 4453-4462

Competing thermal electrocyclic ring-closure reactions of (2Z)-Hexa-2,4,5-trienals and their schiff bases. Structural, kinetic, and computational studies

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLIDENES; COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES; CYCLIZATIONS; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS; DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION; ELECTROCYCLIC RINGS; ELECTROCYCLIZATION; HETEROCYCLES; IMINE FORMATION; N-BUTYLAMINE; REACTION TIME; SCHIFF BASIS; SCHIFF-BASE DERIVATIVES; STERIC INTERACTIONS; TERT-BUTYL GROUP; TORQUOSELECTIVITY;

EID: 77954117697     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: 15206904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo100558p     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (119)
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    • Stereoselective electrocyclizations and sigmatropic shifts of strained rings: Torquoelectronics.
    • Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht For reviews, see
    • Houk, K. N. Stereoselective electrocyclizations and sigmatropic shifts of strained rings: Torquoelectronics. In Strain and Its Implications in Organic Chemistry; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1989; pp 25 - 37. For reviews, see
    • (1989) Strain and Its Implications in Organic Chemistry , pp. 25-37
    • Houk, K.N.1
  • 8
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    • 1H NMR spectra throughout the entire experiment, it was surmised to be an intermediate on route to 5a
    • 1H NMR spectra throughout the entire experiment, it was surmised to be an intermediate on route to 5a.
  • 21
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    • Alkylidene-2 H -pyrans have rarely been described in the chemical literature, and references to the parent system relate merely to its role as the α-anhydro conjugate base of pyrilium salts. The elusive nature of these cyclic enol ethers is most likely due to the tendency of their reactive exocyclic alkene moiety to protonate in the presence of acid. Compounds substituted on the pyran ring with an electron-withdrawing group and/or in conjugation with phenyl substituents have extended lifetimes, allowing the incorporation of this structural subunit in pyrilium dyes
    • Alkylidene-2 H -pyrans have rarely been described in the chemical literature, and references to the parent system relate merely to its role as the α-anhydro conjugate base of pyrilium salts. The elusive nature of these cyclic enol ethers is most likely due to the tendency of their reactive exocyclic alkene moiety to protonate in the presence of acid. Compounds substituted on the pyran ring with an electron-withdrawing group and/or in conjugation with phenyl substituents have extended lifetimes, allowing the incorporation of this structural subunit in pyrilium dyes. See: Reynolds, G. A.; Drexhage, K. H. J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 885
    • (1977) J. Org. Chem. , vol.42 , pp. 885
    • Reynolds, G.A.1    Drexhage, K.H.2
  • 23
    • 77954091246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An activation energy for the electrocyclic ring closure of isolated systems 2b-g could not be determined because of its decomposition upon attempted purification. The value obtained with the unpurified reaction residue for the conversion of 2g to E - 3g cannot be taken rigourously due to potential complications of soluble impurities from the reagents on the kinetics of the process
    • An activation energy for the electrocyclic ring closure of isolated systems 2b-g could not be determined because of its decomposition upon attempted purification. The value obtained with the unpurified reaction residue for the conversion of 2g to E-3g cannot be taken rigourously due to potential complications of soluble impurities from the reagents on the kinetics of the process.
  • 24
    • 77954098625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No direct transformation of E - 3 to Z - 5 is possible without the involvement of the intermediate species 2 and 4, and the direct double bond isomerization of alkylidene-2 H -pyrans was found by DFT computations (not shown) to be noncompetitive with the transformations described in Scheme 1
    • No direct transformation of E-3 to Z-5 is possible without the involvement of the intermediate species 2 and 4, and the direct double bond isomerization of alkylidene-2 H -pyrans was found by DFT computations (not shown) to be noncompetitive with the transformations described in Scheme 1.
  • 28
    • 77954092859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For all starting materials discussed, only the structures and energies of the relevant (those from which cyclization must occur) cZg conformer are provided (see Supporting Information)
    • For all starting materials discussed, only the structures and energies of the relevant (those from which cyclization must occur) cZg conformer are provided (see Supporting Information).
  • 41
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    • http://www.thch.uni-bonn.de/tc/orca/.
  • 42
    • 77954100224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The electrocyclization reaction for the iminium ion, which could have been formed in the condensation reaction by the acidic nature of the molecular Sieves, was also computed in one case (f). The activation barriers of 27.5 and 28.6 kcal/mol, for the formation of the E and Z dihydropyridinium ion respectively, are much larger than those found for the unprotonated imine (14.7 and 15.5 kcal/mol). The values for the iminium ion are close to those determined for the Z isomers of the Schiff bases, which would evolve by a classical disrotatory electrocyclic reaction
    • The electrocyclization reaction for the iminium ion, which could have been formed in the condensation reaction by the acidic nature of the molecular Sieves, was also computed in one case (f). The activation barriers of 27.5 and 28.6 kcal/mol, for the formation of the E and Z dihydropyridinium ion respectively, are much larger than those found for the unprotonated imine (14.7 and 15.5 kcal/mol). The values for the iminium ion are close to those determined for the Z isomers of the Schiff bases, which would evolve by a classical disrotatory electrocyclic reaction.
  • 43
    • 33646464890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The activation energies were also computed at the same level using the M06-2X functional
    • The activation energies were also computed at the same level using the M06-2X functional: Zhao, Y.; Schultz, N. E.; Truhlar, D. G. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2006, 2, 364
    • (2006) J. Chem. Theory Comput. , vol.2 , pp. 364
    • Zhao, Y.1    Schultz, N.E.2    Truhlar, D.G.3
  • 67
    • 0001505217 scopus 로고
    • Mention of pseudopericyclic reactions can be found, in addition to refs 35, 37, and 38, in the following
    • Mention of pseudopericyclic reactions can be found, in addition to refs 35, 37, and 38, in the following: Burke, L. A.; Elguero, J.; Leroy, G.; Sana, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 1685
    • (1976) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.98 , pp. 1685
    • Burke, L.A.1    Elguero, J.2    Leroy, G.3    Sana, M.4
  • 109
    • 0011541973 scopus 로고
    • For a DFT study of 2,4-pentadienals and 2 H pyrans
    • For a DFT study of 2,4-pentadienals and 2 H -pyrans, see: Wang, Z.; Day, P. N.; Pachter, R. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 237, 45-52
    • (1995) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.237 , pp. 45-52
    • Wang, Z.1    Day, P.N.2    Pachter, R.3
  • 112
    • 0003673260 scopus 로고
    • The activation energies for the ring closure of the parent (2 Z)-hexa-1,3,5-triene to cyclohexa-1,3-diene are on the order of 30 kcal/mol
    • The activation energies for the ring closure of the parent (2 Z)-hexa-1,3,5-triene to cyclohexa-1,3-diene are on the order of 30 kcal/mol. Lewis, K. E.; Steiner, H. J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 3080
    • (1964) J. Chem. Soc. , pp. 3080
    • Lewis, K.E.1    Steiner, H.2
  • 116
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    • Highly substituted systems containing the dienylallene substructure have been found to cyclize below room temperature to provide the corresponding alkylidenecyclohexadienes
    • Highly substituted systems containing the dienylallene substructure have been found to cyclize below room temperature to provide the corresponding alkylidenecyclohexadienes: Reischl, W.; Okamura, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 6115
    • (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.104 , pp. 6115
    • Reischl, W.1    Okamura, W.H.2
  • 119
    • 77954130216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The subset of molecular rearrangements that contain a single disconnection in the cyclic array of orbitals and therefore only require a monorotatory movement of the terminus along the reaction coordinate to assist the development of the new s-bond were shown to have pseudopericyclic features. See ref. 40 for a general discussion and ref. 41a for computational analysis of a monorotatory pseudopericyclic electrocyclization
    • The subset of molecular rearrangements that contain a single disconnection in the cyclic array of orbitals and therefore only require a monorotatory movement of the terminus along the reaction coordinate to assist the development of the new s-bond were shown to have pseudopericyclic features. See ref. 40 for a general discussion and ref. 41a for computational analysis of a monorotatory pseudopericyclic electrocyclization.


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