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1H NMR spectra throughout the entire experiment, it was surmised to be an intermediate on route to 5a
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1H NMR spectra throughout the entire experiment, it was surmised to be an intermediate on route to 5a.
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Alkylidene-2 H -pyrans have rarely been described in the chemical literature, and references to the parent system relate merely to its role as the α-anhydro conjugate base of pyrilium salts. The elusive nature of these cyclic enol ethers is most likely due to the tendency of their reactive exocyclic alkene moiety to protonate in the presence of acid. Compounds substituted on the pyran ring with an electron-withdrawing group and/or in conjugation with phenyl substituents have extended lifetimes, allowing the incorporation of this structural subunit in pyrilium dyes
-
Alkylidene-2 H -pyrans have rarely been described in the chemical literature, and references to the parent system relate merely to its role as the α-anhydro conjugate base of pyrilium salts. The elusive nature of these cyclic enol ethers is most likely due to the tendency of their reactive exocyclic alkene moiety to protonate in the presence of acid. Compounds substituted on the pyran ring with an electron-withdrawing group and/or in conjugation with phenyl substituents have extended lifetimes, allowing the incorporation of this structural subunit in pyrilium dyes. See: Reynolds, G. A.; Drexhage, K. H. J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 885
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3, are also stable
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3, are also stable: Wallace, D. J.; Sidda, R. L.; Reamer, R. A. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 1051
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77954091246
-
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An activation energy for the electrocyclic ring closure of isolated systems 2b-g could not be determined because of its decomposition upon attempted purification. The value obtained with the unpurified reaction residue for the conversion of 2g to E - 3g cannot be taken rigourously due to potential complications of soluble impurities from the reagents on the kinetics of the process
-
An activation energy for the electrocyclic ring closure of isolated systems 2b-g could not be determined because of its decomposition upon attempted purification. The value obtained with the unpurified reaction residue for the conversion of 2g to E-3g cannot be taken rigourously due to potential complications of soluble impurities from the reagents on the kinetics of the process.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
77954098625
-
-
No direct transformation of E - 3 to Z - 5 is possible without the involvement of the intermediate species 2 and 4, and the direct double bond isomerization of alkylidene-2 H -pyrans was found by DFT computations (not shown) to be noncompetitive with the transformations described in Scheme 1
-
No direct transformation of E-3 to Z-5 is possible without the involvement of the intermediate species 2 and 4, and the direct double bond isomerization of alkylidene-2 H -pyrans was found by DFT computations (not shown) to be noncompetitive with the transformations described in Scheme 1.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
77954092859
-
-
For all starting materials discussed, only the structures and energies of the relevant (those from which cyclization must occur) cZg conformer are provided (see Supporting Information)
-
For all starting materials discussed, only the structures and energies of the relevant (those from which cyclization must occur) cZg conformer are provided (see Supporting Information).
-
-
-
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29
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See, for example
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42
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77954100224
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The electrocyclization reaction for the iminium ion, which could have been formed in the condensation reaction by the acidic nature of the molecular Sieves, was also computed in one case (f). The activation barriers of 27.5 and 28.6 kcal/mol, for the formation of the E and Z dihydropyridinium ion respectively, are much larger than those found for the unprotonated imine (14.7 and 15.5 kcal/mol). The values for the iminium ion are close to those determined for the Z isomers of the Schiff bases, which would evolve by a classical disrotatory electrocyclic reaction
-
The electrocyclization reaction for the iminium ion, which could have been formed in the condensation reaction by the acidic nature of the molecular Sieves, was also computed in one case (f). The activation barriers of 27.5 and 28.6 kcal/mol, for the formation of the E and Z dihydropyridinium ion respectively, are much larger than those found for the unprotonated imine (14.7 and 15.5 kcal/mol). The values for the iminium ion are close to those determined for the Z isomers of the Schiff bases, which would evolve by a classical disrotatory electrocyclic reaction.
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43
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33646464890
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The activation energies were also computed at the same level using the M06-2X functional
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The subset of molecular rearrangements that contain a single disconnection in the cyclic array of orbitals and therefore only require a monorotatory movement of the terminus along the reaction coordinate to assist the development of the new s-bond were shown to have pseudopericyclic features. See ref. 40 for a general discussion and ref. 41a for computational analysis of a monorotatory pseudopericyclic electrocyclization
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