메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1007-1013

Complex thermal behavior of 11-cis-retinal, the ligand of the visual pigments

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIS-DOUBLE BONDS; COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY METHODS; DIRADICAL; ELECTROCYCLIC REACTIONS; INTERNAL ROTATIONS; ISOTOPOLOGUES; PERICYCLIC REACTIONS; PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS; SIGMATROPIC SHIFTS; THERMAL BEHAVIORS; TRANS-ISOMERS; TRANSITION STATE; VISUAL PIGMENTS;

EID: 64549123972     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo801899k     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (51)
  • 4
    • 0035385140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (a) Rando, R. R. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1881-1896.
    • (2001) Chem. Rev , vol.101 , pp. 1881-1896
    • Rando, R.R.1
  • 9
    • 0345687949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valle, L. J. D.; Ramon, E.; Bosch, L.; Manyosa, J.; Garriga, P. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2003, 60, 2532-2537, The authors pointed out that the thermal instability of rhodopsin at 55 °C may suggest a connection between some retinal diseases and mutations in the apoprotein that mimic the destabilizing effect of the temperature.
    • Valle, L. J. D.; Ramon, E.; Bosch, L.; Manyosa, J.; Garriga, P. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2003, 60, 2532-2537, The authors pointed out that the thermal instability of rhodopsin at 55 °C may suggest a connection between some retinal diseases and mutations in the apoprotein that mimic the destabilizing effect of the temperature.
  • 16
    • 64549145075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some thermal experiments showed that 13-cis-retinal 2 produced ca. 10% all-trans-retinal 3 upon prolonged heating even in carefully deactivated glassware. But under these conditions, the 13-cis 2 and all-trans 3 ratio never reach the ca. 65:35 ratio found in the thermal isomerization of 11-cis-retinal 1.
    • Some thermal experiments showed that 13-cis-retinal 2 produced ca. 10% all-trans-retinal 3 upon prolonged heating even in carefully deactivated glassware. But under these conditions, the 13-cis 2 and all-trans 3 ratio never reach the ca. 65:35 ratio found in the thermal isomerization of 11-cis-retinal 1.
  • 17
    • 64549106949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the restricted environment of the opsin protein (as has been found in bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pumping device of halobacteria, which uses a protonated Schiff base of all-trans-retinal as chromophore) or in the solid state, retinoids have been reported to undergo double-bond isomerizations via concerted motions hula twist and bicycle pedal, see
    • In the restricted environment of the opsin protein (as has been found in bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pumping device of halobacteria, which uses a protonated Schiff base of all-trans-retinal as chromophore) or in the solid state, retinoids have been reported to undergo double-bond isomerizations via concerted motions (hula twist and bicycle pedal); see:
  • 19
    • 0032996356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baudry, J, Crouzy, S, Roux, B, Smith, J. C. Biophys. J. 1999, 76, 1909-1917. The same studies accept that, in solution, the most favored isomerization mechanism is the sequential pathway, where each double-bond rotation occurs as a single and independent step. We thoroughly explored this possibility and reached similar conclusions: the concerted isomer-ization about C11-C12 and C13-C14 lies very high in energy (ca. 48.6 kcal/ mol) and the stationary point associated with such a transformation was found to be a second-order saddle point (see the Supporting Information, Other theoretical studies rule out the bicycle pedal motion of the photoexcited chromophore, which moreover appears to restrict its movement to the C10-C11-C12-C13 fragment a so-called photochemical hot spot, whereas the rest of the molecule begins to rotate only upon relaxation to the ground state; see
    • (b) Baudry, J.; Crouzy, S.; Roux, B.; Smith, J. C. Biophys. J. 1999, 76, 1909-1917. The same studies accept that, in solution, the most favored isomerization mechanism is the sequential pathway, where each double-bond rotation occurs as a single and independent step. We thoroughly explored this possibility and reached similar conclusions: the concerted isomer-ization about C11-C12 and C13-C14 lies very high in energy (ca. 48.6 kcal/ mol) and the stationary point associated with such a transformation was found to be a second-order saddle point (see the Supporting Information). Other theoretical studies rule out the bicycle pedal motion of the photoexcited chromophore, which moreover appears to restrict its movement to the C10-C11-C12-C13 fragment (a so-called "photochemical hot spot"), whereas the rest of the molecule begins to rotate only upon relaxation to the ground state; see:
  • 21
    • 64549142840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Okamura, W. H.; de Lera, A. R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M., Fleming, I., Paquette, L. A.,Ed.; Pergamon Press: London, 1991; 5, Chapter 6.2, pp 699-750.
    • (a) Okamura, W. H.; de Lera, A. R. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M., Fleming, I., Paquette, L. A.,Volume Ed.; Pergamon Press: London, 1991; Vol. 5, Chapter 6.2, pp 699-750.
  • 22
    • 64549138934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marvell, E. N. Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions; Academic Press: New York, 1980. (c) Burnier, J. S.;Jorgensen, W. L. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 3001-3020.
    • (b) Marvell, E. N. Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions; Academic Press: New York, 1980. (c) Burnier, J. S.;Jorgensen, W. L. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 3001-3020.
  • 26
    • 0141940638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the synthesis of A2E model systems involving an aza-6n-electrocyclization of Schiff bases, see
    • (d) Fishkin, N.; Jang, Y.-P.; Itagaki, Y.; Sparrow, J. R.; Nakanishi, K. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 1101-1105. For the synthesis of A2E model systems involving an aza-6n-electrocyclization of Schiff bases, see:
    • (2003) Org. Biomol. Chem , vol.1 , pp. 1101-1105
    • Fishkin, N.1    Jang, Y.-P.2    Itagaki, Y.3    Sparrow, J.R.4    Nakanishi, K.5
  • 28
    • 18844379122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dimerization mode of retinal alternative to that leading to A2E involves also a pericyclic reaction and affords a pigment epithelial cell fluorophore: Fishkin, N.; Sparrow, J. R.; Allikmets, R.; Nakanishi, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. SciU.S.A. 2005, 102, 7091-7096.
    • A dimerization mode of retinal alternative to that leading to A2E involves also a pericyclic reaction and affords a pigment epithelial cell fluorophore: Fishkin, N.; Sparrow, J. R.; Allikmets, R.; Nakanishi, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. SciU.S.A. 2005, 102, 7091-7096.
  • 29
    • 33845280286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Okamura, W. H.; Lera, A. R. D.; Reischl, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4462-4464. (b) de Lera, A.; Reischl, W.; Okamura, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4051-4063.
    • (a) Okamura, W. H.; Lera, A. R. D.; Reischl, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4462-4464. (b) de Lera, A.; Reischl, W.; Okamura, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4051-4063.
  • 30
    • 64549106948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ring-closure activation energy computed (49.77 kcal/mol) is in good agreement with previous computations of analogous systems at the MP4SDTQ/
    • The ring-closure activation energy computed (49.77 kcal/mol) is in good agreement with previous computations of analogous systems at the MP4SDTQ/
  • 31
    • 11944268609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6-31G(d) level; see: Yu, H, Chan, W. T, Goddard, J. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7529-7537
    • 6-31G(d) level; see: Yu, H.; Chan, W. T.; Goddard, J. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7529-7537.
  • 32
    • 0347793496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of isomerization of di-cis-dienals and dienones to the monocis isomers through formation of a-pyrans had been previously studied by Kluge and Lillya: (a) Kluge, A. F.; Lillya, C. P. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 1977-1988.
    • The mechanism of isomerization of di-cis-dienals and dienones to the monocis isomers through formation of a-pyrans had been previously studied by Kluge and Lillya: (a) Kluge, A. F.; Lillya, C. P. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 1977-1988.
  • 34
    • 64549151418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11,13-Di-cis-retinal was first shown to convert to 13-cis-retinal by Wald et al. in 1955: Wald, G.; Hubbard, R.; Brown, P. K.; Oroshnik, W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1955, 41, 438-451.
    • (a) 11,13-Di-cis-retinal was first shown to convert to 13-cis-retinal by Wald et al. in 1955: Wald, G.; Hubbard, R.; Brown, P. K.; Oroshnik, W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1955, 41, 438-451.
  • 35
    • 0020556367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The isomerization of the 11-cis double bond of 11,13-di-cis-retinal and 9,11,13-tri-cis-retinal was studied by Okamura: Knudsen, C. G.; Chandraratna, R. A. S.; Walkeapaa, L. P.; Chauhan, Y. S.; Carey, S. C.; Cooper, T. M.; Birge, R. R.; Okamura, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 1626-1631.
    • (b) The isomerization of the 11-cis double bond of 11,13-di-cis-retinal and 9,11,13-tri-cis-retinal was studied by Okamura: Knudsen, C. G.; Chandraratna, R. A. S.; Walkeapaa, L. P.; Chauhan, Y. S.; Carey, S. C.; Cooper, T. M.; Birge, R. R.; Okamura, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 1626-1631.
  • 36
    • 0026568881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In addition, Liu described the thermal rearrangement of the four labile isomers of retinal (11,13-di-cis, 7,11,13-tri-cis, 9,11,13-tri-cis, and all-cis-retinal) presumably occurring via consecutive 6ne--heteroelectrocyclization reactions and determined the kinetic parameters of these processes: Zhu, Y, Ganapathy, S, Liu, R. S. H. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 1110-1113
    • (c) In addition, Liu described the thermal rearrangement of the four labile isomers of retinal (11,13-di-cis-, 7,11,13-tri-cis-, 9,11,13-tri-cis-, and all-cis-retinal) presumably occurring via consecutive 6ne--heteroelectrocyclization reactions and determined the kinetic parameters of these processes: Zhu, Y.; Ganapathy, S.; Liu, R. S. H. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 1110-1113.
  • 38
    • 0001282465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the first demonstration of the antarafacial nature of a [1,7]-H hydrogen shift in the previtamin D series, see: (a) Hoeger, C. A.; Okamura, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 268-269.
    • For the first demonstration of the antarafacial nature of a [1,7]-H hydrogen shift in the previtamin D series, see: (a) Hoeger, C. A.; Okamura, W. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 268-269.
  • 40
    • 64549121130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
    • Using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
  • 41
    • 64549115919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotope effects (kH/kD of about 6) have been measured in the [1,7]-H sigmatropic shift of the previtamin D system:
    • Isotope effects (kH/kD of about 6) have been measured in the [1,7]-H sigmatropic shift of the previtamin D system:
  • 44
    • 64549087191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • all-trans-Retinal-14,19,19-d3 is formed by direct rotation about the C11-C12doublebondin11-cis-retinal-14,19,19-d3which, inturn, isformedvia[1,7]-H sigmatropic shift driven H/D scrambling from the parent 11-cis-retinal-19,19,19-d3 (see Figure 5).
    • all-trans-Retinal-14,19,19-d3 is formed by direct rotation about the C11-C12doublebondin11-cis-retinal-14,19,19-d3which, inturn, isformedvia[1,7]-H sigmatropic shift driven H/D scrambling from the parent 11-cis-retinal-19,19,19-d3 (see Figure 5).
  • 47
    • 4243553426 scopus 로고
    • (a) Becke, A. D. Phys. Rev.A1988, 38, 3098-3100.
    • (1988) Phys. Re , vol.A , Issue.38 , pp. 3098-3100
    • Becke, A.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.