Visual Spatial Attention to Multiple Locations at Once: The Jury Is Still Out

Psychological Review

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 637-682

  Jans, Bert ^a   Peters, Judith C ^a,b   De Weerd, Peter ^a,c  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR NEUROSCIENCE   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

divided spatial attention; divided spatial attention as part of expert task performance; divided spatial attention in dual tasks; experimental design criteria; theoretical constraints

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMAN; VISION;

ATTENTION; HUMANS; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 77953152173     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019082     Document Type: Article

References (340)

1. Adamo M., Pun C., Pratt J., and Ferber S. Your divided attention, please! The maintenance of multiple attentional control sets over distinct regions in space. Cognition 107 (2008) 295-303
2. Allport D.A. Selection for action: Some behavioral and neurophysiological considerations of attention and action. In: Heuer H., and Sanders F. (Eds). Perspectives on perception and action (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 395-419
3. Alvarez G.A., and Cavanagh P. Independent resources for attentional tracking in the left and right visual hemifields. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 637-643
4. Alvarez G.A., and Franconeri S.L. How many objects can you attentively track?: Evidence for a resource-limited tracking mechanism. Journal of Vision 7 (2007) 1-10
5. Amaro Jr. E., and Barker G.J. Study design in fMRI: Basic principles. Brain and Cognition 60 (2006) 220-232
6. Andersen R.A., and Buneo C.A. Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 (2002) 189-220
7. Andersen R.A., Snyder L.H., Bradley D.C., and Xing J. Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20 (1997) 303-330
8. Arguin M., Lassonde M., Quattrini A., Del Pesce M., Foschi N., and Papo I. Divided visuo-spatial attention systems with total and anterior callosotomy. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 283-291
9. Atkinson R.C., Holmgren J.E., and Juola J.F. Processing time as influenced by the number of elements in a visual display. Perception & Psychophysics 6 (1969) 321-326
10. Averbach E., and Coriell A.S. Short-term memory in vision. Bell System Technical Journal 40 (1961) 309-328
11. Awh E., and Pashler H. Evidence for split attentional foci. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26 (2000) 834-846
12. Bacon W.F., and Egeth H.E. Overriding stimulus-driven attentional capture. Perception & Psychophysics 55 (1994) 485-496
13. Bahcall D.O., and Kowler E. Attentional interference at small spatial separations. Vision Research 39 (1999) 71-86
14. Balan P.F., and Gottlieb J. Integration of exogenous input into a dynamic salience map revealed by perturbing attention. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 9239-9924
15. Baldauf D., Wolf M., and Deubel H. Deployment of visual attention before sequences of goal-directed hand movements. Vision Research 46 (2006) 4355-4374
16. Banich M.T. The missing link: The role of interhemispheric interaction in attentional processing. Brain and Cognition 36 (1998) 128-157
17. Bell A.H., and Munoz D.P. Activity in the superior colliculus reflects dynamic interactions between voluntary and involuntary influences on orienting behaviour. European Journal of Neuroscience 8 (2008) 1654-1660
18. Belopolsky A.V., Zwaan L., Theeuwes J., and Kramer A.F. The size of an attentional window modulates attentional capture by color singletons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14 (2007) 934-938
19. Bender D.B. Retinotopic organization of macaque pulvinar. Journal of Neurophysiology 46 (1981) 672-693
20. Berger A., Henik A., and Rafal R. Competition between endogenous and exogenous orienting of visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134 (2005) 207-221
21. Bichot N.P., Cave K.R., and Pashler H. Visual selection mediated by location: Feature-based selection of noncontiguous locations. Perception & Psychophysics 61 (1999) 403-423
22. Bichot N.P., Rossi A.F., and Desimone R. Parallel and serial neural mechanisms for visual search in macaque area V4. Science 308 (2005) 529-534
23. Bisley J.W., and Goldberg M.E. Neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal area and spatial attention. Science 299 (2003) 81-86
24. Blaser E., Pylyshyn Z.W., and Holcombe A.O. Tracking an object through feature-space. Nature 408 (2000) 196-199
25. Boehnke S.E., and Munoz D.P. On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior colliculus. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 18 (2008) 544-551
26. Boynton G.M., Ciaramitaro V.M., and Arman A.C. Effects of feature-based attention on the motion aftereffect at remote locations. Vision Research 46 (2006) 2968-2976
27. Braun J., and Sagi D. Texture-based tasks are little affected by second tasks requiring peripheral or central attentive fixation. Perception 20 (1991) 483-500
28. Brefczynski J.A., and DeYoe E.A. A physiological correlate of the "spotlight" of visual attention. Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999) 370-374
29. Breitmeyer B.G., and Kersey M. Backward masking by pattern stimulus offset. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7 (1981) 972-977
30. Bricolo E., Gianesini T., Fanini A., Bundesen C., and Chelazzi L. Serial attention mechanisms in visual search: A direct behavioral demonstration. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002) 980-993
31. Broadbent D.E. Perception and communication (1958), Pergamon, London, England
32. Broadbent D.E. Task combination and selective intake of information. Acta Psychologica 50 (1982) 253-290
33. Brown W.S., and Jeeves M.A. Bilateral visual field processing and evoked potential interhemispheric transmission time. Neuropsychologia 31 (1993) 1267-1281
34. Bundesen C., Habekost T., and Kyllingsbæk S. A neural theory of visual attention: Bridging cognition and neurophysiology. Psychological Review 112 (2005) 291-328
35. Buschman T.J., and Miller E.K. Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315 (2007) 1860-1862
36. Busse L., Katzner S., and Treue S. Temporal dynamics of neuronal modulation during exogenous and endogenous shifts of visual attention in macaque area MT. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105 (2008) 16380-16385
37. Buzsaki G. Rhythms of the brain (2006), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
38. Caputo G., and Guerra S. Attentional selection by distractor suppression. Vision Research 3 (1998) 669-689
39. Castiello U., and Umiltà C. Splitting focal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18 (1992) 837-848
40. Cavanagh P., and Alvarez G.A. Tracking multiple targets with multifocal attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005) 349-354
41. Cave K.R., and Bichot N.P. Visuospatial attention: Beyond a spotlight model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 6 (1999) 204-223
42. Cave K.R., and Zimmerman J.M. Flexibility in spatial attention before and after practice. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 399-403
43. Cepeda N.J., Cave K.R., Bichot N.P., and Kim M.-S. Spatial selection via feature-driven inhibition of distractor locations. Perception & Psychophysics 60 (1998) 727-746
44. Chastain G. Time-course of sensitivity changes as attention shifts to an unpredictable location. Journal of General Psychology 119 (1992) 105-111
45. Chelazzi L., Miller E.K., Duncan J., and Desimone R. A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex. Nature 363 (1993) 345-347
46. Chirimuuta M., Burr D., and Morrone M.C. The role of perceptual learning on modality-specific visual attentional effects. Vision Research 47 (2007) 60-70
47. Chun M.M., and Potter M.C. A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21 (1995) 109-127
48. Colby C.L., and Goldberg M.E. Space and attention in parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 22 (1999) 319-349
49. Coltheart M., and Arthur B. Evidence for an integration theory of visual masking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 24 (1972) 262-269
50. Corbetta M. Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95 (1998) 831-838
51. Corbetta M., and Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002) 201-215
52. Cousineau D., Charbonneau D., and Jolicœur P. Parameterizing the attentional blink effect. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 60 (2006) 175-189
53. Czerwinski M., Lightfoot N., and Shiffrin R.M. Automatization and training in visual search. American Journal of Psychology 105 (1992) 271-315
54. Davis G., Driver J., Pavani F., and Shepherd A. Reappraising the apparent costs of attending to two separate visual objects. Vision Research 40 (2000) 1323-1332
55. Deco G., Pollatos O., and Zihl J. The time course of selective visual attention: Theory and experiments. Vision Research 42 (2002) 2925-2945
56. Deco G., and Zihl J. A biased competition based neurodynamical model of visual neglect. Medical Engineering & Physics 26 (2004) 733-743
57. Desimone R., Albright T.D., Gross C.G., and Bruce C. Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 4 (1984) 2051-2062
58. Desimone R., and Duncan J. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience 18 (1995) 193-222
59. Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Neural mechanisms of visual processing in monkeys. In: Boller F., and Grafman J. (Eds). Handbook of neurophysiology 2 (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 267-299
60. Desimone R., Wessinger M., Thomas L., and Schneider W. Attentional control of visual perception: Cortical and subcortical mechanisms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 55 (1990) 963-971
61. Deubel H., and Schneider W.X. Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common mechanism. Vision Research 36 (1996) 1827-1837
62. De Weerd P., Peralta III M.R., Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Loss of attentional stimulus selection after extrastriate cortical lesions in macaques. Nature Neuroscience 2 (1999) 753-758
63. Di Russo F., Martinez A., Sereno M.I., Pitzalis S., and Hillyard S.A. Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential. Human Brain Mapping 5 (2001) 95-111
64. Distler C., Boussaoud D., Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Cortical connections of inferior temporal area TEO in macaque monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 334 (1993) 125-150
65. Donk M., and Theeuwes J. Visual marking beside the mark: Prioritizing selection by abrupt onsets. Perception & Psychophysics 63 (2001) 891-900
66. Downing C.J., and Pinker S. The spatial structure of visual attention. In: Posner M.I., and Marin O.S.M. (Eds). Attention and Performance XI: Mechanisms of attention and visual search (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 171-188
67. Driver J., and Baylis G.C. Movement and visual attention: The spotlight metaphor breaks down. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15 (1989) 448-456
68. Dubois J., Hamker F.H., and VanRullen R. Attentional selection of noncontiguous locations: The spotlight is only transiently "split.". Journal of Vision 9 (2009) 1-11
69. Duncan J. Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology 113 (1984) 501-517
70. Duncan J. Cooperating brain systems in selective perception and action. In: Posner M.I., and Marin O.S.M. (Eds). Attention and Performance XI: Mechanisms of attention and visual search (1996), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 205-219
71. Duncan J., Ward R., and Shapiro K.L. Direct measurement of attentional dwell time in human vision. Nature 369 (1994) 313-315
72. Egeth H.E. Parallel versus serial processes in multidimensional stimulus discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics 1 (1966) 245-252
73. Egeth H.E. Attention and pre-attention. In: Bower G.E. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation 11 (1977), Academic Press, New York, NY 277-320
74. Egeth H.E., and Yantis S. Visual attention: Control, representation, and time course. Annual Review of Psychology 48 (1997) 269-297
75. Egly R., Driver J., and Rafal R.D. Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: Evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 123 (1994) 161-177
76. Egly R., and Homa D. Sensitization of the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10 (1984) 778-793
77. Eimer M. Attending to quadrants and ring-shaped regions: ERP effects of visual attention in different spatial selection tasks. Psychophysiology 36 (1999) 491-503
78. Eimer M. The time course of spatial orienting elicited by central and peripheral cues: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology 53 (2000) 253-258
79. Engbert R., Nuthmann A., Richter E.M., and Kliegl R. SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review 112 (2005) 777-813
80. Engel A.K., Fries P., and Singer W. Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 (2001) 704-716
81. Enns J.T., Austen E.L., Di Lollo V., Rauschenberger R., and Yantis S. New objects dominate luminance transients in setting attentional priority. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27 (2001) 1287-1302
82. Enns J.T., and Di Lollo V. What's new in visual masking?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000) 345-352
83. Eriksen B.A., and Eriksen C.W. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics 16 (1974) 433-449
84. Eriksen C.W., and Murphy T.D. Movement of attentional focus across the visual field: A critical look at the evidence. Perception & Psychophysics 42 (1987) 299-305
85. Eriksen C.W., and St. James J.D. Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception & Psychophysics 40 (1986) 225-240
86. Eriksen C.W., and Yeh Y.-Y. Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11 (1985) 583-597
87. Fehd H.M., and Seiffert A.E. Eye movements during multiple object tracking: Where do participants look?. Cognition 108 (2007) 201-209
88. Felleman D.J., and Van Essen C.C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 1 (1991) 1-47
89. Flombaum J.I., and Scholl B.J. How does attention operate during multiple object tracking? Evidence from the "slot-machine" task for parallel access to target features [Abstract]. Journal of Vision 8 6 (2008) 223a
90. Flombaum J.I., Scholl B.J., and Pylyshyn Z.W. Attentional resources in visual tracking through occlusion: The high-beams effect. Cognition 107 (2008) 904-931
91. Folk C.L., Remington R.W., and Johnston J.C. Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18 (1992) 1030-1044
92. Forster S., and Lavie N. Failures to ignore entirely irrelevant distractors: The role of load. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14 (2008) 73-83
93. Franconeri S.L., and Simons D.J. The dynamic events that capture visual attention: A reply to Abrams and Christ (2005). Perception & Psychophysics 67 (2005) 962-966
94. Frey R.D. Selective attention, event perception and the criterion of acceptability principle: Evidence supporting and rejecting the doctrine of prior entry. Human Movement Science 9 (1990) 481-530
95. Fries P. A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: Neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005) 474-480
96. Fries P., Nikolić D., and Singer W. The gamma cycle. Trends in Neurosciences 30 (2007) 309-316
97. Fries P., Reynolds J.H., Rorie A.E., and Desimone R. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291 (2001) 1560-1563
98. Fries P., Womelsdorf T., Oostenveld R., and Desimone R. The effects of visual stimulation and selective visual attention on rhythmic neuronal synchronization in macaque area V4. Journal of Neuroscience 28 (2008) 4823-4835
99. Fu S., Caggiano D.M., Greenwood P.M., and Parasuraman R. Event-related potentials reveal dissociable mechanisms for orienting and focusing visuospatial attention. Cognitive Brain Research 23 (2005) 341-353
100. Gallant J.L., Shoup R.E., and Mazer J.A. A human extrastriate area functionally homologous to macaque V4. Neuron 27 (2000) 227-235
101. Gattass R., Gross C.G., and Sandell J.H. Visual topography of V2 in the macaque. Journal of Comparative Neurology 201 (1981) 519-539
102. Gattass R., Oswaldo-Cruz E., and Sousa A.P. Visual receptive fields of units in the pulvinar of cebus monkey. Brain Research 160 (1979) 413-430
103. Gobell J.L., Tseng C., and Sperling G. The spatial distribution of visual attention. Vision Research 44 (2004) 1273-1296
104. Godijn R., and Theeuwes J. Parallel allocation of attention prior to the execution of saccade sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29 (2003) 882-896
105. Goldberg M.E., and Wurtz R.H. Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey: I. Visual receptive fields of single neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 35 (1972) 542-559
106. Goodale M.A., and Milner A.D. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences 15 (1992) 20-25
107. Gopher D. In defense of resources: On structures, energies, pools and the allocation of attention. In: Hockey R.J., Gaillard A.W.K., and Coles M.G.H. (Eds). Energetics and human information processing (1986), Nijhoff, Dordrecht, the Netherlands 353-371
108. Gottlieb J.P., Kusunoki M., and Goldberg M.E. The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex. Nature 391 (1998) 481-484
109. Gowen E., Abadi R.V., and Poliakoff E. Paying attention to saccadic intrusions. Cognitive Brain Research 25 (2005) 810-825
110. Gowen E., Abadi R.V., Poliakoff E., Hansen P.C., and Miall R.C. Modulation of saccadic intrusions by exogenous and endogenous attention. Brain Research 1141 (2007) 154-167
111. Gray C.M. The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration: Still alive and well. Neuron 24 (1999) 31-47
112. Graziano M.S. Is reaching eye-centered, body-centered, hand-centered, or a combination?. Reviews in the Neurosciences 12 (2001) 175-185
113. Gregoriou G.G., Gotts S.J., Zhou H., and Desimone R. High-frequency, long-range coupling between prefrontal and visual cortex during attention. Science 324 (2009) 1207-1210
114. Gross C.G., Bender D.B., and Mishkin M. Contributions of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to visual activation of inferior temporal neurons. Brain Research 131 (1977) 227-239
115. Gross C.G., Rocha-Miranda C.E., and Bender D.B. Visual properties of neurons in inferotemporal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 35 (1972) 96-111
116. Grossberg S. Contour enhancement, short term memory, and constancies in reverberating neural networks. Studies in Applied Mathematics 52 (1973) 213-257
117. Günay C., and Maida A.S. Temporal binding as an inducer for connectionist recruitment learning over delayed lines. Neural Networks 16 (2003) 593-600
118. Hahn S., and Kramer A. Further evidence for the division of attention among non-contiguous locations. Visual Cognition 5 (1998) 217-256
119. Hasenstaub A., Shu Y., Haider B., Kraushaar U., Duque A., and McCormick D.A. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials carry synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks. Neuron 47 (2005) 423-435
120. Heinze H.-J., Luck S.J., Münte T.F., Gös A., Mangun G.R., and Hillyard S.A. Attention to adjacent and separate positions in space: An electrophysiological analysis. Perception & Psychophysics 56 (1994) 42-52
121. Henderson J.M. Visual attention and eye movement control during reading and picture viewing. In: Rayner K. (Ed). Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (1992), Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 261-283
122. Henderson J.M., and Macquistan A.D. The spatial distribution of attention following an exogenous cue. Perception & Psychophysics 53 (1993) 221-230
123. Henderson J.M., Pollatsek A., and Rayner K. Covert visual attention and extrafoveal information use object identification. Perception & Psychophysics 45 (1989) 196-208
124. Hillyard S.A., and Anllo-Vento L. Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95 (1998) 781-787
125. Holtzman J.D. Interactions between cortical and subcortical visual areas: Evidence from human commissurotomy patients. Visual Research 24 (1981) 801-813
126. Hopf J.-M., Boelmans K., Schoenfeld M.A., Luck S.J., and Heinze H.-J. Attention to features precedes attention to locations in visual search: Evidence from electromagnetic brain responses in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 1822-1832
127. Hopf J.-M., Luck S.J., Girelli M., Hagner T., Mangun G.R., Scheich H., and Heinze H.-J. Neural sources of focused attention in visual search. Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000) 1233-1241
128. Houtkamp R., and Roelfsema P.R. Matching of visual input to only one item at any one time. Psychological Research 73 (2009) 317-326
129. Hughes H.C., and Zimba L.D. Spatial maps of directed visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11 (1985) 409-430
130. Hughes H.C., and Zimba L.D. Natural boundaries for the spatial spread of directed visual attention. Neuropsychologia 25 (1987) 5-18
131. Intriligator J., and Cavanagh P. The spatial resolution of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology 43 (2001) 171-216
132. Jaskowski P., van der Lubbe R.H.J., Schlotterbeck E., and Verleger R. Traces left on visual selective attention by stimuli that are not consciously identified. Psychological Science 13 (2002) 48-54
133. Johansson R.S., Westling G., Bäckström A., and Flanagan J.R. Eye-hand coordination in object manipulation. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 6917-6932
134. Jonides J., and Yantis S. Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention. Perception & Psychophysics 43 (1988) 346-354
135. Jordan T.R., and Patching G.R. Assessing effects of fixation demands on perception of lateralized words: A visual window technique for studying hemispheric asymmetry. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 686-692
136. Jordan T.R., Patching G.R., and Milner A.D. Central fixations are inadequately controlled by instructions alone: Implications for studying cerebral asymmetry. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 51A (1998) 371-391
137. Jordan T.R., Patching G.R., and Milner A.D. Lateralized word recognition: Assessing the role of hemispheric specialization, modes of lexical access, and perceptual asymmetry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26 (2000) 1192-1208
138. Jordan T.R., Patching G.R., and Thomas S.M. Assessing the role of hemispheric specialization, serial-position processing and retinal eccentricity in lateralized word perception. Cognitive Neuropsychology 20 (2003) 49-71
139. Joseph J.S., Chun M.M., and Nakayama K. Attentional requirements in a "preattentive" feature search task. Nature 387 (1997) 805-807
140. Juan C.-H., Shorter-Jacobi S.M., and Schall J.D. Dissociation of spatial attention and saccade preparation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101 (2004) 15541-15544
141. Juola J.F., Bouwhuis D.G., Cooper E.E., and Warner C.B. Control of attention around the fovea. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17 (1991) 125-141
142. Juola J.F., Koshino H., and Warner C.B. Tradeoffs between attentional effects of spatial cues and abrupt onsets. Perception & Psychophysics 57 (1995) 333-342
143. Kahneman D. Attention and effort (1973), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
144. Kahneman D., and Treisman A. Changing views of attention and automaticity. In: Parasuraman R., and Davies D.R. (Eds). Varieties of attention (1984), Academic Press, New York, NY 29-61
145. Kahneman D., Treisman A., and Gibbs B.J. The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information. Cognitive Psychology 24 (1992) 174-219
146. Karni A., and Bertini G. Learning perceptual skills: Behavioral probes into adult cortical plasticity. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 7 (1997) 530-535
147. Karni A., and Sagi D. Where practice makes perfect in texture discrimination: Evidence for primary visual cortex plasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88 (1991) 4966-4970
148. Kastner S., De Weerd P., Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. Science 282 (1998) 108-111
149. Kastner S., Pinsk M.A., De Weerd P., Desimone R., and Ungerleider L.G. Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22 (1999) 751-761
150. Kawahara J.-I., and Yamada Y. Two noncontiguous locations can be attended concurrently: Evidence from the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 (2006) 594-599
151. Khayat P.S., Spekreijse H., and Roelfsema P.R. Attention lights up new object representations before the old ones fade away. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 138-142
152. Kim S.-G., Richter W., and Uǧurbil K. Limitations of temporal resolution in functional MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 37 (1997) 631-636
153. Klein R.M. Does oculomotor readiness mediate cognitive control of visual attention?. In: Nickerson R.S. (Ed). Attention and performance VIII (1980), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 259-276
154. Klotz W., and Neumann O. Motor activation without conscious discrimination in metacontrast masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25 (1999) 976-992
155. Koch C., and Ullman S. Shifts in selective visual attention: Towards the underlying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiology 4 (1985) 219-227
156. Kowler E., Anderson E., Dosher B., and Blaser E. The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research 35 (1995) 1897-1916
157. Kraft A., Müller N.G., Hagendorf H., Schira M.M., Dick S., Fendrich R.M., and Brandt S.A. Interactions between task difficulty and hemispheric distribution of attended locations: Implications for the splitting attention debate. Cognitive Brain Research 24 (2004) 19-32
158. Kramer A.F., and Hahn S. Splitting the beam: Distribution of attention over noncontiguous regions of the visual field. Psychological Science 6 (1995) 381-386
159. Kröse B.J., and Julesz B. The control and speed of shifts of attention. Vision Research 29 (1989) 1607-1619
160. Kusunoki M., Gottlieb J., and Goldberg M.E. The lateral intraparietal area as a salience map: The representation of abrupt onset, stimulus motion, and task relevance. Vision Research 40 (2000) 1459-1468
161. Kutas M., and Dale A. Electrical and magnetic readings of mental functions. In: Rugg M.D. (Ed). Cognitive neuroscience: Studies in cognition (1997), Biddles, King's Lynn, England 197-237
162. LaBerge D. Spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9 (1983) 371-379
163. LaBerge D., and Brown V. Variations in size of the visual field in which targets are presented: An attentional range effect. Perception & Psychophysics 40 (1986) 188-200
164. LaBerge D., and Brown V. Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 101-124
165. Lachter J., Forster K.I., and Ruthruff E. Forty-five years after Broadbent (1958): Still no identification without attention. Psychological Review 111 (2004) 880-913
166. Larson E.B., and Brown W.S. Bilateral field interactions, hemispheric specialization and evoked potential interhemispheric transmission time. Neuropsychologia 35 (1997) 573-581
167. Lavie N. Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21 (1995) 451-468
168. Lavie N., and Cox S. On the efficiency of visual selective attention: Efficient visual search leads to inefficient distractor rejection. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 395-398
169. Lavie N., and Tsal Y. Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics 56 (1994) 183-197
170. Lomber S.G., Payne B.R., Hilgetag C.C., and Rushmore R.J. Restoration of visual orienting into a cortically blind hemifield by reversible deactivation of posterior parietal cortex or the superior colliculus. Experimental Brain Research 142 (2002) 463-474
171. Luck S.J. Ten simple rules for designing ERP experiments. In: Handy T.C. (Ed). Event-related potentials: A methods handbook (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 17-32
172. Luck S.J., Chelazzi L., Hillyard S.A., and Desimone R. Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 77 (1997) 24-42
173. Luck S.J., and Hillyard S.A. Electrophysiological correlates of feature analysis during visual search. Psychophysiology 31 (1994) 291-308
174. Luck S.J., and Hillyard S.A. Spatial filtering during visual search: Evidence from human electrophysiology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20 (1994) 1000-1014
175. Luck S.J., Hillyard S.A., Mangun G.R., and Gazzaniga M.S. Independent hemispheric attentional systems mediate visual search in split-brain patients. Nature 342 (1989) 543-545
176. Lueschow A., Miller E.K., and Desimone R. Inferior temporal mechanisms for invariant object recognition. Cerebral Cortex 4 (1994) 523-531
177. Lyon D.C., Jain N., and Kaas J.H. The visual pulvinar in tree shrews: II. Projections of four nuclei to areas of visual cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 467 (2003) 607-627
178. Macaluso E., and Patria F. Spatial re-orienting of visual attention along the horizontal or the vertical axis. Experimental Brain Research 180 (2007) 23-34
179. Makovski T., Vázquez G.A., and Jiang Y.V. Visual learning in multiple-object tracking. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e2228 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002228
180. Malinowski P., Fuchs S., and Müller M.M. Sustained division of spatial attention to multiple locations within one hemifield. Neuroscience Letters 414 (2007) 65-70
181. Mangun G.R. Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology 32 (1995) 4-18
182. Mangun G.R., Luck S.J., Plager R., Loftus W., Hilllyard S.A., and Handy T. Monitoring the visual world: Hemispheric asymmetries and subcortical processes in attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6 (1994) 267-275
183. Martin E.W., and Shapiro K.L. Does failure to mask T1 cause lag-1 sparing in the attentional blink?. Perception & Psychophysics 70 (2008) 562-570
184. Matsubara K., Shioiri S., and Yaguchi H. Spatial spread of visual attention while tracking a moving object. Optical Review 14 (2007) 57-63
185. Mattingley J.B., Davis G., and Driver J. Preattentive filling-in of visual surfaces in parietal extinction. Science 275 (1997) 671-673
186. Maunsell J.H.R., and Treue S. Feature-based attention in visual cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 29 (2006) 317-322
187. Mazer J.A., and Gallant J.L. Goal-related activity in V4 during free viewing visual search evidence for a ventral stream visual salience map. Neuron 40 (2003) 1241-1250
188. McCormick P.A. Orienting attention without awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 23 (1997) 168-180
189. McCormick P.A., and Klein R. The spatial distribution of attention during covert visual orienting. Acta Psychologica 75 (1990) 225-242
190. McCormick P.A., Klein R.M., and Johnston S. Splitting versus sharing focal attention: Comment on Castiello and Umiltà (1992). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24 (1998) 350-357
191. McIlwain J. Retinotopic fidelity of striate cortex-superior colliculus interactions in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 36 (1973) 702-710
192. McMains S.A., and Somers D.C. Multiple spotlights of attentional selection in human visual cortex. Neuron 42 (2004) 677-686
193. McMains S.A., and Somers D.C. Processing efficiency of divided spatial attention mechanisms in human visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005) 9444-9448
194. Menon R.S., and Kim S.-G. Spatial and temporal limits in cognitive neuroimaging with fMRI. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (1999) 207-216
195. Miller J. Discrete and continuous models of human information processing: Theoretical distinctions and empirical results. Acta Psychologica 67 (1988) 191-257
196. Miller J. The flanker compatibility effect as a function of visual angle, attentional focus, visual transients, and perceptual load: A search for boundary conditions. Perception & Psychophysics 49 (1991) 270-288
197. Mordkoff J.T., Yantis S., and Egeth H.E. Detecting conjunctions of color and form in parallel. Perception & Psychophysics 48 (1990) 157-168
198. Moore C.M., Egeth H., Berglan L.R., and Luck S.J. Are attentional dwell times inconsistent with serial visual search?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (1996) 360-365
199. Moore T., and Armstrong K.M. Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Nature 421 (2003) 370-373
200. Moore T., and Fallah M. Microstimulation of the frontal eye field and its effects on covert spatial attention. Journal of Neurophysiology 91 (2004) 152-162
201. Moran J., and Desimone R. Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex. Science 229 (1985) 782-784
202. Morgan S.T., Hansen J.C., and Hillyard S.A. Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93 (1996) 4770-4774
203. Morrison R.E. Manipulation of stimulus onset delay in reading: Evidence for parallel programming of saccades. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10 (1984) 667-682
204. Morrone M.C., Denti V., and Spinelli D. Color and luminance contrasts attract independent attention. Current Biology 12 (2002) 1134-1137
205. Morrone M.C., Denti V., and Spinelli D. Different attentional resources modulate the gain mechanisms for color and luminance contrast. Vision Research 44 (2004) 1389-1401
206. Motter B.C. Focal attention produces spatially selective processing in visual cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 in the presence of competing stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology 70 (1993) 909-919
207. Motter B.C. Neural correlates of attentive selection for color or luminance in extrastriate area V4. Journal of Neuroscience 14 (1994) 2178-2189
208. Motter B.C. Neural correlates of feature selective memory and pop-out in extrastriate area V4. Journal of Neuroscience 14 (1994) 2190-2199
209. Müller H.J., and Ebeling D. Attention-modulated activity in visual cortex-More than a simple "spotlight.". NeuroImage 40 (2008) 818-827
210. Müller H.J., and Findlay J.M. Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cuing of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics 42 (1987) 383-399
211. Müller M.M., and Hübner R. Can the spotlight of attention be shaped like a doughnut? Evidence from steady-state visual evoked potentials. Psychological Science 13 (2002) 119-124
212. Müller M.M., Malinowski P., Gruber T., and Hillyard S.A. Sustained division of the attentional spotlight. Nature 424 (2003) 309-312
213. Müller M.M., Picton T.W., Valdes-Sosa P., Riera J., Teder-Sälejärvi W.A., and Hillyard S.A. Effects of spatial selective attention on the steady-state visual evoked potential in the 20-28 Hz range. Cognitive Brain Research 6 (1998) 249-261
214. Müller M.M., Teder-Sälejärvi W., and Hillyard S.A. The time course of cortical facilitation during cued shifts of spatial attention. Nature Neuroscience 1 (1998) 631-634
215. Müller N.G., Bartelt O.A., Donner T.H., Villringer A., and Brandt S.A. A physiological correlate of the "zoom lens" of visual attention. Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003) 3561-3565
216. Müller N.G., and Kleinschmidt A. The attentional "spotlight's" penumbra: Center-surround modulation in striate cortex. NeuroReport 15 (2004) 977-980
217. Müller N.G., Mollenhauer M., Rösler A., and Kleinschmidt A. The attentional field has a Mexican hat distribution. Vision Research 45 (2005) 1129-1137
218. Navon D., and Gopher D. On the economy of the human-processing system. Psychological Review 86 (1979) 214-255
219. Neitzel, S., Mandon, S., & Kreiter, A. K. (2009, September-October). Attention modulates the phase coherence between macaque visual areas V1 and V4. Poster presented at the Bernstein Conference on Computational Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. doi:10.3389/conf.neuro.10.2009.14.061
220. Nobre A.C., Rao A., and Chelazzi L. Selective attention to specific features within objects: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006) 539-561
221. Nomura M., Katahata M., and Hashiya K. Visual orienting occurs asymmetrically in horizontal vs. vertical planes. Psychologia 48 (2005) 205-217
222. O'Craven K.M., Downing P.E., and Kanwisher N. fMRI evidence for objects as units of attentional selection. Nature 401 (1999) 584-587
223. Oksama L., and Hyönä J. Is multiple object tracking carried out automatically by an early vision mechanism independent of higher-order cognition? An individual difference approach. Visual Cognition 11 (2004) 631-671
224. Olson C.R. Brain representation of object-centered space in monkeys and humans. Annual Review of Neuroscience 26 (2003) 331-354
225. Pan K., and Eriksen C.W. Attentional distribution in the visual field during same-different judgments as assessed by response competition. Perception & Psychophysics 53 (1993) 134-144
226. Pashler H., and Johnston J.C. Attentional limitations in dual-task performance. In: Pashler H. (Ed). Attention (1998), Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, PA 155-189
227. Pavlovskaya M., Ring H., Groswasser Z., Keren O., and Hochstei S. Visual search in peripheral vision: Learning effects and set-size dependence. Spatial Vision 14 (2001) 151-173
228. Payne B.R., Lomber S.G., Geeraerts S., van der Gucht E., and Vandenbussche E. Reversible visual hemineglect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93 (1996) 290-294
229. Petersen S.E., Robinson D.L., and Morris J.D. Contributions of the pulvinar to visual spatial attention. Neuropsychologia 25 (1987) 97-105
230. Peterson M.S., and Juola J.F. Evidence for distinct attentional bottlenecks in attention switching and attentional blink tasks. Journal of General Psychology 127 (2000) 6-26
231. Pollatsek A., Reichle E.D., and Rayner K. Attention to one word at a time in reading is still a viable hypothesis: Rejoinder to Inhoff, Radach, and Eiter (2006). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32 (2006) 1496-1500
232. Popper K. The logic of scientific discovery (1959), Basic Books, New York, NY
233. Posner M.I. Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (1980) 3-25
234. Posner M.I., and Cohen Y. Components of visual orienting. In: Bouma H., and Bouwhuis D.G. (Eds). Attention and performance X (1984), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 531-556
235. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R., and Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109 (1980) 160-174
236. Potter M.C., Chun M.M., Banks B.S., and Muckenhoupt M. Two attentional deficits in serial target search: The visual attentional blink and an amodal task-switch deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24 (1998) 979-992
237. Pouget A., and Sejnowski T.J. Simulating a lesion in a basis function model of spatial representations: Comparison with hemineglect. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 653-673
238. Pratt J., and Quilty L. Examining the activity-distribution model of visual attention with exogenous cues and targets. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 55A (2002) 627-641
239. Pylyshyn Z. The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model. Cognition 32 (1989) 65-97
240. Pylyshyn Z.W. Situating vision in the world. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000) 197-207
241. Pylyshyn Z.W. Visual indexes, preconceptual objects, and situated vision. Cognition 80 (2001) 127-158
242. Pylyshyn Z.W. Seeing and visualizing: It's not what you think (2003), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
243. Pylyshyn Z.W. Some puzzling findings in multiple object tracking (MOT): II. Inhibition of moving nontargets. Visual Cognition 14 2 (2006) 175-198
244. Pylyshyn Z.W. Things and places: How the mind connects with the world (2007), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
245. Pylyshyn Z.W., and Annan Jr. V. Dynamics of target selection in Multiple Object Tracking (MOT). Spatial Vision 19 (2006) 485-504
246. Pylyshyn Z.W., and Storm R.W. Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spatial Vision 3 (1988) 179-197
247. Quiroga R.Q., Snyder L.H., Batista A.P., Cui H., and Andersen R.A. Movement intention is better predicted than attention in the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 3615-3620
248. Rao S.C., Rainer G., and Miller E.K. Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 276 (1997) 821-824
249. Raymond J.E., Shapiro K.L., and Arnell K.M. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18 (1992) 849-860
250. Reeves A., and Sperling G. Attention gating in short-term visual memory. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 180-206
251. Reichle E.D., Pollatsek A., Fisher D.L., and Rayner K. Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review 105 (1998) 125-157
252. Reinagel P., and Zador A.M. Natural scene statistics at the centre of gaze. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 10 (1999) 341-350
253. Reynolds J.H., Chelazzi L., and Desimone R. Competitive mechanisms subserve attention in macaque areas V2 and V4. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 1736-1753
254. Reynolds J.H., and Heeger D.J. The normalization model of attention. Neuron 61 (2009) 168-185
255. Rizzolatti G. Mechanisms of selective attention in mammals. In: Ewert J.-P., Capranica R.R., and Ingle D.J. (Eds). Advances in vertebrate neuroethology (1983), Plenum Press, London, England 261-297
256. Rizzolatti G., Riggio L., Dascola I., and Umiltà C. Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia 25 (1987) 31-40
257. Roelfsema P.R., Khayat P.S., and Spekreijse H. Subtask sequencing in the primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100 (2003) 5467-5472
258. Roelfsema P.R., Lamme V.A., and Spekreijse H. Object-based attention in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Nature 395 (1998) 376-381
259. Rollenhagen J.E., and Olson C.R. Low-frequency oscillations arising from competitive interactions between visual stimuli in macaque inferotemporal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 94 (2005) 3368-3387
260. Ruthruff E., Pashler H.E., and Hazeltine E. Dual-task interference with equal task emphasis: Graded capacity sharing or central postponement?. Perception & Psychophysics 65 (2003) 801-816
261. Saalmann Y.B., Pigarev I.N., and Vidyasagar T.R. Neural mechanisms of visual attention: How top-down feedback highlights relevant locations. Science 316 (2007) 1612-1615
262. Saarinen J., and Levi D.M. Perception of mirror symmetry reveals long-range interactions between orientation-selective cortical filters. NeuroReport 11 (2000) 2133-2138
263. Sack A.T., Sperling J.M., Prvulovic D., Formisano E., Goebel R., Di Salle F., and Linden D.E. Tracking the mind's image in the brain II: Transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals parietal asymmetry in visuospatial imagery. Neuron 35 (2002) 195-204
264. Sàenz M., Buracas G.T., and Boynton G.M. Global feature-based attention for motion and color. Vision Research 43 (2003) 629-637
265. Sagi D., and Julesz B. "Where" and "what" in vision. Science 228 (1985) 1217-1219
266. Sagi D., and Julesz B. Enhanced detection in the aperture of focal attention during simple discrimination tasks. Nature 321 (1986) 693-695
267. Scharlau I. Evidence for split foci of attention in a priming paradigm. Perception & Psychophysics 66 (2004) 988-1002
268. Scharlau I., and Ansorge U. Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming. Vision Research 43 (2003) 1351-1363
269. Scharlau I., and Neumann O. Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional interpretation. Psychological Research 67 (2003) 184-196
270. Scharlau I., and Neumann O. Temporal Parameters and the time course of perceptual latency priming. Acta Psychologica 113 (2003) 185-203
271. Schenkluhn B.M., Ruff C.C., Heinen K., and Chambers C.D. Parietal stimulation decouples spatial and feature-based attention. Journal of Neuroscience 28 (2008) 11106-11110
272. Schneider K.A., and Bavelier D. Components of visual prior entry. Cognitive Psychology 47 (2003) 333-366
273. Scholl B.J., and Pylyshyn Z.W. Tracking multiple items through occlusion: Clues to visual objecthood. Cognitive Psychology 38 (1999) 259-290
274. Scialfa C.T., Jenkins L., Hamaluk E., and Skaloud P. Aging and the development of automaticity in conjunction search. Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 55 (2000) P27-P46
275. Sereno A.B. Programming saccades: The role of attention. In: Rayner K. (Ed). Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (1992), Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 304-316
276. Shapiro K.L., Arnell K., and Raymond J.E. The attentional blink: A view on attention and a glimpse on consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1 (1997) 291-295
277. Shaw M.L., and Shaw P. Optimal allocation of cognitive resources to spatial locations. Journal Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3 (1977) 201-211
278. Sheliga B.M., Riggio L., and Rizzolatti G. Orienting of attention and eye movements. Experimental Brain Research 98 (1994) 507-522
279. Shiffrin R.M., and Gardner G.T. Visual processing capacity and attentional control. Journal of Experimental Psychology 93 (1972) 72-82
280. Shiffrin R.M., and Schneider W. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 82 (1977) 127-190
281. Shim W.M., Alvarez G.A., and Jiang Y.V. Spatial separation between targets constrains maintenance of attention on multiple objects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (2008) 390-397
282. Shmuel A., Yacoub E., Pfeuffer J., Van de Moortele P.F., Adriany G., Hu X., and Uǧurbil K. Sustained negative BOLD, blood flow and oxygen consumption response and its coupling to the positive response in the human brain. Neuron 36 (2002) 1195-1210
283. Shore D.I., Spence C., and Klein R.M. Visual prior entry. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 205-212
284. Shulman G.L., Remington R.W., and McLean J.P. Moving attention through visual space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5 (1979) 522-526
285. Singer W. Synchrony, oscillations, and relational codes. In: Chalupa L.M., and Werner J.S. (Eds). The visual neurosciences 2 (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1665-1681
286. Slotnick S.D., Hopfinger J.B., Klein S.A., and Sutter E.E. Darkness beyond the light: Attentional inhibition surrounding the classic spotlight. NeuroReport 13 (2002) 773-778
287. Slotnick S.D., Schwarzbach J., and Yantis S. Attentional inhibition of visual processing in human striate and extrastriate cortex. NeuroImage 19 (2003) 1602-1611
288. Smith A.T., Singh K.D., and Greenlee M.W. Attentional suppression of activity in the human visual cortex. NeuroReport 11 (2000) 271-277
289. Smith A.T., Williams A.L., and Singh K.D. Negative BOLD in the visual cortex: Evidence against blood stealing. Human Brain Mapping 21 (2004) 213-220
290. Snyder J.J., and Chatterjee A. The frontal cortex and exogenous attentional orienting. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (2006) 1913-1923
291. Snyder L.A., Batista A.P., and Andersen R.A. Coding of intention in the posterior parietal cortex. Nature 386 (1997) 167-170
292. Somers D.C., Dale A.M., Seiffert A.E., and Tootell R.B. Functional MRI reveals spatially specific attentional modulation in human primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96 (1999) 1663-1668
293. Sperling G., and Reeves A. Measuring the reaction time of an unobservable response: A shift of visual attention. In: Nickerson R.S. (Ed). Attention and performance VIII (1980), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 347-360
294. Sprague J.M. Neural mechanisms of visual orienting responses. Progress in Brain Research 112 (1996) 1-15
295. Standage, D. I., Trappenberg, T. P., & Klein, R. M. (2005a, July-August). A continuous attractor neural network model of divided visual attention. Paper presented at the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Montreal, Canada.
296. Standage D.I., Trappenberg T.P., and Klein R.M. Modelling divided visual attention with a winner-take-all network. Neural Networks 18 (2005) 620-627
297. Stanton G.B., Bruce C.J., and Goldberg M.E. Topography of projections to posterior cortical areas from the macaque frontal eye fields. Journal of Comparative Neurology 353 (2004) 291-305
298. Steinman S.B., and Steinman B.A. Vision and attention. I: Current models of visual attention. Optometry and Vision Science 75 (1998) 146-155
299. Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 153 (1966) 652-654
300. Theeuwes J. Abrupt luminance change pops out; abrupt color change does not. Perception & Psychophysics 57 (1995) 637-644
301. Theeuwes J., Godijn R., and Pratt J. A new estimation of the duration of attentional dwell time. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 60-64
302. Thompson K.G., Biscoe K.L., and Sato T.R. Neuronal basis of covert spatial attention in the frontal eye field. Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005) 9479-9487
303. Thornton T.L., and Gilden D.L. Parallel and serial processes in visual search. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 71-103
304. Titchener E.B. Lectures on the elementary psychology of feeling and attention (1908), Macmillan, New York, NY
305. Tootell R.B., Hadjikhani N., Hall E.K., Marrett S., Vanduffel W., Vaughan J.T., and Dale A.M. The retinotopy of visual spatial attention. Neuron 21 (1998) 1409-1422
306. Townsend J.T. Mock parallel and serial models and experimental detection of these. Proceedings of the Purdue Centennial Symposium on Information Processing (1969), Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN 617-628
307. Townsend J.T. Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science 1 (1990) 46-54
308. Townsend J.T., and Wenger M.J. The serial-parallel dilemma: A case study in a linkage of theory and method. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 391-418
309. Treisman A. Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 8 (1982) 194-212
310. Treisman A.M., and Gelade G. A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12 (1980) 97-136
311. Treisman A., and Gormican S. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review 95 (1988) 15-48
312. Treisman A., and Sato S. Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Perception and Performance: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 459-478
313. Treue S., and Martínez Trujillo J.C. Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex. Nature 399 (1999) 575-579
314. Treue S., and Maunsell J.H. Effects of attention on the processing of motion in macaque middle temporal and medial superior temporal visual cortex areas. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 7591-7602
315. Tsal Y. Movements of attention across the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9 (1983) 523-530
316. Turatto M., Benso F., Facoetti A., Galfano G., Mascetti G.G., and Umiltà C. Automatic and voluntary focusing of attention. Perception & Psychophysics 62 (2000) 935-952
317. Ullman S. Visual routines. Cognition 18 (1984) 97-159
318. Umiltà C., Mucignat C., Riggio L., Barbieri C., and Rizzolatti G. Programming shifts of spatial attention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6 (1994) 23-41
319. Umiltà C., Riggio L., Dascola I., and Rizzolatti G. Differential effects of central and peripheral cues on the reorienting of spatial attention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 3 (1991) 247-267
320. Ungerleider L.G., Galkin T.W., Desimone R., and Gattass R. Cortical connections of area V4 in the macaque. Cerebral Cortex 18 (2007) 477-499
321. VanRullen R., Carlson T., and Cavanagh P. The blinking spotlight of attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104 (2007) 19204-19209
322. VanRullen R., Reddy L., and Koch C. Visual search and dual tasks reveal two distinct attentional resources. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 (2004) 4-14
323. von der Malsburg C. The correlation theory of brain function. In: Domany E., van Hemmen J.L., and Schulten K. (Eds). Models of neural networks II (1994), Springer, Berlin, Germany 95-119
324. Walsh V., Ellison A., Ashbridge E., and Cowey A. The role of the parietal cortex in visual attention-Hemispheric asymmetries and the effects of learning: A magnetic stimulation study. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 245-251
325. Ward R., Duncan J., and Shapiro K. The slow time-course of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology 30 (1996) 79-109
326. Weichselgartner E., and Sperling G. Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention. Science 238 (1987) 778-780
327. Weintraub S., and Mesulam M.-M. Right cerebral dominance in spatial attention. Further evidence based on ipsilateral neglect. Archives of Neurology 44 (1987) 621-625
328. Wickens C.D. The structure of attentional resources. In: Nickerson R.S. (Ed). Attention and performance VIII (1980), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 239-257
329. Wickens C.D. Processing resources in attention. In: Parasuraman R., and Davies D.R. (Eds). Varieties of attention (1984), Academic Press, New York, NY 63-102
330. Wilson F.A., Scalaidhe S.P., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260 (1993) 1955-1958
331. Wilson H.R., and Wilkinson F. Symmetry perception: A novel approach for biological shapes. Vision Research 42 (2002) 589-597
332. Wolfe J.M. Guided search 2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1 (1994) 202-238
333. Womelsdorf T., Schoffelen J.-M., Oostenveld R., Singer W., Desimone R., Engel A.K., and Fries P. Modulation of neuronal interactions through neuronal synchronization. Science 316 (2007) 1609-1612
334. Woodman G.F., and Luck S.J. Electrophysiological measurement of rapid shifts of attention during visual search. Nature 400 (1999) 867-869
335. Woodman G.F., and Luck S.J. Serial deployment of attention during visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29 (2003) 121-138
336. Wurtz R.H., and Goldberg M.E. The primate superior colliculus and the shift of visual attention. Investigative Ophthalmology 11 (1972) 441-450
337. Yantis S. On analog movements of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics 43 (1988) 203-206
338. Yantis S., and Johnston J.C. On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 135-149
339. Zimba L.D., and Hughes H.C. Distractor-target interactions during directed visual attention. Spatial Vision 2 (1987) 117-149
340. Zuvic S.M., Visser T.A., and Di Lollo V. Direct estimates of processing delays in the attentional blink. Psychological Research 63 (2000) 192-198