Toward a Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading

Psychological Review

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 125-157

  Reichle, Erik D ^a   Pollatsek, Alexander ^a   Fisher, Donald L ^a   Rayner, Keith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; COGNITION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; READING; REVIEW;

ATTENTION; COGNITION; EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; READING;

EID: 0031606661     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.125     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Abrams, R. A. (1992). Planning and producing saccadic eye movements. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (pp. 66-88). New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Balota, D. A., & Chumbley, J. I. (1984). Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 340-357.
3. Balota, D. A., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1985). The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 364-390.
4. Beauvillain, C. (1996). The integration of morphological structure and whole-word form information during eye fixations on prefixed and suffixed words. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 801-820.
5. Becker, W., & Jürgens, R. (1979). An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double-step stimuli. Vision Research, 19, 967-983.
6. Binder, K. S., & Morris, R. K. (1995). Eye movements and lexical ambiguity resolution: Effects of prior encounter and discourse topic. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1186-1196.
7. Blanchard, H. E. (1985). A comparison of some processing time measures based on eye movements. Acta Psychologica, 58, 1-15.
8. Bouma, H., & deVoogd, A. H. (1974). On the control of eye saccades in reading. Vision Research, 14, 273-284.
9. Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (1983). What your eyes do while your mind is reading. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes (pp. 275-307). New York: Academic Press.
10. Chumbley, J. I., & Balota, D. A. (1984). A word's meaning affects the decision in lexical decision. Memory & Cognition, 12, 590-606.
11. Duffy, S. A., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1988). Lexical ambiguity and fixation times in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 429-446.
12. Ehrlich, K. (1983). Eye movements in pronoun assignment: A study of sentence integration. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes (pp. 253-268). New York: Academic Press.
13. Ehrlich, K., & Rayner, K. (1983). Pronoun assignment and semantic integration during reading: Eye movements and immediacy of processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 75-87.
14. Ehrlich, S. F., & Rayner, K. (1981). Contextual effects on word perception and eye movements during reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 641-655.
15. Eich, J. M. (1985). Levels of processing, encoding specificity, elaboration, and CHARM. Psychological Review, 92, 1-38.
16. Fisher, D. L., & Goldstein, W. (1983). Stochastic PERT networks as models of cognition: Derivation of the mean, variance, and distribution of reaction time using order-of-processing (OP) diagrams. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 27, 121-151.
17. Fodor, J. A. (1983). Modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
18. Francis, W. N., & Kuĉera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
19. Frazier, L., & Clifton, C. (1996). Construal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
20. Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982). Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 178-210.
21. Grainger, J., & Jacobs, A. M. (1996). Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review, 103, 518-565.
22. Haber, L. R., Haber, R. N., & Furlin, K. R. (1983). Word length and word shape as sources of information in reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 28, 165-189.
23. Henderson, J. M., Dixon, P., Petersen, A., Twilley, L. C., & Ferreira, F. (1995). Evidence for the use of phonological representations during transsaccadic word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 82-97.
24. Henderson, J. M., & Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading: Implications for attention and eye movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 417-429.
25. Hess, D. J., Foss, D. J., & Carroll, P. (1995). Effects of global and local context on lexical processing during language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 62-82.
26. Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace model. Psychological Review, 95, 528-551.
27. Hintzman, D. L. (1991). Why are formal models useful in psychology? In W. E. Hockley & S. Lewandowsky (Eds.), Relating theory and data: Essays on human memory in honor of Bennet B. Murdock (pp. 175-194). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 787-795.
29. Hogaboam, T. W. (1983). Reading patterns in eye movement data. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes (pp. 309-332). New York: Academic Press.
30. Huey, E. B. (1908). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. New York: Macmillan.
31. Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D., & Pike, R. (1989). Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychological Review, 96, 208-233.
32. Hyönä, J., & Pollatsek, A. (in press). Reading Finnish compound words: Eye fixations are affected by component morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
33. Inhoff, A. W. (1984). Two stages of word processing during eye fixations in the reading of prose. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 612-624.
34. Inhoff, A. W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M. I., & Rayner, K. (1989). Covert attention and eye movements during reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41A, 63-89.
35. Inhoff, A. W., & Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 431-439.
36. Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329-354.
37. Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1987). The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
38. Kennison, S. M., & Clifton, C. (1995). Determinants of parafoveal preview benefit in high and low working memory capacity readers: Implications for eye movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 68-81.
39. Kintsch, W. (1988). The use of knowledge in discourse processing: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182.
40. Klein, R. M., & Pontrefact, A. (1994). Does oculomotor readiness mediate cognitive control of visual attention? Revisited! In C. Umiltà & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV (pp. 333-350). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41. Kolers, P. A. (1976). Buswell's discoveries. In R. A. Monty & J. W. Senders (Eds.), Eye movements and psychological processes (pp. 373-396). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B., & Blaser, E. (1995). The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research, 35, 1897-1916.
43. Legge, G. E., Klitz, T. S., & Tjan, B. S. (1997). Mr. Chips: An ideal-observer model of reading. Psychological Review, 104, 524-553.
44. Lima, S. D., & Inhoff, A. W. (1985). Lexical access during eye fixations in reading : Effects of word-initial letter sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 272-285.
45. Logan, G. D. (1982). On the ability to inhibit complex movement: A stop-signal study of typewriting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 778-792.
46. MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1994). The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 101, 676-703.
47. McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., & Zola, D. (1988). Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial fixations on words. Vision Research, 28, 1107-1118.
48. McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578-586.
49. McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1979). Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading? Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 221-224.
50. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Inference during reading. Psychological Review, 99, 440-466.
51. Morris, R. K. (1994). Lexical and message-level sentence context effects on fixation times in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 92-103.
52. Morrison, R. E. (1984). Manipulation of stimulus onset delay in reading : Evidence for parallel programming of saccades. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 667-682.
53. Murdock, B. B. (1993). TODAM2: A model for the storage and retrieval of item, associative, and serial-order information. Psychological Review, 100, 183-203.
54. O'Regan, J. K. (1979). Eye guidance in reading: Evidence for the linguistic control hypothesis. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 501-509.
55. O'Regan, J. K. (1981). The convenient viewing hypothesis. In D. F. Fisher, R. A. Monty, & J. W. Senders (Eds.), Eye movements: Cognition and visual perception (pp. 289-298). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. O'Regan, J. K. (1990). Eye movements and reading. In E. Kowler (Ed.), Eye movements and their role in visual and cognitive processes (pp. 395-453). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
57. O'Regan, J. K. (1992). Optimal viewing position in words and the strategy-tactics theory of eye movements in reading. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (pp. 333-354). New York: Springer-Verlag.
58. Osman, A., Kornblum, S., & Meyer, D. E. (1990). Does motor programming necessitate response execution? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 183-198.
59. Paap, K. R., Newsome, S. L., McDonald, J. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1982). An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: The word superiority effect. Psychological Review, 89, 573-594.
60. Perea, M., & Pollatsek, A. (in press). The effects of neighborhood frequency in reading and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
61. Pollatsek, A., Lesch, M., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1992). Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 148-162.
62. Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1990). Eye movements and lexical access in reading. In D. A. Balota, G. B. Flores d'Arcais, & K. Rayner (Eds.), Comprehension processes in reading (pp. 143-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Balota, D. A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 123-130.
64. Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
65. Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134.
66. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59-108.
67. Ratcliff, R. (1988). Continuous versus discrete information processing: Modelling accumulation of partial information. Psychological Review, 95, 238-255.
68. Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81.
69. Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 618-660.
70. Rayner, K. (1979). Eye guidance in reading: Fixation locations in words. Perception, 8, 21-30.
71. Rayner, K. (1986). Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 41, 211-236.
72. Rayner, K. (1995). Eye movements and cognitive processes in reading, visual search, and scene perception. In J. M. Findlay, R. W. Kentridge, & R. Walker (Eds.), Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes and applications (pp. 3-22). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
73. Rayner, K., Balota, D. A., & Pollatsek, A. (1986). Against parafoveal semantic preprocessing during eye fixations in reading. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473-483.
74. Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition, 14, 191-201.
75. Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1988). On-line comprehension processes and eye movements during reading. In M. Daneman, G. E. MacKinnon, & T. G. Waller (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 6, pp. 13-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
76. Rayner, K., & Fischer, M. H. (1996). Mindless reading revisited: Eye movements during reading and scanning are different. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 734-747.
77. Rayner, K., & Frazier, L. (1989). Selection mechanisms in reading lexically ambiguous words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 75, 779-790.
78. Rayner, K., & McConkie, G. W. (1976). What guides a reader's eye movements? Vision Research, 16, 829-837.
79. Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1980). Integrating information across eye movements. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 206-226.
80. Rayner, K., & Morris, R. K. (1992). Eye movement control in reading: Evidence against semantic preprocessing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 163-172.
81. Rayner, K., & Morrison, R. E. (1981). Eye movements and identifying words in parafoveal vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 17, 135-138.
82. Rayner, K., Pacht, J. M., & Duffy, S. A. (1994). Effects of prior encounter and discourse bias on the processing of lexically ambiguous words: Evidence from eye fixations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 527-544.
83. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1981). Eye movement control in reading: Evidence for direct control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 351-373.
84. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1987). Eye movements in reading: A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and performance XII (pp. 327-362). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
85. Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
86. Rayner, K., & Raney, G. E. (1996). Eye movement control in reading and visual search: Effects of word frequency. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 245-248.
87. Rayner, K., & Sereno, S. C. (1994). Eye movements in reading: Psycholinguistic studies. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 57-81). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
88. Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Morris, R. K., Schmauder, A. R., & Clifton, C. (1989). Eye movements and on-line language comprehension processes [Special issue]. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 21-50.
89. Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., & Raney, G. E. (1996). Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 1188-1200.
90. Rayner, K., Slowiaczek, M. L., Clifton, C., & Bertera, J. H. (1983). Latency of sequential eye movements: Implications for reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 912-922.
91. Rayner, K., & Well, A. D. (1996). Effects of contextual constraint on eye movements in reading: A further examination. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 504-509.
92. Schilling, H. E. H., Rayner, K., & Chumbley, J. I. (in press). Comparing naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times: Word frequency effects and individual differences. Memory & Cognition.
93. Schustack, M. W., Ehrlich, S. F., & Rayner, K. (1987). The complexity of contextual information in reading: Local and global influences. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 322-340.
94. Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568.
95. Stelmach, L. B., Campsall, J. M., & Herdman, C. M. (1997). Attentional and ocular movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 823-844.
96. Suppes, P. (1990). Eye-movement models for arithmetic and reading performance. In E. Kowler (Ed.), Eye movements and their role in visual and cognitive processes (pp. 455-478). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
97. Thibadeau, R., Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1982). A model of the time course and content of human reading. Cognitive Science, 6, 101-155.
98. Treisman, A. M. (1969). Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review, 76, 282-299.
99. Vitu, F. (1991). The influence of parafoveal processing and linguistic control on the optimal landing position effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 58-75.
100. Wolverton, G. S., & Zola, D. A. (1983). The temporal characteristics of visual information extraction during reading. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes (pp. 41-51). New York: Academic Press.
101. Wurtz, R. H., Goldberg, M. E., & Robinson, D. L. (1982). Brain mechanisms of visual attention. Scientific American, 246, 124-135.
102. Zola, D. (1984). The effect of redundancy on the perception of words in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 36, 277-284.