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1
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Gideon Rose, 'Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy', World Politics, 51:1 (1998).
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Examples of neoclassical realist works include Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
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Examples of neoclassical realist works include Thomas J. Christensen, Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996)
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Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict 1947-1958 Princeton Studies in International History and Politics
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Christensen, T.J.1
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A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical realism as the logical and necessary extension of structural realism
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Brian Rathbun, 'A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical Realism as the Logical and Necessary Extension of Structural Realism', Security Studies, 17:2 (2008).
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, vol.17
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The progresiveness of neoclassical realism
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Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius (eds), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
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Randall L. Schweller, 'The Progresiveness of Neoclassical Realism', in Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius (eds), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), p. 316.
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Schweller, R.L.1
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The Realism of Realism: The State in the study of international relations
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Alan James, 'The Realism of Realism: The State in the Study of International Relations', Review of International Studies, 15 (1989), p. 221.
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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
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Stephen M. Walt, Revolution and War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 4.
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, pp. 4
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Stephen, M.1
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The enduring relevance of the realist tradition
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Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner (eds) New York N.Y.; London: W.W. Norton
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Stephen M. Walt, 'The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition', in Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner (eds), Political Science: The State of the Discipline (New York, N.Y.; London: W.W. Norton, 2002), p. 211.
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Walt, S.M.1
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16
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The plethora of intervening variables addressed by neoclassical realist is detailed
-
The plethora of intervening variables addressed by neoclassical realist is detailed in Taliaferro, Lobell, and Ripsman, Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, pp. 1-41.
-
Taliaferro, Lobell, and Ripsman, Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy
, pp. 1-41
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17
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77952631184
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The authors argue that there is no single neoclassical realist theory of foreign policy, but rather a diversity of neoclassical realist theories
-
The authors argue that there is no single neoclassical realist theory of foreign policy, but rather a diversity of neoclassical realist theories.
-
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19
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77952632468
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Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
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Carl von Clausewitz, Michael Eliot Howard and Peter Paret, On War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 127-132
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Von Clausewitz, C.1
Howard, M.E.2
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American Grand strategy today and tomorrow: Learning from the european experience
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Paul M. Kennedy (ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press
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Paul M. Kennedy, 'American Grand Strategy, Today and Tomorrow: Learning from the European Experience', in Paul M. Kennedy (ed.), Grand Strategies in War and Peace (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 4.
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, pp. 4
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Kennedy, P.M.1
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Basil Henry Liddell Hart (eds), 2nd rev. New York, N.Y., U. S. A.: Meridian
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Basil Henry Liddell Hart (eds), Strategy, 2nd rev. (New York, N.Y., U. S. A.: Meridian, 1991), p. 321.
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22
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Ibid
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24
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Grand Strategy in war and peace: Toward a broader definition
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Paul M. Kennedy (ed.) New Haven: Yale University Press
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Paul M. Kennedy, 'Grand Strategy in War and Peace: Toward a Broader Definition', in Paul M. Kennedy (ed.), Grand Strategies in War and Peace (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 4.
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Kennedy, P.M.1
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Grand Strategy in war and peace: Toward a broader definition
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Ibid
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Ibid., P. M. Kennedy . Grand Strategy in War and Peace: Toward a Broader Definition. Grand Strategies in War and Peace p. 5. 1991
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, pp. 5
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Kennedy, P.M.1
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Beyond Realism: The Study of Grand Strategy
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Richard Newton Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein (eds) Ithaca: Cornell University Press
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Richard Newton Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein, 'Beyond Realism: The Study of Grand Strategy', in Richard Newton Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein (eds), The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 4.
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Rosecrance, R.N.1
Stein, A.A.2
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Liddell hart and the weight of history
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Ithaca: Cornell University Press
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John J. Mearsheimer, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 17.
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The Sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars
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Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), p. 7.
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John Lewis Gaddis relates Hitler's and Stalin's foreign policies in terms of the 'quixotic illusions' that exist in authoritarian systems Oxford: Clarendon Press
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John Lewis. Gaddis relates Hitler's and Stalin's foreign policies in terms of the 'quixotic illusions' that exist in authoritarian systems. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1997) 291.
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Ted Hopf, 'The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory' International Security, 23:1 (1998), pp. 174-175
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Hopf, T.1
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Wendt, A.1
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The False promise of international institutions
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For an overview of the extent to which the two approaches represent incommensurable epistemologies
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For an overview of the extent to which the two approaches represent incommensurable epistemologies, see John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions' International Security, 19:3 (1994/1995).
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, vol.19
, pp. 3
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and Alexander Wendt, 'Constructing International Politics' International Security, 20: 1 (1995), p. 75.
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Mark Laffey and Jutta Weldes, 'Beyond Belief: Ideas and Symbolic Technologies in the Study of International Relations' European Journal of International Relations, 3: 2 (1997), p. 195.
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, pp. 195
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Weldes, J.2
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The clearest statements of modern realism's attitude to human nature are Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man Vs. Power Politics Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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Taliaferro, Lobell and Ripsman, Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, p. 14. The clearest statements of modern realism's attitude to human nature are Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man Vs. Power Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946)
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Ripsman Neoclassical Realism the State and Foreign Policy
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Lobell, T.1
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Morgenthau was the most influential of all the classical realists, and his arguments remain the most systematic exposition of classical realist thought. Other examples of classical realist theory include London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
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Morgenthau was the most influential of all the classical realists, and his arguments remain the most systematic exposition of classical realist thought. Other examples of classical realist theory include Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1966);
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Aron, R.1
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Morgenthau national security must be defined as integrity of the national territory and its institutions
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For Morgenthau, 'national security must be defined as integrity of the national territory and its institutions.' Morgenthau and Thompson, Politics among Nations, p. 586.
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Politics among Nations
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Morgenthau1
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Colin Dueck, 'New Perspectives on American Grand Strategy' International Security, 28:4 (2004), p. 215.
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Dueck, C.1
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Kennan and Morgenthau, for example, were concerned by the impact of idealist liberal ideas on American foreign policy
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Kennan and Morgenthau, for example, were concerned by the impact of idealist liberal ideas on American foreign policy.
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Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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George F. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 65-90
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University of Kansas City Law Review VII
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Morgenthau, H.J.1
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Crick, B.R.2
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Waltz Man the State, and War
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Waltz, Man, the State, and War.
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Reclaiming the critical dimension of realism: Hans j. morgenthau on the ethics of scholarship
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Muriele Cozette, 'Reclaiming the Critical Dimension of Realism: Hans J. Morgenthau on the Ethics of Scholarship' Review of International Studies, 34:1 (2008).
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On the contemporary role of prominent realists speaking truth to power
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On the contemporary role of prominent realists speaking truth to power see Rodger A. Payne, 'Neorealists as Critical Theorists: The Purpose of Foreign Policy Debate' Perspectives on Politics 5: 3. 2007).
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Michael C. Williams, 'What Is the National Interest? The Neoconservative Challenge in IR Theory' European Journal of International Relations, 11:3 (2005).
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, pp. 3
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Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger, Political Traditions in Foreign Policy Series (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), p. 160.
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Michael C. Williams, 'Why Ideas Matter in International Relations: Hans Morgenthau, Classical Realism, and the Moral Construction of Power Politics' International Organization, 58: 3 (2004), p. 634.
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As Keohane puts it, 'creating this dichotomy is a bit like arguing whether the heart or the brain is most fundamental to life
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As Keohane puts it, 'creating this dichotomy is a bit like arguing whether the heart or the brain is most fundamental to life.' Robert O. Keohane, 'Ideas Part-Way Down' Review of International Studies, 26 (2000), p. 127.
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Keohane, R.O.1
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The Formation of european policy in post-franco spain: The role of ideas
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Michael P. Marks, The Formation of European Policy in Post-Franco Spain: The Role of Ideas, Interests and Knowledge (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997), p. 27.
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Keohane and Goldstein undermine their theoretical construction that posits a null hypothesis that 'variation in policy across countries, or over time, is entirely accounted for by changes in factors other than ideas' with their belief that 'ideas and interests are not phenomenologically separate'. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds), Ithaca: Cornell University Press
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Keohane and Goldstein undermine their theoretical construction that posits a null hypothesis that 'variation in policy across countries, or over time, is entirely accounted for by changes in factors other than ideas' with their belief that 'ideas and interests are not phenomenologically separate'. See Kathryn Sikkink,'The Power of Principled Ideas: Human Rights Policies in the United States and Western Europe' in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 26-27
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The philosophy of human altruism makes this case. See Samir Okasha, 'Biological Altruism' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2003).
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Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, 'Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework' in Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 3, 20.
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Goldstein, J.1
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The Social psychology of the world religions
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H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds) London: Routledge
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For psychological approaches to the role of ideas in policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
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For psychological approaches to the role of ideas in policy see Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976)
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Perception and Misperception in International Politics
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Walter Russell Mead, Power, Terror, Peace, and War: America's Grand Strategy in a World at Risk, 1st ed. (New York: Knopf, 2004), pp. 18-19
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Mead, W.R.1
Terror, P.2
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Peter M. Haas, 'Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination' International Organization, 46:1 (1992), pp. 2-4.
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Haas, P.M.1
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Ideas, Bureaucratic politics and the crafting of foreign policy
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For a more detailed overview of how 'idea-infused' institutions operate within the bureaucratic order
-
For a more detailed overview of how 'idea-infused' institutions operate within the bureaucratic order, see Daniel W. Drezner, 'Ideas, Bureaucratic Politics and the Crafting of Foreign Policy' American Journal of Political Science, 44:4 (2000).
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American Journal of Political Science
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Drezner, D.W.1
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Sheri Berman, 'Ideas, Norms and Culture in Political Analysis' Comparative Politics, 33:2 (2001), pp. 238-239
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Comparative Politics
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Berman, S.1
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Michael C. Desch, 'Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies' International Security, 23:1 (1998), p. 167.
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International Security
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, pp. 167
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Desch, M.C.1
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Foreign Policy Engineering: From theory to practice and back again
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Philip Zelikow, 'Foreign Policy Engineering: From Theory to Practice and Back Again' International Security, 18:4 (1994), p. 153.
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International Security
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Zelikow, P.1
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Philip Zelikow, 'Foreign Policy Engineering: From Theory to Practice and Back Again' International Security (1994) Ibid., p. 156.
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International Security
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Zelikow, P.1
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116
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33745473359
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A classic and controversial example of powerful ideas affecting foreign policy processes is the Israel lobby in the United States. Here democratic and religious ideas both have strong congruence with prevailing American ideology, and powerful couriers in think-tanks, academia and the media enhance the influence of those ideas. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
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A classic and controversial example of powerful ideas affecting foreign policy processes is the Israel lobby in the United States. Here democratic and religious ideas both have strong congruence with prevailing American ideology, and powerful couriers in think-tanks, academia and the media enhance the influence of those ideas. See John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007).
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The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
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Mearsheimer, J.J.1
Walt, S.M.2
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117
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Unanswered threats: A neoclassical realist theory of underbalancing
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Randall L. Schweller, 'Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing' International Security, 29:2 (2004)
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International Security
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Schweller, R.L.1
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Unanswered threats: Political constraints on the balance of power
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Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
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Randall L. Schweller, Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 2006).
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Princeton Studies in International History and Politics
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Schweller, R.L.1
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Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'State Building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State' Security Studies, 15:3 (2006)
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Taliaferro, J.W.1
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This definition can be developed by disaggregating the democratic 'state' into two elements, the representative (legislative) element and the foreign policy executive (composed of high-ranking bureaucrats and elected executive officials charged with the overall conduct of foreign affairs). Strategy derives from the balance of the necessary tensions between the societal pressure of the representative element which acts in the interests of society, and the strategic pressures of the executive which acts in the interests for society
-
Krasner, Defending the National Interest, pp. 12-13 This definition can be developed by disaggregating the democratic 'state' into two elements, the representative (legislative) element and the foreign policy executive (composed of high-ranking bureaucrats and elected executive officials charged with the overall conduct of foreign affairs). Strategy derives from the balance of the necessary tensions between the societal pressure of the representative element which acts in the interests of society, and the strategic pressures of the executive which acts in the interests for society.
-
Defending the National Interest
, pp. 12-13
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Neoclassical Realism and Domestic Interest Groups Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell and Norrin M. Ripsman (eds) Cambridge University Press
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See also Norrin M Ripsman, 'Neoclassical Realism and Domestic Interest Groups' in Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell and Norrin M. Ripsman (eds), Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
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Ripsman, N.M.1
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Reluctant crusaders layne, the peace of illusions rose
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Dueck, Reluctant Crusaders; Layne, The Peace of Illusions; Rose, 'Neoclassical Realism'.
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Dueck1
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Threat Assessment, the state and foreign policy
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Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M Ripsman (eds). Cambridge University Press. 61-68
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Steven E. Lobell, 'Threat Assessment, the State and Foreign Policy' in Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M Ripsman (eds), Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 46-56, 61-68.
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Lobell, S.E.1
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The Problem of Uncertainty in strategic planning
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Winter
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Michael Fitzsimmons, 'The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning' Survival, 48:4 (Winter 2006-2007), p. 135.
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Fitzsimmons, M.1
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A number of studies have identified cases where misperception of the strategic situation by opinion formers and leaders within states was instrumental in policy outcomes
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A number of studies have identified cases where misperception of the strategic situation by opinion formers and leaders within states was instrumental in policy outcomes. See Thomas J. Christensen, 'Perceptions and Alliances in Europe, 1865-1940' International Organization, 51:1 (1997)
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Morgenthau specified three 'typical errors of evaluation': 1 disregarding the relativity of power by regarding the power of one particular nation as absolute 2) assuming permanency of a certain factor of power when in fact most are subject to dynamic change; and 3) attributing to a single factor decisive importance
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Wohlforth, The Elusive Balance. Morgenthau specified three 'typical errors of evaluation': 1) disregarding the relativity of power by regarding the power of one particular nation as absolute 2) assuming permanency of a certain factor of power when in fact most are subject to dynamic change; and 3) attributing to a single factor decisive importance.
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Wohlforth1
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Alliance Formation and the balance of world power
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Stephen M. Walt, 'Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power' International Security, 9:4 (1985), pp. 8-9.
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Henry Nau goes further, to plausibly argue that power can only really threaten when national identities diverge, and that we should can therefore usefully think of the international system in terms of a 'distribution of identity', alongside the distribution of power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
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Henry Nau goes further, to plausibly argue that power can only really threaten when national identities diverge, and that we should can therefore usefully think of the international system in terms of a 'distribution of identity', alongside the distribution of power. Henry R. Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy, Cornell Studies in Political Economy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
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For example, internal instability may be seen as a threat (UN Resolution 1556 describes genocide in Darfur as 'a threat to international peace and security'). Some argue that dictatorships, irrespective of their particular character, are necessarily threatening 23 April
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For example, internal instability may be seen as a threat (UN Resolution 1556 describes genocide in Darfur as 'a threat to international peace and security'). Some argue that dictatorships, irrespective of their particular character, are necessarily threatening. Robert D. Kaplan, 'Old States, New Threats, Washington Post (23 April 2006).
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Kaplan, R.D.1
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Walter Russell Mead disaggregates this spectrum to isolate four tools of strategy: 'sharp power', ' sticky power', 'sweet power' and 'hegmonic power'
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Walter Russell Mead disaggregates this spectrum to isolate four tools of strategy: 'sharp power', 'sticky power', 'sweet power' and 'hegmonic power'. See Mead, Power Terror Peace and War, pp. 26-58.
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Mead, Power Terror Peace and War
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Colin Dueck, 'Ideas and Alternatives in American Grand Strategy, 2000-2004' Review of International Studies, 30 (2004), pp. 521-523
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The author mistakenly excludes the possibility of declinist grand strategies, perhaps because of an underlying assumption that strategy refers to a state's purposeful interactions with others, rendering a minimally activist strategy almost a contradiction in terms. Princeton, N.J.; Chichester: Princeton University Press
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The author mistakenly excludes the possibility of declinist grand strategies, perhaps because of an underlying assumption that strategy refers to a state's purposeful interactions with others, rendering a minimally activist strategy almost a contradiction in terms. Eric A. Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century (Princeton, N.J.; Chichester: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 8.
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On declinist grand strategies Michael Howard et al (eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press
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On declinist grand strategies see Paul M. Kennedy, 'Grand Strategies and Less-Than-Grand Strategies: A Twentieth Century Critique' in Michael Howard et al (eds), War, Strategy, and International Politics: Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 239-40
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Charles A. Kupchan, The Vulnerability of Empire (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 67-68
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New Threats, new identities, and new ways of war: The sources of change national security doctrine
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Emily O. Goldman, 'New Threats, New Identities, and New Ways of War: The Sources of Change in National Security Doctrine' Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:2 (2001), p. 54.
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Kenneth Waltz, 'Structural Realism after the Cold War' International Security, 25:1 (2000), p. 24.
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For example, Peter Trubowitz argues that significant American strategic adjustment coincided with and grew out of shifts in the underlying regional structure of political and economic power within the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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For example, Peter Trubowitz argues that significant American strategic adjustment coincided with and grew out of shifts in the underlying regional structure of political and economic power within the United States. Peter Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest: Conflict and Change in American Foreign Policy, American Politics and Political Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
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I am grateful to an anonymous referee for Review of International Studies for this point
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I am grateful to an anonymous referee for Review of International Studies for this point.
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Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
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G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars, Princeton Studies in International History and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001).
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This section draws on the lists of realism's core tenets in Stephen G. Brooks, 'Dueling Realisms' International Organization, 51:3 (1997)
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Taliaferro, Lobell, and Ripsman, Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy
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Taliaferro, Lobell, and Ripsman, Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy.
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163
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Myths of Empire: Domestic politics and international ambition
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Jack L. Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 19.
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Jeffrey Legro, Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 1.
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William C. Wohlforth, 'Realism and the End of the Cold War' International Security, 19:3 (1995), p. 107.
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For example, Christensen discusses the 'political hurdles to mobilisation. Similarly, Zakiria defines state power as the government's ability to put national resources to the ends of its choice. Therefore, societies with weak states are unable to exploit their resources fully, so that only strong states can successfully pursue expansionist grand strategies
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For example, Christensen discusses the 'political hurdles to mobilisation' Christensen, Useful Adversaries, p. 14. Similarly, Zakiria defines state power as the government's ability to put national resources to the ends of its choice. Therefore, societies with weak states are unable to exploit their resources fully, so that only strong states can successfully pursue expansionist grand strategies.
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Useful Adversaries
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For example Goldman notes that air power, nuclear weapons and the information age have all
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For example, Goldman notes that air power, nuclear weapons and the information age have all
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reduced the 'space' between states, effectively altering the nature of their environment
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reduced the 'space' between states, effectively altering the nature of their environment. Goldman, 'New Threats' p. 48.
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The Logic of anarchy: Neorealism to structural realism
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Barry Buzan, Charles A. Jones, and Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism, New Directions in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 28.
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