The causal effects of ideas on policies

International Organization

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 69-108

  Yee, Albert S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030529681     PISSN: 00208183     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0020818300001673     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Adler, Emanuel, and Peter M. Haas. 1992. Conclusion: Epistemic communities, world order, and the creation of a reflective research program. International Organization 46:367-90.
2. American Political Science Review. 1995. Review symposium: the qualitative-quantitative disputation. American Political Science Review 89:454-81.
3. Archdeacon, Thomas J. 1994. Correlation and regression analysis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
4. Axelrod, Robert, and Robert O. Keohane. 1986. Achieving cooperation under anarchy: Strategies and institutions. In Cooperation under anarchy, edited by Kenneth A. Oye. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
5. Ball, Terence. 1987. Deadly hermeneutics; or, sinn and the social scientist. In Idioms of inquiry: Critique and renewal in political science, edited by Terence Ball. Albany: State University of New York Press.
6. Beer, Samuel H. 1978. In search of a new public philosophy. In The new American political system, edited by Anthony King. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
7. Berk, Richard A. 1988. Causal inference for sociological data. In Handbook of sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
8. Bernstein, Richard J. 1992. The new constellation: The ethical-political horizons of modernity/ postmodernity. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
9. Blalock, Hubert M., Jr. 1991. Are there really any constructive alternatives to causal modeling? In Sociological methodology 1991, edited by Peter V. Marsden. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
10. Bohman, James. 1991. New philosophy of social science: Problems of indeterminacy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
11. Brand, Myles. 1976. Introduction: Defining "causes." In The nature of causation, edited by Myles Brand. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
12. Bruner, Jerome. 1991. The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry 18:1-21.
13. Campbell, David. 1992. Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
14. Cartwright, Nancy. 1983. How the laws of physics lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. _. 1989. Nature's capacities and their measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Child, William. 1994. Causality, interpretation, and the mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
17. Collier, David. 1995. Translating quantitative methods for qualitative researchers: The case of selection bias. American Political Science Review 89:461-66.
18. Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier. 1991. Shaping the political arena: Critical junctures, the labor movement, and regime dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
19. Connolly, William E. 1991. Identity/difference: Democratic negotiations of political paradox. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
20. Cook, Thomas D., and Donald T. Campbell. 1979. Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
21. _. 1986. The causal assumptions of quasi-experimental practice. Synthese 68:141-80.
22. Cox, Robert W. 1986. Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. In Neorealism and its critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane. New York: Columbia University Press.
23. Cuttance, Peter. 1987. Issues and problems in the application of structural equation models. In Structural modeling by example, edited by Peter Cuttance and Russell Ecob. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Dalby, Simon. 1988. Geopolitical discourse: The Soviet Union as other. Alternatives 13:415-42.
25. _. 1990. Creating the second cold war: The discourse of politics. London: Pinter.
26. Davidson, Donald. 1963. Actions, reasons, and causes. Journal of Philosophy 60:685-700.
27. Dessler, David. 1991. Beyond correlations: Toward a causal theory of war. International Studies Quarterly 35:337-55.
28. Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1993. Foreign policy as social construction: A post-positivist analysis of U.S. counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines. International Studies Quarterly 37:297-320.
29. Ducasse, C.J. 1976. Causality: Critique of Hume's analysis. In The nature of causation, edited by Myles Brand. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
30. Elster, Jon. 1989. Nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Fay, Brian. 1975. Social theory and political practice. London: Unwin Hyman.
32. Fay, Brian, and J. Donald Moon. 1977. What would an adequate philosophy of social science look like? Philosophy of the Social Sciences 7:209-27.
33. Fearon, James D. 1991. Counterfactuals and hypothesis testing in political science. World Politics 43:169-95.
34. Fisher, Ronald A. [1925] 1970. Statistical methods for research workers. Reprint, New York: Hafner.
35. Freedman, David A. 1985. Statistics and the scientific method. In Cohort analysis in social research, edited by William M. Mason and Stephen E. Fienberg. New York: Springer-Verlag.
36. _. 1987. As others see us: A case study in path analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics 12:101-28.
37. _. 1991a. Statistical models and shoe leather. In Sociological methodology 1991, edited by Peter V. Marsden. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
38. _. 1991b. A rejoinder to Berk, Blalock, and Mason. In Sociological methodology 1991, edited by Peter V. Marsden. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
39. Garrett, Geoffrey, and Barry R. Weingast. 1993. Ideas, interests, and institutions: Constructing the European community's internal market. In Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions, and political change, edited by Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
40. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
41. George, Alexander L. 1979. The causal nexus between cognitive beliefs and decision-making behavior: The "operational code" belief system. In Psychological models in international politics, edited by Lawrence S. Falkowski. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
42. _. 1993. Bridging the gap: Theory and practice of foreign policy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace.
43. George, Jim. 1989. International relations and the search for thinking space: Another view of the third debate. International Studies Quarterly 33:269-79.
44. _. 1994. Discourses of global politics: A critical reintroduction to international relations. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner.
45. George, Jim, and David Campbell. 1990. Patterns of dissent and the celebration of difference: Critical social theory and international relations. International Studies Quarterly 34:269-93.
46. Gibbons, Michael T. 1987a. Interpretation, genealogy and human agency. In Idioms of inquiry: Critique and renewal in political science, edited by Terence Ball. Albany: State University of New York Press.
47. _. 1987b. Introduction: The politics of interpretation. In Interpreting politics, edited by Michael Gibbons. New York: New York University Press.
48. Glymour, Clark. 1986. Comment: Statistics and metaphysics. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:964-66.
49. Glymour, Clark, Peter Spirtes, and Richard Scheines. 1994. In place of regression. In Patrick Suppes: Scientific philosopher, vol. 1, edited by Paul Humphreys. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
50. Goertz, Gary. 1994. Contexts of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Goertz, Gary, and Paul F. Diehl. 1994. International norms and power politics. In Reconstructing realpolitik, edited by Frank W. Wayman and Paul F. Diehl. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
52. Goldstein, Judith. 1988. Ideas, institutions, and American trade policy. In The state and American foreign economic policy, edited by G. John Ikenberry, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
53. _. 1989. The impact of ideas on trade policy: The origins of U.S. agricultural and manufacturing policies. International Organization 43:31-71.
54. _. 1993. Ideas, interests, and American trade policy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
55. Goldstein, Judith, and Robert O. Keohane. 1993. Ideas and foreign policy: An analytical framework. In Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions, and political change, edited by Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
56. Granger, Clive. 1986. Comment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:967-68.
57. Haas, Peter M. 1992. Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization 46:1-35.
58. Hall, Peter A. 1986. Governing the economy: The politics of state intervention in Britain and France. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. _. 1989. Introduction and Conclusion. In The political power of economic ideas: Keynesianism across nations, edited by Peter A. Hall. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
60. _. 1992. The movement from Keynesianism to monetarism: Institutional analysis and British economic policy in the 1970s. In Structuring politics: Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis, edited by Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Harré, R., and E. H. Madden. 1975. Causal powers. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
62. Hayes, Adrian C. 1985. Causal and interpretive analysis in sociology. Sociological Theory 3:1-10.
63. Heil, John, and Alfred Mele, eds. 1993. Mental causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. Herrmann, Richard. 1986. The power of perceptions in foreign-policy decision making: Do views of the Soviet Union determine the policy choices of American leaders? American Journal of Political Science 30:841-75.
65. Hoagland, Steven W., and Walker, Stephen G. 1979. Operational codes and crisis outcomes. In Psychological models in international politics, edited by Lawrence S. Falkowski. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
66. Holland, Paul W. 1986. Statistics and causal inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:945-60.
67. _. 1988. Causal inference, path analysis, and recursive structural equations models. In Sociological methodology 1988, edited by Clifford C. Clogg. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association.
68. _. 1994. Probabilistic causation without probability. In Patrick Suppes: Scientific philosopher, vol. 1, edited by Paul Humphreys. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
69. Hollis, Martin, and Steven Smith. 1991. Explaining and understanding international relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
70. Holsti, Ole R. 1976. Cognitive process approaches to decision-making: Foreign policy actors viewed psychologically. American Behavioral Scientist 20:11-32.
71. _. 1992. Public opinion and foreign policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann consensus. International Studies Quarterly 36:439-66.
72. Holsti, Ole R., and James N. Rosenau. 1984. American leadership in world affairs: Vietnam and the breakdown of consensus. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
73. Hume, David. [1748] 1976. Of the idea of necessary connection. In The nature of causation, edited by Myles Brand. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Reprint of An inquiry concerning human understanding, section vii.
74. Humphreys, Paul. 1986. Causation in the social sciences: An overview. Synthese 68:1-12.
75. Ikenberry, G. John, and Charles A. Kupchan. 1990. Socialization and hegemonic power. International Organization 44:283-315.
76. Irzik, Gurol, and Eric Meyer. 1987. Causal modeling: New directions for statistical explanation. Philosophy of Science 54:495-514.
77. Jacobsen, John Kurt. 1995. Much ado about ideas: The cognitive factor in economic policy. World Politics 47:283-310.
78. Jervis, Robert. 1988. Realism, game theory, and cooperation. World Politics 40:317-49.
79. Katzenstein, Peter J. 1993. Coping with terrorism: Norms and internal security in Germany and Japan. In Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, institutions, and political change, edited by Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
80. Keeley, James F. 1990. Toward a Foucauldian analysis of international regimes. International Organization 44:83-105.
81. Kegley, Charles W., Jr. 1986. Assumptions and dilemmas in the study of Americans' foreign policy beliefs: A caveat. International Studies Quarterly 30:447-71.
82. Khong, Yuen Foong. 1992. Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
83. Kidder, Louise H. 1981. Qualitative research and quasi-experimental frameworks. In Scientific inquiry and the social sciences, edited by Marilynn B. Brewer and Barry E. Collins. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
84. Kinder, Donald R., and Thomas R. Palfrey, eds. 1993. Experimental foundations of political science. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
85. King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. 1994. Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
86. _. 1995. The importance of research design in political science. American Political Science Review 89:475-81.
87. Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1988. Regimes, interpretation and the "science" of politics: A reappraisal. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17:263-84.
88. Kratochwil, Friedrich, and John Gerard Ruggie. 1986. International organization: A state of the art on an art of the state. International Organization 40:753-75.
89. Lapid, Yosef. 1989. The third debate: On the prospects of international theory in a post-positivist era. International Studies Quarterly 33:235-54.
90. Larson, Deborah Welch. 1985. Origins of containment: A psychological explanation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
91. Levy, Jack S. 1994. Learning and foreign policy: Sweeping a conceptual minefield. International Organization 48:279-312.
92. Lieberson, Stanley. 1985. Making it count: The improvement of social research and theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.
93. Lindblom, Charles E. 1990. Inquiry and change. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
94. Little, Daniel. 1991. Varieties of social explanation: An introduction to the philosophy of social science. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
95. Luke, Timothy W. 1989. On post-war: The significance of symbolic action in war and deterrence. Alternatives 14:343-62.
96. _. 1991. The discipline of security studies and the codes of containment: Learning from Kuwait. Alternatives 16:315-44.
97. Lumsdaine, David Halloran. 1993. Moral vision in international politics: The foreign aid regime, 1949-1989. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
98. Marini, Margaret Mooney, and Burton Singer. 1988. Causality in the social sciences. In Sociological methodology 1988, edited by Clifford C. Clogg. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association.
99. Monroe, Alan D. 1979. Consistency between public preferences and national policy decisions. American Politics Quarterly 7:3-19.
100. Nathanson, Charles E. 1988. The social construction of the Soviet threat: A study in the politics of representation. Alternatives 13:443-83.
101. Neuberg, Leland Gerson. 1989. Conceptual anomalies in economics and statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Neufeld, Mark. 1993. Interpretation and the "science" of international relations. Review of International Studies 19:39-61.
103. _. 1994. Reflexivity and international relations theory. In Beyond positivism: Critical reflections on international relations, edited by Claire Turenne Sjolander and Wayne S. Cox. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner.
104. Odell, John S. 1982. U.S. international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
105. _. 1988. From London to Bretton Woods: Sources of change in bargaining strategies and outcomes. Journal of Public Policy 8:287-315.
106. Page, Benjamin I. 1994. Democratic responsiveness? Untangling the links between public opinion and policy. PS: Political Science and Politics 27:25-29.
107. Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1983. Effects of public opinion on policy. American Political Science Review 77:175-90.
108. Pocock, J. G. A. 1973. Politics, language and time. New York: Atheneum.
109. Railton, Peter. 1981. Probability, explanation and information. Synthese 48:233-56.
110. Rosati, Jerel A. 1987. The Carter administration's quest for global community: Beliefs and their impact on behavior. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
111. Rosenbaum, Paul R. 1984. From association to causation in observational studies: The role of tests of strongly ignorable treatment assignment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 79:41-48.
112. Rosenberg, Alexander. 1988. Philosophy of social science. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
113. Rubin, Donald B. 1974. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 66:688-701.
114. Salmon, Wesley C. 1984. Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
115. _. 1990. Four decades of scientific explanation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
116. Salmon, Wesley C., James G. Greeno, and Richard C. Jeffrey. 1971. Statistical explanation and statistical relevance. Pittsburgh, Penn.: University of Pittsburgh Press.
117. Searle, John. 1969. Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
118. Shapiro, Michael J. 1988. The politics of representation: Writing practices in biography, photography, and policy analysis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
119. Shimko, Keith L. 1991. Images and arms control: Perceptions of the Soviet Union in the Reagan administration. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
120. Sikkink, Kathryn. 1991. Ideas and institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
121. Smith, Herbert L. 1990. Specification problems in experimental and nonexperimental social research. In Sociological methodology 1990, edited by Clifford C. Clogg. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
122. Smith, Steve. 1988. Belief systems and the study of international relations. In Belief systems and international relations, edited by Richard Little and Steve Smith. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
123. Snyder, Jack. 1991. Myths of empire: Domestic politics and international ambition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
124. Sobel, Michael E. 1995. Causal inference in the social and behavioral sciences. In Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences, edited by Gerhard Arminger, Clifford C. Clogg, and Michael E. Sobel. New York: Plenum.
125. Susser, Bernard. 1992. From Burgess to behavioralism and beyond. In Approaches to the study of politics, edited by Bernard Susser. New York: Macmillan.
126. Sylvan, David and Majeski, Stephen. 1985. A methodological perspective on causal analysis in political science. In Theories, models, and simulations in international relations, edited by Michael Don Ward. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
127. Taylor, Charles. 1979. Interpretation and the sciences of man. In Interpretive social science: A reader, edited by Paul Rabinow and William M. Sullivan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
128. _. 1987. Language and human nature. In Interpreting politics, edited by Michael Gibbons. New York: New York University Press.
129. Tetlock, Philip E. 1989. Methodological themes and variations. In Behavior, society, and nuclear war. Vol. 1, edited by Philip E. Tetlock, Jo L. Husbands, Robert Jervis, Paul C. Stern, and Charles Tilly. New York: Oxford University Press.
130. Van Evera, Stephen. 1986. Why cooperation failed in 1914. In Cooperation under anarchy, edited by Kenneth A. Oye. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
131. Walker, Stephen G. 1977. The interface between beliefs and behavior: Henry Kissinger's operational code and the Vietnam war. Journal of Conflict Resolution 21:129-68.
132. _. 1990. The evolution of operational code analysis. Political Psychology 11:403-18.
133. Wang, Chamont. 1993. Sense and nonsense of statistical inference. New York: Marcel Dekker.
134. Weber, Cynthia. 1992. Writing sovereign identities: Wilson administration intervention in the Mexican revolution. Alternatives 17:313-37.
135. _. 1995. Simulating sovereignty: Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
136. Weir, Margaret. 1989. Ideas and politics: The acceptance of Keynesianism in Britain and the United States. In The political power of economic ideas: Keynesianism across nations, edited by Peter A. Hall. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
137. _. 1992. Ideas and the politics of bounded innovation. In Structuring politics: Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis, edited by Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
138. Woods, Ngaire. 1995. Economic ideas and international relations: Beyond rational neglect. International Studies Quarterly 39:161-80.
139. Woodward, James. 1988. Understanding regression. In PSA 1988. Vol. 1, edited by Arthur Fine and Jarrett Leplin. East Lansing, Mich.: Philosophy of Science Association.