olecular PET instrumentation and imaging techniques

Molecular Imaging in Oncology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 67-92

  Lecomte, Roger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952537022     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (235)

1. Hoffman EJ, Phelps ME. Positron emission tomography: principles and quantitation. In: Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Shelbert HR, eds. Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography: Principles and Applications for the Brain and Heart. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1986: 237-286.
2. Cherry SR, Phelps ME, Sorenson JA. Positron emission tomography. In: Physics in Nuclear Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2003:325-359.
3. Chatziioannou AF. PET scanners dedicated to molecular imaging of small animal models. Mol Imag Biol 2002; 4(1):47-63.
4. Humm JL, Rosenfeld A, Del Guerra A. From PET detectors to PET scanners. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30(11):1574-1597.
5. Surti S, Karp JS, Kinahan PE. PET instrumentation. Radiol Clin North Am 2004; 42(6):1003-1016, vii.
6. Zanzonico P. Positron emission tomography: a review of basic principles, scanner design and performance, and current systems. Semin Nucl Med 2004; 34(2):87-111.
7. Tai YC, Laforest R. Instrumentation aspects of animal PET. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2005; 7:255-285.
8. Muehllehner G, Karp JS. Positron emission tomography. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51(13):R117-R137.
9. Zaidi H. Recent developments and future trends in nuclear medicine instrumentation. Z Med Phys 2006; 16(1):5-17.
10. Sweet WH. The uses of nuclear disintegration in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumor. N Engl J Med 1951; 245(23):875-878.
11. Wrenn FR Jr., Good ML, Handler P. The use of positron-emitting radioisotopes for the localization of brain tumors. Science 1951; 113(2940):525-527.
12. Brownell GL, Sweet WH. Localization of brain tumors with positron emitters. Nucleonics 1953; 11:40-45.
13. Brownell GL. A History of Positron Imaging. Available at: http://www.mit.edu/~glb/alb.html. Last updated October 15, 1999.
14. Lewellen TK. Time-of-flight PET. Semin Nucl Med 1998; 28(3):268-275.
15. Nutt R. 1999 ICP distinguished scientist award. The history of positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2002; 4(1):11-26.
16. Levin CS, Hoffman EJ. Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission tomography system spatial resolution. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44(3):781-799.
17. Derenzo SE. Mathematical removal of positron range blurring in high resolution tomography. IEEE Trans. Nucl Sci 1986; 33:565-569.
18. Derenzo, SE, Moses WW, Huesman RH, et al. Critical instrumentation issues for resolution smaller than 2 mm, high sensitivity brain PET. In: Uemura K, Lassen NA, Jones T, et al., eds. Quantification of Brain Function, Tracer Kinetics and Image Analysis in Brain PET. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:25-10.
19. Karuta B, Lecomte R. Effect of detector weighting functions on the point spread function of high-resolution PET tomographs: a simulation study. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1992; 11(3):379-385.
20. Saoudi A, Pepin CM, Dion F, et al. Investigation of depth-of-interaction by pulse shape discrimination in multicrys-tal detectors read out by avalanche photodiodes. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999; 46(3):462-167.
21. Moses WW, Derenzo SE, Melcher CL, et al. A room temperature LSO/PIN photodiode PET detector module that measures depth of interaction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1995; 42:1085-1089.
22. Lecomte R. Technology challenges in small animal PET imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2004; 527(1-2):157-165.
23. Bentourkia M, Msaki P, Cadorette J, et al. Assessment of scatter components in high-resolution PET: correction by nonstationary convolution subtraction. J Nucl Med 1995; 36(1):121-130.
24. Rafecas, M, Boning G, Pichler BJ, et al. Inter-crystal scatter in a dual layer, high resolution LSO-APD positron emission tomograph. Phys Med Biol 2003; 48(7): 821-848.
25. Zaidi H, Koral KF. Scatter modelling and compensation in emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31(5):761-782.
26. Natterer F. The Mathematics of Computerized Tomography. New York: Wiley, 1986.
27. Kak AC, Slaney M. Principles of Computerized Tomo-graphic Imaging. New York: IEEE, 1988.
28. Herman GT. Image Reconstruction from Projections. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
29. Shepp LA, Vardi Y. Maximum likelihood reconstruction for emission tomography. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1982; 1:113-122.
30. Casey ME, Hoffman EJ. Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 7. A technique to reduce noise in accidental coincidence measurements and coincidence efficiency calibration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986; 10(5):845-850.
31. Yao R, Msaki P, Lecomte R. Pre-processing variance reducing techniques in multispectral positron emission tomography. Phys Med Biol 1997; 42(11):2233-2253.
32. Defrise M, Townsend DW, Bailey D, et al. A normalization technique for 3D PET data. Phys Med Biol 1991; 36(7):939-952.
33. Oakes TR, Sossi V, Ruth TJ. Normalization for 3D PET with a low-scatter planar source and measured geometric factors. Fourth International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (3D97), 04. Pittsburgh, PA: IOP Publishing, 1998:961-972.
34. Badawii RD, Marsden PK. Developments in component-based normalization for 3D PET. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44(2):571-594.
35. Bai B, Li Q, Holdsworth CH, et al. Model-based normalization for iterative 3D PET image reconstruction. Sixth International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 08/07. Pacific Grove, CA: IOP Publishing, 2002:2773-2784.
36. Buchert R, Bohuslavizki KH, Mester J, et al. Quality assurance in PET: evaluation of the clinical relevance of detector defects. J Nucl Med 1999; 40(10):1657-1665.
37. Baghaei H, Li H, Uribe J, et al. Compensation of missing projection data for MDAPET camera. 2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 15-20, 2000. Lyon, France: IEEE, 2000:17-41.
38. Germano G, Hoffman EJ. Investigation of count rate and deadtime characteristics of a high resolution PET system. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12(5):836-846.
39. Tai YC, Chatziioannou A, Dahlbom M, et al. Investigation of deadtime characteristics for simultaneous emissiontransmission data acquisition in PET. 1997 Nuclear Science Symposium. Albuquerque, NM: IEEE, 1998:2200-2204.
40. ICRU. Particle counting in radioactivity measurements. In: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; Anonymous International Commission on Radiation UN: Maryland, 1994; Report 52.
41. Knoll GF. Radiation Detection and Measurement. New York: Wiley, 2000.
42. Laundy D, Collins S. Counting statistics of X-ray detectors at high counting rates. J Synchrotron Radiat 2003; 10:214-218.
43. Daube-Witherspoon ME, Carson RE. Unified deadtime correction model for PET. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1991; 10(3):267-275.
44. Li H, Wai-Hoi Wong, Uribe J, et al. A new pileup-prevention front-end electronic design for high-resolution PET and gamma cameras. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2002; 49(5):2051-2056.
45. Riendeau J, Berard P, Viscogliosi N, et al. High rate photon counting CT using parallel digital PET electronics. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2008; 55(1):40-47.
46. Bailey DL. Transmission scanning in emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:774-787.
47. deKemp RA, Nahmias C. Attenuation correction in PET using single photon transmission measurement. Med Phys 1994; 21:771-778.
48. Karp JS, et al. Singles transmission in volume-imaging PET with a 137Cs source. Phys Med Biol 1995; 40:929-944.
49. Lehnert W, Meikle SR, Siegel S, et al. Evaluation of transmission methodology for the microPET Focus 220 animal scanner. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE; 2006:2519-2523.
50. Kinahan PE, Hasegawa BH, Beyer T. X-ray-based attenuation correction for positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanners. Semin Nucl Med 2003; 33(3):166-179.
51. Hoffman EJ, Huang SC, Phelps ME, et al. Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 4. Effect of accidental coincidences. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1981; 5(3):391-400.
52. Badawi RD, Miller MP, Bailey DL, et al. Randoms variance reduction in 3D PET. Phys Med Biol 1999; 44(4):941-954.
53. Bentourkia M, Msaki P, Cadorette J, et al. Nonstationary scatter subtraction-restoration in high-resolution PET. J Nucl Med 1996; 37(12):2040-2046.
54. Bailey DL, Meikle SR. A convolution-subtraction scatter correction method for 3D PET. Phys Med Biol 1994; 39(3):411-124.
55. Bentourkia M, Msaki P, Cadorette J, et al. Object and detector scatter-function dependence on energy and position in high resolution PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1995; 42(4):1162-1167.
56. Msaki P, Bentourkia M, Lecomte R. Scatter degradation and correction models for high-resolution PET. J Nucl Med 1996; 37(12):2047-2049.
57. Grootoonk S, Spinks TJ, Sashin D, et al. Correction for scatter in 3D brain PET using a dual energy window method. Phys Med Biol 1996; 41(12):2757-2774.
58. Adam LE, Karp JS, Freifelder R. Energy-based scatter correction for 3-D PET scanners using NaI(Tl) detectors. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2000; 19(5):513-521.
59. Yao R, Bentourkia M, Lecomte R. Study of multispectral frame-by-frame convolution scatter correction in high resolution PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1997; 44(6):2489-2493.
60. Sossi V, Barney JS, Oakes TR, et al. Comparison of energy window choice and parameter implementation in dual energy window scatter correction performance in 3D PET. 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, October 21-28, 1995. San Francisco, CA: IEEE, 1995:1060-1063.
61. Zaidi H. Comparative evaluation of scatter correction techniques in 3D positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 2000; 27(12):1813-1826.
62. Ollinger JM. Model-based scatter correction for fully 3D PET. Phys Med Biol 1996; 41(1):153-176.
63. Wollenweber SD. Parameterization of a model-based 3-D PET scatter correction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2002; 49(3):722-727.
64. Laymon CM, Harrison RL, Kohlmyer SG, et al. Characterization of single and multiple scatter from matter and activity distributions outside the FOV in 3-D PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(1):10-15.
65. Watson CC. New, faster, image-based scatter correction for 3D PET. IEEE Trans. Nucl Sci 2000; 47(4):1587-1594.
66. Holdsworth CH, Levin CS, Farquhar TH, et al. Investigation of accelerated Monte Carlo techniques for PET simulation and 3D PET scatter correction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001; 48(1):74-81.
67. Soret M, Bacharach SL, Buvat I. Partial-volume effect in PET tumor imaging. J Nucl Med 2007; 48(6):932-945.
68. Jeavons AP, Chandler RA, Dettmar CAR. 3D HIDAC-PET camera with sub-millimetre resolution for imaging small animals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999; 46(3 II):468-173.
69. Charpak G. Applications of proportional chambers to some problems in medicine and biology. Nucl Instrum Meth 1978; 156(1-2):1-17.
70. Blanco A, Carolino N, Correia CMBA, et al. RPC-PET: a new very high resolution PET technology. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(5):2489-2494.
71. Couceiro M, Blanco A, Ferreira NC, et al. RPC-PET: status and perspectives. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 580(2):915-918.
72. Vaska P, Bolotnikov A, Carini G, et al. Studies of CZT for PET applications. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Puerto Rico, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:2799-2802.
73. Drezet A, Monnet O, Mathy F, et al. CdZnTe detectors for small field of view positron emission tomographic imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 571(1-2): 465-470.
74. Kikuchi Y, Ishii K, Yamazaki H, et al. Feasibility of ultra high resolution better than 1 mm FWHM of small animal PET by using CdTe detector arrays. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:2454-2457.
75. Kim H, Cirignano L, Dokhale P, et al. CdTe orthogonal strip detector for small animal PET. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:3827-3830.
76. Verger L, Gros d'Aillon E, Monnet O, et al. New trends in gamma-ray imaging with CdZnTe/CdTe at CEA-Leti. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 571(1-2):33-13.
77. Melcher CL, Friedrich S, Cramer SP, et al. Cerium oxidation state in LSO:Ce scintillators. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2005; 52(5):1809-1812.
78. Cho ZH, Farukhi MR. Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras. J Nucl Med 1977; 18(8):840-844.
79. van Eijk CWE. Inorganic scintillators in medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47(8):85-106.
80. Moszynski M, Gresset C, Vacher J, et al. Timing properties of BGO scintillator. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res 1981; 188(2):403-409.
81. Lecomte R, Cadorette J, Jouan A, et al. High resolution positron emission tomography with a prototype camera based on solid state scintillation detectors. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1990; 37(2):805-811.
82. Lecomte R, Cadorette J, Richard P, et al. Design and engineering aspects of a high resolution positron tomograph for small animal imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1994; 41(4):1446-1452.
83. 5 single crystal scintillator. Appl Phys Lett 1983; 42(1):43-45.
84. Ishibashi H, Shimizu K, Susa K, et al. Cerium doped GSO scintillators and its application to position sensitive detectors. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1989; 36(1):170-172.
85. Ishii M, Kobayashi M, Ishibashi H, et al. Research and development of Ce-doped GSO scintillation crystals. In: Aprile E, ed. Gamma-Ray Detector Physics and Applications: Proceedings of the SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering. San Diego, CA: SPIE Press, 1994:68-79.
86. Shimura N, Kamada M, Gunji A, et al. Zr doped GSO:Ce single crystals and their scintillation performance. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(5):2519-2522.
87. Melcher CL, Schweitzer JS. Cerium-doped lutetium oxy-orthosilicate: a fast, efficient new scintillator. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1992; 39(4):502-505.
88. Melcher CL. Scintillation crystals for PET. J Nucl Med 2000; 41(6):1051-1055.
89. Moszynski M, Kapusta M, Wolski D, et al. Properties of the YAP:Ce scintillator. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1998; 404(1):157-165.
90. Zavattini G, Del Guerra A, Cesca N, et al. High Z and medium Z scintillators in ultra-high-resolution small animal PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2005; 52(1):222-230.
91. Lempicki A, Glodo J. Ce-doped scintillators: LSO and LuAP. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1998; 416(2-3): 333-344.
92. 5:Ce (LGSO) crystal. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(1):14-17.
93. 5:Ce(LGSO)singlecrystalsandtheir improved scintillation properties. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2007; 54(1):19-22.
94. 5. J Appl Phys 2000; 88(12):7360-7362.
95. Kimble T, Chou M, Chai BHT. Scintillation properties of LYSO crystals. 2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 10-16, 2002. Norfolk, VA: IEEE, 2003:1434-1437.
96. Pepin CM, Berard P, Perrot AL, et al. Properties of LYSO and recent LSO scintillators for phoswich PET detectors. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(3):789-795.
97. y) scintillation crystals. J Cryst Growth 2005; 281(2-4):518-524.
98. Lecoq P, Korzhik M. New inorganic scintillation materials development for medical imaging. 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 4-10, 2001. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2002:39-12.
99. Petrosyan AG, Ovanesyan KL, Shirinyan GO, et al. Growth of LuAP/LuYAP single crystals for PET applications. Rad Eff Defect Solid 2002; 157(6-12):943-949.
100. Pepin CM, Berard P, Lecomte R. Comparison of LSO, LGSO and MLS scintillators. 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 4-10, 2001. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2002:124-128.
101. Ramirez RA, Wong WH, Kim S, et al. A comparison of BGO, GSO, MLS, LGSO, LYSO and LSO scintillation materials for high-spatial-resolution animal PET detectors. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:2835-2839.
102. Lewellen TK, Janes M, Miyaoka RS, et al. Initial evaluation of the scintillator LFS for positron emission tomograph applications. 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:2915-2918.
103. Del Guerra A, Di Domenico G, Scandola M, et al. High spatial resolution small animal YAP-PET. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1998; 409(1-3):537-541.
104. Burnham CA, Kaufman DE, Chesler DA, et al. A low-Z PET detector. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1990; 37(2): 832-834.
105. Lecomte R, Pepin C, Rouleau D, et al. Investigation of GSO, LSO and YSO scintillators using reverse avalanche photodiodes. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998; 45(3):478-482.
106. Dorenbos P, de Haas JTM, van Eijk CWE. Non-proportionality in the scintillation response and the energy resolution obtainable with scintillation crystals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1995; 42(6):2190-2202.
107. Valentine JD, Rooney BD, Li J. The light yield non-proportionality component of scintillator energy resolution. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998; 45(3):512-517.
108. Saoudi A, Pepin C, Houde D, et al. Scintillation light emission studies of LSO scintillators. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999; 46(6):1925-1928.
109. Yamamoto S, Horii H, Hurutani M, et al. Investigation of single, random, and true counts from natural radioactivity in LSO-based clinical PET. Ann Nucl Med 2005; 19(2): 109-114.
110. Goertzen AL, Suk JY, Thompson CJ. Imaging of weak-source distributions in LSO-based small-animal PET scanners. J Nucl Med 2007; 48(10):1692-1698.
111. 3. Appl Phys Lett 2001; 79(10):1573-1575.
112. Shah KS, Glodo J, Klugerman M, et al. LaBr3:Ce scintil-lators for gamma-ray spectroscopy. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003; 50(6):2410-2413.
113. Kuhn A, Surti S, Karp JS, et al. Design of a lanthanum bromide detector for time-of-flight PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(5):2550-2557.
114. 3 detector modules for time-of-flight PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(3):1090-1095.
115. Shao Y, Cherry SR, Siegel S, et al. Evaluation of multichannel PMTs for readout of scintillator arrays. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1997; 390(1-2):209-218.
116. Shao Y, Cherry SR, Chatziioannou AF. Design and development of 1 mm resolution PET detectors with positionsensitive PMTs. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2002; 477(1-3):486-490.
117. Lee K, Miyaoka RS, Janes ML, et al. Detector characteristics of the micro crystal element scanner (MiCES). IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2005; 52(5):1428-1433.
118. Stickel JR, Qi J, Cherry SR. Fabrication and characterization of a 0.5-mm lutetium oxyorthosilicate detector array for high-resolution PET applications. J Nucl Med 2007; 48(1):115-121.
119. 2 crystals and a photo sensitive wire chamber. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1997; 392(1-3):407-413.
120. Moses WW, Derenzo SE, Melcher CL, et al. Gamma ray spectroscopy and timing using LSO and PIN photodiodes. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1995; 42(4):597-600.
121. Moses WW, Derenzo SE, Nutt R, et al. Performance of a PET detector module utilizing an array of silicon photo-diodes to identify the crystal of interaction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1993; 40(4):1036-1040.
122. Huber JS, Moses WW, Andreaco MS, et al. An LSO scintillator array for a PET detector module with depth of interaction measurement. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001; 48(3):684-688.
123. Webb PP, McIntyre RJ, Conradi J. Properties of avalanche photodiodes. RCA Rev 1974; 35(2):234-278.
124. McIntyre RJ. Recent developments in silicon avalanche photodiodes Measurement 1985; 3(4):146-152.
125. Lecomte R, Pepin C, Rouleau D, et al. Radiation detection measurements with a new "buried junction" silicon avalanche photodiode. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1999; 423(1):92-102.
126. Lecomte R, Lightstone AW, McIntyre RJ, et al. Performance characteristics of BGO-silicon avalanche photo-diode detectors for PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1985; 32(1):482-186.
127. Lecomte R, Martel C, Carrier C. Status of BGO-avalanche photodiode detectors for spectroscopic and timing measurements. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 1989; 278(2): 585-597.
128. Pichler B, Boning C, Lorenz E, et al. Studies with a prototype high resolution PET scanner based on LSO-APD modules. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998; 45(3):1298-1302.
129. Pichler BJ, Bernecker F, Boning G, et al. A 4x8 APD array, consisting of two monolithic silicon wafers, coupled to a 32-channel LSO matrix for high-resolution PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001; 48(4):1391-1396.
130. Casey ME, Dautet H, Waechter D, et al. An LSO block detector for PET using an avalanche photodiode array. 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 8-14, 1998. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: IEEE, 1998:1105-1108.
131. Lecomte R, Saoudi A, Rouleau D, et al. An APD-based quad scintillator detector module with pulse shape discrimination coding for PET. 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 8-14, 1998. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: IEEE, 1998:1445-1447.
132. Krishnamoorthy S, Vaska P, Stoll S, et al. A prototype Anger-type detector for PET using LSO and large-area APDs. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:2845-2848.
133. Maas MCm van der Laan DJ, Schaart DR, et al. Experimental characterization of monolithic-crystal small animal PET detectors read out by APD arrays. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(3):1071-1077.
134. Schmitt D, Lecomte R, Lapointe M, et al. Ultra-low noise charge sensitive preamplifier for scintillation detection with avalanche photodiodes in PET applications. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1987; NS-34(1):91-96.
135. Binkley DM, Puckett BS, Casey ME, et al. A power-efficient, low-noise, wideband, integrated CMOS preamplifier for LSO/APD PET systems. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2000; 47(3):810-817.
136. Pichler BJ, Pimpl W, Buttler W, et al. Integrated low-noise low-power fast charge-sensitive preamplifier for avalanche photodiodes in JFET-CMOS technology. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2001; 48(6):2370-2374.
137. Pratte JF, Robert S, De Geronimo G, et al. Preamplifiers for APD-based PET scanners. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(5):1979-1985.
138. Habte F, Levin CS. Study of low noise multichannel readout electronics for high sensitivity PET systems based on avalanche photodiode arrays. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(3):764-769.
139. Spanoudaki VC, McElroy DP, Ziegler SI. An analog signal processing ASIC for a small animal LSO-APD PET tomograph. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2006; 564(1):451-462.
140. Burr KC, Ivan A, LeBlanc J, et al. Evaluation of a position sensitive avalanche photodiode for PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003; 50(4):792-796.
141. Pichler BJ, Swann BK, Rochelle J, et al. Lutetium oxy-orthosilicate block detector readout by avalanche photodiode arrays for high resolution animal PET. Phys Med Biol 2004; 49(18):4305-4319.
142. Grazioso R, Zhang N, Corbeil J, et al. APD-based PET detector for simultaneous PET/MR imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2006; 569(2):301-305.
143. Renker D. Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, history, properties and problems. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2006; 567(1): 48-56.
144. Miyaoka RS, Lewellen TK. Sub-millimeter intrinsic spatial resolution PET detector designs using Geiger-mode avalanche photodetectors. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:2903-2907.
145. Moehrs S, Del Guerra A, Herbert DJ, et al. A detector head design for small-animal PET with silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). Phys Med Biol 2006; 51(5): 1113-1127.
146. Muehllehner G, Colsher JG, Lewitt RM. Hexagonal bar positron camera: problems and solutions. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1982; NS-30(1):652-660.
147. Freifelder R, Karp JS, Geagan M, et al. Design and performance of the HEAD PENN-PET scanner. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1994; 41(4):1436-1440.
148. Burnham CA, Bradshaw J, Kaufman D, et al. Stationary positron emission ring tomograph using BGO detector and analog readout. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1983; NS-31(1): 632-636.
149. Surti S, Karp JS, Freifelder R, et al. Optimizing the performance of a PET detector using discrete GSO crystals on a continuous lightguide. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2000; 47(3):1030-1036.
150. Casey ME, Nutt R. A multicrystal two dimensional BGO detector system for positron emission tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1986; NS-33(1):460-463.
151. Rogers JG, Taylor AJ, Rahimi MF, et al. An improved multicrystal 2-D BGO detector for PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1992; 39(4):1063-1068.
152. Tornai MP, Germano G, Hoffman EJ. Positioning and energy response of PET block detectors with different light sharing schemes. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1994; 41(4): 1458-1463.
153. Rouze NC, Schmand M, Siegel S, et al. Design of a small animal PET imaging system with 1 microliter volume resolution. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(3):757-763.
154. Cherry SR, Shao Y, Siegel S, et al. Optical fiber readout of scintillator arrays using a multi-channel PMT: a high resolution PET detector for animal imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1996; 43(3):1932-1937.
155. Chatziioannou A, Shao Y, Doshi N, et al. Evaluation of optical fiber bundles for coupling a small LSO crystal array to a multi-channel PMT. 1999 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, October 24-30, 1999. Seattle, WA: IEEE, 1999:1483-1487.
156. Budinger TF, Derenzo SE, Greenberg WL, et al. Quantitative potentials of dynamic emission computed tomography. J Nucl Med 1978; 19(3):309-315.
157. Hume SP, Gunn RN, Jones T. Pharmacological constraints associated with positron emission tomographic scanning of small laboratory animals. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25(2): 173-176.
158. Meikle SR, Eberl S, Fulton RR, et al. The influence of tomograph sensitivity on kinetic parameter estimation in positron emission tomography imaging studies of the rat brain. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27(6):617-625.
159. Jagoda EM, Vaquero JJ, Seidel J, et al. Experiment assessment of mass effects in the rat: implications for small animal PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31(6):771-779.
160. Chatziioannou AF. Molecular imaging of small animals with dedicated PET tomographs. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29(1):98-114.
161. Cherry SR, Shao Y, Silverman RW, et al. MicroPET: a high resolution PET scanner for imaging small animals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1997; 44(3):1161-1166.
162. Chatziioannou AF, Cherry SR, Shao Y, et al. Performance evaluation of microPET: a high-resolution lutetium oxy-orthosilicate PET scanner for animal imaging. J Nucl Med 1999; 40(7):1164-1175.
163. Seidel J, Vaquero JJ, Siegel S, et al. Depth identification accuracy of a three layer phoswich PET detector module. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999; 46(3):485-490.
164. Seidel J, Vaquero JJ, Green MV. Resolution uniformity and sensitivity of the NIH ATLAS small animal PET scanner: comparison to simulated LSO scanners without depth-of-interaction capability. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003; 50(5):1347-1350.
165. nd generation high-performance small animal PET scanner. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2005; 537(1-2):307-311.
166. Mosset JB, Devroede O, Krieguer M, et al. Development of an optimized LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head for the Lausanne ClearPET demonstrator. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(1):25-29.
167. Streun M, Brandenburg G, Larue H, et al. The data acquisition system of ClearPET neuro: a small animal PET scanner. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(3):700-703.
168. Del Guerra A, Bartoli A, Belcari N, et al. Performance evaluation of the fully engineered YAP-(S)PET scanner for small animal imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(3):1078-1083.
169. Surti S, Karp JS, Perkins AE, et al. Design evaluation of A-PET: a high sensitivity animal PET camera. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003; 50(5):1357-1363.
170. Merheb C, Petegnief Y, Talbot JN. Full modelling of the MOSAIC animal PET system based on the GATE Monte Carlo simulation code. Phys Med Biol2007; 52(3):563-576.
171. Surti S, Karp JS, Adam LE, et al. Performance measurements for the GSO-based brain PET camera (G-PET). 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, November 4-10, 2001. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2002:1109-1114.
172. Surti S, Karp JS. Imaging characteristics of a 3-dimensional GSO whole-body PET camera. J Nucl Med 2004; 45(6): 1040-1049.
173. Huisman MC, Reder S, Weber AW, et al. Performance evaluation of the Philips MOSAIC small animal PET scanner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34(4): 532-540.
174. Surti S, Karp JS, Perkins AE, et al. Imaging performance of a-PET: a small animal PET camera. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2005; 24(7):844-852.
175. Wong WH, Li H, Xie S, et al. Design of an inexpensive high-sensitivity rodent-research PET camera (RRPET), Conference Record, October 19-25, 2003. Portland, OR: IEEE, 2004:2058-2062.
176. Uribe J, Wong WH, Baghaei H, et al. An efficient detector production method for position-sensitive scintillation detector arrays with 98% detector packing fraction. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2003; 50(5):1469-1476.
177. Wong W, Xie S, Ramirez R, et al. An improved quadrantsharing BGO detector for a low cost rodent-research PET (RRPET). 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:3407-3411.
178. Zhang Y, Wong WH, Baghaei H, et al. Performance evaluation of the low-cost high-sensitivity rodent research PET (RRPET) camera using Monte Carlo simulations. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:2514-2518.
179. Lecomte R, Cadorette J, Rodrigue S, et al. Initial results from the Sherbrooke avalanche photodiode positron tomograph. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1996; 43(3):1952-1957.
180. Ziegler SI, Pichler BJ, Boening G, et al. A prototype highresolution animal positron tomograph with avalanche photodiode arrays and LSO crystals. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28(2):136-143.
181. Vaska P, Woody CL, Schlyer DJ, et al. RatCAP: miniaturized head-mounted PET for conscious rodent brain imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(5):2718-2722.
182. Vaska P, Woody C, Schlyer D, et al. Performance enhancement of the RatCAP awake rat brain PET system. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:2443-2446.
183. Hastings DL, Reader AJ, Julyan PJ, et al. Performance characteristics of a small animal PET camera for molecular imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 573(1-2):80-83.
184. Reader AJ, Ally S, Bakatselos F, et al. One-pass list-mode EM algorithm for high-resolution 3-D PET image reconstruction into large arrays. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2002; 49(3):693-699.
185. Tai YC, Chatziioannou AF, Yang Y, et al. MicroPET II: design, development and initial performance of an improved microPET scanner for small-animal imaging. Phys Med Biol 2003; 48(11):1519-1537.
186. Rouze NC, Soon VC, Young JW, et al. Initial evaluation of the Indiana small animal PET scanner. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006: 2394-2398.
187. Lewellen TK, Janes M, Miyaoka RS, et al. System integration of the MiCES small animal PET scanner. 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:3316-3320.
188. Yamaya T, Hagiwara N, Obi T, et al. Preliminary resolution performance of the prototype system for a 4-Layer DOI-PET scanner: jPET-D4. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(3):1123-1128.
189. Nishikido F, Tsuda T, Yoshida E, et al. Spatial resolution evaluation with a pair of two four-layer DOI detectors for small animal PET scanner: jPET-RD. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2008; 584(1):212-218.
190. Parnham K, Wagenaar DJ, Li J, et al. Second-generation, tri-modality pre-clinical imaging system. 2006 Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2006:1802-1805.
191. Gleason SS, Austin DW, Beach RS, et al. A new highly versatile multimodality small animal imaging platform. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:3.
192. Goertzen AL, Meadors AK, Silverman RW, et al. Simultaneous molecular and anatomical imaging of the mouse in vivo. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47(24):4315-1328.
193. Cesca N, Di Domenico G, Gambaccini M, et al. A triple modality device for simultaneous small animal CT and PET-SPECT imaging. 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:3472-3474.
194. Delpierre P, Debarbieux F, Basolo S, et al. PIXSCAN: pixel detector CT-scanner for small animal imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 571(1-2 special issue):425-428.
195. Valton S, Peyrin F, Sappey-Marinier D. A FDK-based reconstruction method for off-centered circular trajectory cone beam tomography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2006; 53(5): 2736-2745.
196. Saoudi A, Lecomte R. A novel APD-based detector module for multi-modality PET/SPECT/CT scanners. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1999; 46:479-484.
197. Fontaine R, Bélanger F, Cadorette J, et al. Architecture of a dual-modality, high-resolution, fully digital positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanner for small animal imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2005; 52(3 pt 1):691-696.
198. Berard P, Pepin CM, Rouleau D, et al. CT acquisition using PET detectors and electronics. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2005; 52(3 pt 1):634-637.
199. Meyer TC, Powolny F, Anghinolfi F, et al. A time-based front end readout system for PET & CT. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:5.
200. Berard P, Riendeau J, Pepin CM, et al. Investigation of the LabPETtm detector and electronics for photon-counting CT imaging. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res A 2007; 571(1-2):114-117.
201. Nassalski A, Moszynski M, Szczesniak T, et al. The road to the common PET/CT detector. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2007; 54(5/1):1459-1463.
202. Boone JM, Velazquez O, Cherry SR. Small-animal X-ray dose from micro-CT. Mol Imaging 2004; 3(3):149-158.
203. Goertzen AL, Janicki C, Rosa-Neto P. Dosimetry of PET tracers in mice using microPET scans as an input function. 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 23-29, 2005. Fajardo, Puerto Rico: IEEE, 2006:5.
204. Carlson SK, Classic KL, Bender CE, et al. Small animal absorbed radiation dose from serial micro-computed tomography imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9(2):78-82.
205. Wagenaar DJ, Kapusta M, Li J, et al. Rationale for the combination of nuclear medicine with magnetic resonance for pre-clinical imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2006; 5(4):343-350.
206. Zaidi H, Mawlawi O, Orton CG. Simultaneous PET/MR will replace PET/CT as the molecular multimodality imaging platform of choice. Med Phys 2007; 34(5):1525-1528.
207. Lucas AJ, Hawkes RC, Ansorge RE, et al. Development of a combined microPET-MR system. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2006; 5(4):337-341.
208. Catana C, Wu Y, Judenhofer MS, et al. Simultaneous acquisition of multislice PET and MR images: initial results with a MR-compatible PET scanner. J Nucl Med 2006; 47(12):1968-1976.
209. Pichler BJ, Judenhofer MS, Catana C, et al. Performance test of an LSO-APD detector in a 7-T MRI scanner for simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med 2006; 47(4):639-647.
210. Stout DB, Chatziioannou AF, Lawson TP, et al. Small animal imaging center design: the facility at the UCLA crump institute for molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2005; 7(6):393-102.
211. Meikle SR, Eberl S, Iida H. Instrumentation and methodology for quantitative pre-clinical imaging studies. Curr Pharm Des 2001; 7(18):1945-1966.
212. Myers R. The biological application of small animal PET imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:585-593.
213. Myers R, Hume S. Small animal PET. Eur Neuropsycho-pharmacol 2002; 12(6):545-555.
214. Toyama H, Ichise M, Liow JS, et al. Evaluation of anesthesia effects on [18F]FDG uptake in mouse brain and heart using small animal PET. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31(2):251-256.
215. 13N -ammonia. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2002; 49(5):2322-2327.
216. Lecomte R, Croteau E, Gauthier ME, et al. Cardiac PET imaging of blood flow, metabolism, and function in normal and infarcted rats. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2004; 51(3):696-704.
217. Kreissl MC, Wu H, Stout D, et al. Cardiovascular transit times in mice by high temporal resolution microPET. 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:3330-3333.
218. Kreissl MC, Wu HM, Stout DB, et al. Noninvasive measurement of cardiovascular function in mice with high-temporal-resolution small-animal PET. J Nucl Med 2006; 47(6):974-980.
219. Green MV, Andrich MP, Doudet D, et al. Evaluation of cardiovascular function in small animals using a microcomputer-based scintigraphic imaging system, 91CH3116-1, September 23-26, 1991. Venice, Italy: IEEE, Computer Society Press, 1991:233-236.
220. Croteau E,Benard F, Cadorette J, et al. Quantitative gated PET for the assessment of left ventricular function in small animals. J Nucl Med 2003; 44(10):1655-1661.
221. TM/CT studies in mice. 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 16-22, 2004. Rome, Italy: IEEE, 2004:3877-3879.
222. Badea CT, Fubara B, Hedlund LW, et al. 4-D micro-CT of the mouse heart. Mol Imaging 2005; 4(2):110-116.
223. Vanhove C, Lahoutte T, Defrise M, et al. Reproducibility of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction measurements in rat using pinhole gated SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32(2):211-220.
224. Yang Y, Rendig S, Siegel S, et al. Cardiac PET imaging in mice with simultaneous cardiac and respiratory gating. Phys Med Biol 2005; 50(13):2979-2989.
225. Woo SK, Kim KM, Cheon GJ, et al. Respiratory gating of MicroPET and clinical CT studies using list-mode acquisition. 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 29-November 4, 2006. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2007:2761-2764.
226. Ford NL, Nikolov HN, Norley CJ, et al. Prospective respiratory-gated micro-CT of free breathing rodents. Med Phys 2005; 32(9):2888-2898.
227. Drangova M, Ford NL, Detombe SA, et al. Fast retrospectively gated quantitative four-dimensional (4D) cardiac micro computed tomography imaging of free-breathing mice. Invest Radiol 2007; 42(2):85-94.
228. Laforest R, Sharp TL, Engelbach JA, et al. Measurement of input functions in rodents: challenges and solutions. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32(7):679-685.
229. Lapointe D, Cadorette J, Rodrigue S, et al. A micro-volumetric blood counter/sampler for metabolic PET studies in small animals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 1998; 45(4):2195-2199.
230. Wu HM, Sui G, Lee CC, et al. In vivo quantitation of glucose metabolism in mice using small-animal PET and a microfluidic device. J Nucl Med 2007; 48(5):837-845.
231. Convert L, Morin-Brassard G, Cadorette J, et al. A new tool for molecular imaging: the microvolumetric B blood counter. J Nucl Med 2007; 48(7):1197-1206.
232. Convert L, Morin-Brassard G, Cadorette J, et al. A micro-volumetric B blood counter for pharmacokinetic PET studies in small animals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2007; 54(1/1):173-180.
233. Kim J, Herrero P, Sharp T, et al. Minimally invasive method of determining blood input function from PET images in rodents. J Nucl Med 2006; 47(2):330-336.
234. Cherry SR, Sorenson JA, Phelps ME. Physics in Nuclear Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.
235. TM APD-based digital PET scanner. 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, October 26-November 3, 2007. Honolulu, Hawaii: IEEE, 2007; 6:4185-1191.